Psyc Final

Who is Stanley Milgram?

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18-24

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

1800s

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?

A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

A panic disorder is a type of _______ disorder characterized by panic attacks along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-deflating behavior related to the attacks

Anxiety

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory behavior refers to ________

Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

Assimilation

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

______ is a reduction is the number of research participants as some drop out of the study overtime

Attrition

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for_____

Depression

The ______ reviews research conducted using animal subjects

IACUC

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?

Ida is charming.

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

Lexicon

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

Avoidant personality disorder

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B.F. Skinner

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food water and shelter

Basic survival needs

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding"

Change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

Which should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention

Change the word "persistence" the the word "absent-mindedness"

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) _______ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the shock treatment was faked

Confederate

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is incorrect?

Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting that consummate love

What is PsyD?

Doctor of Psychology

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

The field of psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include:

Emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect?

Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

The likelihood of fictional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture and it is _______

Experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

In the ______ stage there is a sexual awakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other sex parent)

Genital

Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?

Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

Which statement about B.F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstraited

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

As the "third force" in psychology, ______ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists view of humans passively reacting to the environment

Humanism

______ is a perspective within psychology the emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Humanism

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study if Phineas Gages accident which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ______ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

Interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwins ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?

It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

______ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion

John B. Watson

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which term best describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

Kinesthesia

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

Knowing your opinion is correct

Which example best exemplifies homophily?

Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensens article "How Nuch Can We Boost IQ and Acheievment"?

Level II intelligence is most prevalent amount Asians followed by Caucasians then African Americans

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis?

Milgram

The ______ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individuals clinical profile

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

The empirical method of study is based on _____

Observation

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

________refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _____ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

Perception; sensation

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

______ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we operate and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall

Range of reaction

The ______ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical ink lot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

Rorschach

_________ are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to one's self

Safety behaviors

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is not a reason ADHD may be over diagnosed?

The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first diagnosed

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits

The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism"

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

In Carl Jung's view the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ______ in the second half of life

The self-realization process

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior

The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo."

Which should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The central tenet of gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole"

Which statement about Sternbergs triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo did not use a control group.

psychoanalytic theory focuses on _____ and early childhood experiences

a person's unconscious

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the _____ trait

agreeableness

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens

Which of the following is the best example of a central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A(n) ______ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

______ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

beta-endorphin

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Etiology is another word for ________.

causes

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central and peripheral nervous systems

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

_________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

cognitive

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

The ______ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

collective unconscious

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is called ________.

companionate

A _______ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a persons body or brain

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

computerized tomography (CT) scan

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

_________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

confirmation bias

A(n) ______ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

correlation

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

counseling psychology

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

The _____ variable measures effects of the independent variable

dependent

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events

diathesis-stress

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?

dissertation

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.

dissociative fugue

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?

fearing you will die

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs stagnation

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

group processes

_______ research studies the same groups of participants over time

longitudinal

_______ is another term for the malleus

hammer

Peer reviewers _______

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation

homophobia

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as _______

hormones

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs confusion

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test __________

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent and dependent

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs inferiority

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs guilt

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ______, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all the unconscious work that our brains are doing

integrate

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs despair

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

______ is the difference between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function

lateralization

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

The _____ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron

membrane potential

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

moving away from people

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

narcissistic personality disorder

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, Even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

neuroticism

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling what they do or say is called ________ learning

observational

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ______

only the right visual field

A(n) ______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest

operational definition

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

orbitofrontal cortex

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

The _______ connects the brain and the spinal cord

pons

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

In _______ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts

postformal

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

Which of the following is not part of Albert Banduras social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________.

reciprocity

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

______ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result

reliability

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.

retardation

The ______ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

reticular formation

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which of the following is not part of the fight or flight response?

running away

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

sexist

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _____

spinal cord

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

The _____ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

sympathetic

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

Heroine, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of:

teratogens

The ______ of a neuron contain _______ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ___________

that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs mistrust

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

two

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted

veterinarian

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage