PSYC FINAL

Which of the following is true about dispositional attributions?

Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions.

The neurotransmitter most closely associated with motivation and reward is:

Dopamine

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies?

Endocannabinoids

According to Masters and Johnson, which of the following is the correct sequence of human sexual responses in the ascending order of occurrence?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Which of the following individuals is making a situational attribution?

Faizal's girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.

The ________, a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina

Fovea

Andrea skips breakfast and feels her stomach growling and contracting while she is driving to work. Which of the following hormones is most likely responsible for stimulating Andrea's hunger and need for food?

Ghrelin

Identify a true statement about high-glycemic foods.

High-glycemic diets are risk factors for coronary heart disease and adult-onset diabetes.

Which of the following statements is true about human intelligence?

Highly intelligent people on average have more brain volume than less intelligent people

Which of the following statements is true of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

In humans, the amount of REM sleep over the life span corresponds to the degree of brain plasticity and neural growth

Which of the following terms refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings?

Inattentional blindness

Which of the following best mirrors the concept of informational social influence?

Incoming freshmen look to other students for details about where to hang out.

Shane's father wants him to train as an investment banker and join the family business. Although Shane respects his father's opinion, he is very clear that he wants to be an author considering that he is extremely passionate about writing. Which of the following is guiding Shane's choice of profession?

Intrinsic motivation

Identify an accurate statement about the Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children or K-ABC.

It included different kinds of problems for children of different ages

Which of the following statements best describes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

It is a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity

Identify an accurate statement about crystallized intelligence.

It is more influenced by culture and environment than fluid intelligence

In the context of the global workspace theory, which of the following statements is true of consciousness?

It is the place where the spotlight of attention lands on the contents of one's mind.

Which of the following statements best describes a self-serving bias?

It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes.

During sleep, how does the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) change relative to the awake state?

It permeates brain tissue, washing out waste products

Which of the following statements holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus

If Katryn usually feels more comfortable staying home on the weekends, curled up by herself on the couch reading a good book rather than going out partying with friends, we would expect her to score on a personality test to reflect...

Low Extraversion

The sexual response pattern in women is _____ compared to men.

More variable

The interest of social psychologists like Stanley Milgram in studying obedience emerged in response to

Nazi officers following orders during World War II.

Which of the following is associated with fluid intelligence?

Pattern recognition

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, arrange the correct sequence of needs in order from lowest to highest.

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

Psilocybin

In the eye, the main function of the ________ is to convert light energy into neural energy.

Retina

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies test-retest reliability?

Samantha got the same scores when she took the same test on a Monday and on a Friday

How does human intelligence change across the lifespan?

Short-term working memory dips after the age of 65

_____ is defined as a sleeping disorder characterized by brief pauses in breathing during sleep that results in reduced oxygen levels and negative health outcomes

Sleep apnea

Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?

Testosterone

Which of the following hormones plays a major role in stimulating sexual response?

Testosterone

Which of the following statements best describes the cocktail party effect?

The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.

When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve?

The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted

According to William Stern's method of calculating Intelligence Quotients, the score of a 10-year-old with a mental age of 15 would be ________.

150

Which of the following is the best example of motivation stemming from an external incentive?

A school student mowing the lawn to make money during the holidays

Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience?

A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas

Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic?

After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane

Which of the following Big Five dimensions of personality is best depicted by the description "How friendly, warm, trusting, generous, and good-natured is someone?"

Agreeableness

Which of the following examples mirrors the concept of in-group/out-group bias?

Aileen likes the company of her football team and dislikes members of the opposing football team.

________ is defined as an eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85 percent of their ideal body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.

Anorexia nervosa

The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye is the ________ of the retina

Blind Spot

How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses

Which of the following Big Five dimensions of personality is best depicted by the description "How planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, persevering, punctual, and ambitious is someone?"

Conscientiousness

Which of the following is one of the five basic taste qualities?

Umami (savory)

The optic nerve carries impulses to the thalamus and, ultimately, to the ________ of the occipital lobes

Visual cortex

Which of the following is most likely to be a convergent problem?

What is the best concentration of chemicals required to maximize production?

For most people in most environments, the reaction range for IQ is about 25 points. This means that ________.

a given person may end up scoring anywhere in a 25-point range on an IQ test, depending on the kind of environment in which he or she is raised

Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter:

are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions

The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term

attention

A savant is most likely to suffer from ________.

autism

In the context of the lemon juice study and the biological theory of personality, why do introverts require a lower stimulus level to arouse them and reach their "comfort zone" than do extraverts?

because they have higher baseline levels of cortical arousal

On the basis of research on the outcome of the prenatal environment, it is found that birth weight is POSITIVELY correlated with...

brain volume.

Which of the following is an environmental factor associated with higher intelligence scores?

breastfeeding

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

Which of the following dimensions of personality reflects how people in Asian cultures tend to be more concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends, and social groups?

collectivism

Multitasking _____ learning.

compromises

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ________.

confirmation bias

Nathan is the lead singer of his band. He starts wearing black t-shirts, leather jackets, and tight denims because everyone else in the band wears them. In this scenario, Nathan's behavior exemplifies...

conformity

________ refers to how active the brain is at a resting state as well as how sensitive it is to stimulation, which may explain the difference between introverts of extraverts.

cortical arousal

Daniel tells his friend that all vehicles that have four wheels are cars. Daniel's vehicle has four wheels. Therefore, Daniel's vehicle is a car. This is an example of:

deductive reasoning

The ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far is termed as ________.

depth perception

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

disgust

Rebecca was extremely jealous of her brother earning a full college scholarship, yet she knew she had to act happy for him. Her behavior is an example of ________.

display rules

In the context of the models of motivation, maintaining homeostasis is a major motivating factor in the ________ model of motivation.

drive reduction

The human body has natural painkillers called ________.

endorphins

According to the ________ of motivation, the processes of natural and sexual selection have shaped motivation over time to make all animals, including humans, want those things that help them survive and reproduce.

evolutionary model

A Duchenne smile is one that ________.

expresses true joy via the eyes

According to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence, which of the following types of intelligence is at the top of the hierarchy?

general intelligence

Complete the following analogy: Vision is to photoreceptors as sound is to ________.

hair cells

A study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. This indicates that ________.

heritable factors play an important role in determining adult weight

According to Charles Spearman's g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have ________.

high scores in the spatial and quantitative sections

Michael works in an IT firm that is well known for making innovative products. Michael is asked to develop a product that would serve an unmet need. Though he has many ideas for it, none of them quite fits the bill. He finally decides to stand back from the problem for a period of time and ceases to consciously think about the yet-to-be-developed product. After a week, as he looks over his notes, he realizes the solution. The period of time in which Michael did not consciously work on the problem is referred to as ________.

incubation

Ryan was recently given a few doses of a neuropeptide as part of a research project. Ever since, he has felt a sense of empathy toward homeless people in his neighborhood. He decides to provide these homeless people with food and medicines. He also decides to adopt an injured stray dog in his neighborhood. The neuropeptide most likely impacted the ________, thereby increasing Ryan's empathy towards others' pain?

insula

Devon works as a customer service employee in a retail store. He understands the behaviors and feelings of his customers very well and empathizes with them during difficult times. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Devon has a high level of:

interpersonal intelligence

In the context of hormones that suppress appetite, ________ is produced by fat cells and inhibits neurons in the hypothalamus that contain the appetite stimulant neuropeptide Y (NPY), thereby signaling the body that it has had enough to eat.

leptin

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

melatonin

The ________ of motivation argues that humans are motivated to be in situations that are neither too stimulating nor not stimulating enough.

optimal arousal model

Identify the theory that states that the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women.

parental investment theory

________ is the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.

perception

Immanuel can see few children flying a kite on top of a building at a distance. As the kite flies farther up into the sky it looks like it is getting smaller and smaller. However, Immanuel knows the kite is not shrinking due to his brain's ability to maintain ________.

perceptual constancy

Karl, who had his leg amputated after an injury, reports that he still feels pain in his missing leg. Such an experience is referred to as ________ pain.

phantom limb

Which of the following an an environmental factor associated with lower intelligence scores?

preterm birth

________ are photoreceptors in the retina that play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark and light contrast

rods

Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as an increase in excitatory neurotransmitter tone that occurs after adapting to the depressant effects of alcohol?

seizures

Emotions that require considering oneself in relation to the expectations of others are called ________ emotions.

self-conscious

________ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world

sensation

Raj and a few of his cousins were asked to help their uncle move to a new house. However, Raj ate most of the snacks, drank all the soda, and did not move nearly as many boxes as everyone else did. In this scenario, Raj's behavior is an example of

social loafing.

Jennifer says that she is good at solving problems which require her to navigate and visualize objects from different angles. Jennifer has a high level of:

spatial intelligence

________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.

synesthesia

Which of the following is a tool for measuring personality that is well supported by current research?

the NEO-Personality Inventory

Margaret and Jack are working on a high-priority project with a tight deadline. When Margaret is unable to meet the deadline, Jack attributes it to her clumsiness. However, when he is unable to meet the same deadline, he blames it on poor planning by his manager. This scenario exemplifies

the fundamental attribution error.

Georgina wins a competitive award one day but afterward she finds her overall level of happiness soon fades back to baseline. Later, she suffers the tragic loss of her house in a fire, but finds her sadness gradually ebbs back to baseline. Her experiences are examples of _______.

the hedonic treadmill

In the context of the physics of sound and the psychophysics of hearing, ________ is the quality or "color" of a particular sound and is a result of the sound's complexity or number of sound frequencies.

timbre

Variations in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of

wakefulness and awareness