PSYC EXAM THREE SU18

Self-serving bias

*Success= internal factors *Failure= external factors

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

-Asked children, adolescents, and adults -No right or wrong answer -Pre-conventional Morality (He can get away with it or He might get caught) -Conventional Morality (Others will look down on him if he lets his wife die. It's against the law) -Post-conventional Morality (Human life is more important than laws. Violates social contract of not stealing.)

Rorschach Inkblot Test

-Asks respondents to look at each inkblot and say what they see -Concerns about its validity -Difficult inter-rater reliability

Adolescence

-Between childhood and young adulthood, Dramatic growth spurt, Puberty, Hormonal changes, Sexual maturation (Males- testosterone, sperm reproduction, facial hair, lowered voice) (Females- estrogen, menstruation, breast)

Prematurity

-Born at 36 weeks or before, underdeveloped lungs and brain, cognitive and physical delays

Personality

-Stable tendencies within individuals that influence how they respond to their environments -People's typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving -This is influenced by psychosexual development

Social norms (groups)

A group's expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for it's members

Scripts

A person's knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

Forming an identity

According to Erikson, what is the main task of the adolescent?

Superego

According to Freud, the _____ is the part of us that emphasizes strong moral standards.

Prejudice

Affective emotions about others (hostility)

Cognitive dissonance

An uncomfortable state that occurs when behaviors and attitudes do not match (Changing attitudes internally)

Situationist

Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a(n) ________ view of Bill.

consummate

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.

Idiographic

Assessing an individual's unique personality is a/an _____ approach

Nomothetic

Assessing general tendencies across humans is a/an ______ approach

Being in a crowd when someone faints

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?

Discrimination

Behavior towards others (exclusion)

Conformity

Changing to go along with the group, even if the individual does not agree with the group (gain group's approval)

Obedience

Compliance with the request of an authority figure

The normative approach

Couple A has a child who began talking when she was 12 months old. Couple B's child began talking when she was 36 months old. Couple B wants to know whether their child is reaching developmental milestones on time or not. To answer questions such as these, developmental psychologists use:

Social exchange

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory.

Cognitive dissonance

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

Scapegoat theory

Frustration and fear increase prejudice. Finding someone to blame or lash out against helps to preserve self esteem

Asch effect

Henry is a juror in a murder trial. When a vote is taken, it becomes clear that Henry is the only juror who believes the defendant is guilty. When another vote is taken, Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite believing the defendant is guilty. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

In-group bias

Jasmine belongs to the campus chess club. She associates only with other club members and avoids interacting with nonmembers. Which of the following best describes Jasmine's actions?

Fundamental attribution error

Kara fails her social psychology exam and then goes home and argues with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes that Kara is yelling at him because she is mean, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

Empty

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________.

Height; eye color

Nature is to _____ as nurture is to _____.

instrumental aggression

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather; Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

Social influence

Persuasion strategies- speaker, message, and audience characteristics matters (Changing attitudes externally)

feelings; behavior

Prejudice is to ________ as discrimination is to ________.

Companionate

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.

Cross-sectional study

Single time point with multiple cohorts

Securely attached

Socially competent, outgoing and enthusiastic, with basic sense of trust

Attachments

Strong relationship between people (strong emotional ties formed to others that are critical to survival)

Developmental psychology

The study of changes in behaviors and abilities through the lifespan (from the womb to the tomb)

Attitudes

These may include: -cognitive= beliefs, ideas -affective= emotions, feelings -behaviors= actions

Secure

This type of attachment is when parents are present, so infants are comfortable to explore area. When parents leave, infants are distressed

Avoident

This type of attachment is when parents are present, when they leave, and when they return, infants show no evidence of emotion.

Disorganized/ disoriented

This type of attachment is when reactions do not fit into one another

Actor-observer bias

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

Social loafing

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

Accommodation

Two-year-old Bojack drank milk out of a sippy cup daily, which he called "moo moo milk." While visiting his grandmother, she gave him apple juice for the first time, which he immediately called "moo moo milk." He had developed a schema that all cold liquids served in a sippy cup were beverages called "moo moo milk." When his grandmother told him that it was juice, he had to modify his schema for milk, and create a new schema for juice. This process is called:

Groupthink

Type of flawed decision making in which a group does not question its decisions critically (especially common in cohesive groups). This is avoided when leaders welcome various opinions, invite experts to critique developing plans, and assign people to identify problems.

-Define our identities -Implies who you "are not" -Protect them -Prefer these individuals

What are the in group social roots of prejudice?

-Exclusive, Scapegoats, All alike

What are the out group social roots of prejudice?

1.Infancy- reflexes, motor behaviors 2. Adolescence- brain development 3. Adulthood- peaked, now decline in muscle tone & senses 4. Older adulthood- changes in sexual abilities/ behavior, low strength/ coordination

What are the physical changes that occur from infancy through older adulthood?

-Germinal (2 weeks) -Embryonic (2-8 weeks after conception) -Fetal (9 weeks after conception until birth) -Risks: teratogens, prematurity, genetic distruptions

What are the prenatal development period stages and risks?

Social facilitation, Deindividuation, Groupthink

What are the types of social influence?

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?

A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

What is a social role?

An ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior.

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

Zimbardo did not use a control group

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Egocentrism

When 3-year-old Dwight is asked to pick out a birthday present for his 16-year-old sister, Dwight, who loves stuffed animals, picks out a stuffed toy dog to give to his sister. By thinking that his sister likes the same toys as he does, Dwight exhibits:

Person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

A student is told she is not good at math because of her gender, and she performs worse on math tests as a result

Which is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Group members modify their opinions to align with the perceived consensus of the group.

Which of the following best defines groupthink?

Influence of the group majority on an individual's judment

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

Relying on an association with positivity

Which of the following is a characteristic of peripheral route persuasion?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gives hard exams.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Airing anti-smoking commercials that use graphs to show the annual number of smoking-related deaths

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

Seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

Diffusion of responsibility

While you walk down a street, an older woman trips and falls. Because there are many people in the vicinity, you assume someone else will help her and continue walking. Which of the following best explains why you do not help the woman?

Actor-observer bias

You will rationalize your behaviors by attributing it to external factors (others attribute your behaviors to internal factors)

Prejudice

___ is a negative attitude or feeling towards someone based solely on their membership in a particular group.

Dispositionism

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.

Older adulthood

-For women fertility decrease and menopause -For men, decreased ability to engage in sexual intercourse -For everyone, diminishes motor coordination and decreases strength

Adulthood

-Peak physical strength, coordination, and cognitive processing -Decrease in muscle tone and ability of senses older adulthood

Childhood

-Physical growth slows down, brain development continues, processing information and hand-eye coordination

Infancy

-Reflexes for survival and automatic motor behaviors are developed with bodily movements

Genetics

-Single cell or family of cells copies with error -Results in impaired development -Anywhere from a birthmark to mental retardation

Stereotype

Cognitive beliefs about others (they are dumb)

Twin studies

Examine nature vs. nurture influences

Deindividuation

Immersion of the individual within a group, making the individual relatively anonymous

Social facilitation

Occurs when the presence of other people changes individual performance (home team advantage, comedy is funnier in a crowded room)

Longitudinal study

Over the course of time with a single cohort

Just-world hypothesis

People get what they deserve

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to attribute other's behavior to internal factors

Vivid cases

We judge the frequency of events by instances that readily come to mind (violent cases)

1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Role Confusion 5. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

What are Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Preconventional, Conventional, Post-conventional

What are Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years) 2. Preoperational (2-7 years) 3. Concrete operational (7-11 years) 4. Formal operational (11-20 years)

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Id (primal), Ego (the boss), and Superego (moral standards) create conflict, most of which is unconscious to us and creates anxiety.

What are the core assumptions and features of psychoanalytic theory of personality?

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Which of the following would be the MOST empirically-supported method of assessing personality? It can differentiate among mental health disorders and detect distorted responses

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations.

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

Attitude

Which term refers to a positive or negative evaluation of a person, idea, or object?

Erikson

Which theorist proposed that moral development occurs through a series of stages?

Foot-in-the-door

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to buy a small item and then asking the person to purchase a larger item later?

Central route

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

Informational

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?

Non-securely attached

Withdrawal, fearful, aggressive and non-trusting