Psyc test 2
Approximately ________ of couples in the United States experience infertility.
10 to 15 percent
the difference in male and female chromosomes lies in the ___ pair. Males have a ___ pair.
23rd XY
Scientists thought humans had 100,000 or more genes. The Human Genome Project indicated humans only had about ___, which then revised downward to ____, and down again to less than ____ protein producing genes.
30,000 20,700 20,000
The postpartum period lasts for about
6 weeks
____ acknowledges the important influence of evolution on human adaptation. However, he rejects "one sided evolutionism" which sees social behavior as the product of evolved biological characteristics. An alternative is the bidirectional view.
Albert Bandura
______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.
Behavior geneticists
Which of the following statements about heredity-environment interaction is true?
Complex behaviors are influenced by both genetics and environment.
Which of the following are true statements about the first stage of birth?
Contractions become more frequent and intense. The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm.
complex molecule with a double helix shape, containing genetic info
DNA
____ argues that just as evolution has contributed to our physical features, it also pervasively influences how we make decisions, how aggressive we are, our fears, and our mating patterns.
David Buss
________ influences include family dynamics, neighborhood quality, and educational opportunities, as well as biological encounters such as viruses and birth complications.
Environmental
Which of the following makes it difficult to test the theory that natural selection influences human traits and behaviors?
Evolution occurs on a time scale that does not lend itself to empirical study.
What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?
Heredity-environment correlations
Which of the following statements is true of behavior genetics?
It does not determine the extent to which genetics and environment affect an individual's traits
______ helps preterm infants stabilize their breathing, temperature, and heartbeat through close physical contact.
Kangaroo care
an extra x chromosome causes physical abnormalities. Treatment involves hormone therapy. Abundant in males. Involves having an XXY instead of XY, with underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, and tall height
Klinefelter syndrome
Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?
Nutritional services Social services Comprehensive educational services
____ concluded that in most domains of human functioning, biology allows a broad range of cultural possibilities. In other words, evolution gave us bodily structures and potential, but doesn't dictate behavior.
Stephen Jay Gould
gene linked abnormality which includes deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. Medication and special diet are treatments, but patients die around 5 years of age (1 in 30 Jews is a carrier)
Tay Sach's disease
when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called ____, leading to implications for males that differ greatly from those for females.
X-linked inheritance
an extra Y chromosome can cause above average height. It does not involve special treatment and is involved abundantly in males
XYY syndrome
A zygote is
a fertilized egg
All the following factors are part of the postpartum period, except ____
abstaining from exercise
All the following factors are part of the postpartum period, except
abstaining from exercise.
Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat is called ____
adaptive behavior
Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat is called ____
adaptive behavior
______ promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat.
adaptive behavior
A prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders is called
amniocentesis
The developing embryo floats in the ____, which resembles a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid.
amnion
The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the ______.
amnion
Which of the following is an example of adaptive behavior that favors infant survival in humans?
attachment to a caregiver
A(n) ________ is someone who seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
behavior geneticist
Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?
behavior genetics
According to the theory of natural selection, the individuals most likely to survive and pass on their genes to a new generation are those that are
best adapted to their environment
According to the theory of natural selection, the individuals most likely to survive and pass on their genes to a new generation are those that are ____
best adapted to their environment
The idea that environmental and biological conditions influence each other is called the ________ view of evolution.
bidirectional
methylation makes a gene more or less capable of receiving and responding to ____ from the body
biochemical signals
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the ____
blastocyst
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells called the ______.
blastocyst
The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as ____.
bonding
The formation of a connection, especially a physical connection, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth is called
bonding.
the ____ and ____ created a preliminary map of the human genome
celera corporation human genome project
An extended ____ might have evolved from apes to humans because humans require more time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human societies
childhood
threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid
chromosomes
gene linked abnormality involving glandular dysfunction which interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in shortened lifespan. Treatment involves physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics; most individuals live to middle age.
cystic fibrosis
gene-linked abnormality where body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar. Early onset can be fatal without insulin treatment
diabetes
Monique gave birth four weeks ago and is now starting to show signs of postpartum depression. Monique's symptoms likely include which of the following?
difficulty coping with daily tasks
one gene of a pair always exerts its effects (___), overriding the potential influence of the other gene (___)
dominant recessive
Erin has dimples. Her mother has them, too, but her father does not. Therefore, her mother carries the ____ gene for dimples. Mike has red hair and green eyes, while both his parents have dark hair and brown eyes. Therefore, Mike's ____ contains the genetic material for having dark eyes and hair, but his____ consists of genes for red hair and green eyes. Mike's mother and father both have the ____ containing the genetic material for having red hair and green eyes, but they are ____ genes. Both Maria and Robert have an X-linked inheritance for hemophilia. Robert has symptoms of the disease, but Maria doesn't. This is because Maria has 2 X chromosomes to counter the ____ on 1 of the X chromosomes, but Robert doesn't because he is ____. He has 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome.
dominant genotype phenotype genotype recessive mutated gene male
A chromosome-transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 is called what?
down syndrome
an extra chromosome (#21) causes mild to severe intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities. Treatment involves surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, and special learning programs. Involves a round face, flattened skull, etc
down syndrome
Following delivery, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels
drop steeply and remain low for a time.
Following delivery, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels ____
drop steeply and remain low for a time.
Chorionic villus sampling can be used ________ amniocentesis.
earlier than
When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with ______.
either the woman or the man
After the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as the ______.
embryo
Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a(n) ____
embryo
Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a(n) _____.
embryo
developmental organism from two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception
embryo
The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
epigenetic
The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT ______.
euphoria
_____ psychology is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors.
evolutionary
____ are not always adaptive in contemporary society. Some behaviors, like gorging food like cavemen did, would likely lead to an obesity epidemic
evolved mechanisms
when an egg and sperm fuse to form a zygote
fertilization
When ____, the egg and the sperm unite to form a _____. This single cell normally contains ____ unpaired chromosomes from the egg and _____unpaired chromosomes from the sperm. These chromosomes combine to form one set of ____ paired chromosomes. Each pair combines ____ from the mother and ____ from the father.
fertilization zygote 23 23 23 1 chromosome 1 chromosome
Mary is pregnant, and her baby is about seven pounds and 20 inches long. She can give birth now without danger of being preterm. In which stage of pregnancy is Mary?
fetak (38 weeks)
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?
fetal embryonic germinal
developmental organism from two months post-conception to birth
fetus
an abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, or short attention span. Treatment involves special education and speech and language therapy. More common in males than females
fragile x syndrome
egg and sperm cells are also called
gametes
External events outside of the original cell and person, as well as events inside the cell, can excite or inhibit ____
gene expression
studies that focus on the interdependent process by which two or more genes influence characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
gene-gene interaction
____ help cells reproduce themselves and assemble proteins
genes
units of hereditary info that are presented as short segments of DNA.
genes
the complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism
genome
to conduct a _____ study, researchers obtain DNA from individuals who have a disease and those who don't. Each person's complete set of DNA is purified from blood or other cells and scanned to determine genetic variation.
genome wide association
the ____ identifies genetic variations linked to particular diseases
genome wide association method
all of a person's genetic material makes up his or her ____
genotype
The ____ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division and implantation.
germinal
The ____ period is the first period of prenatal development, when the egg is fertilized and cell division takes place.
germinal
The ______ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception.
germinal
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following signals that an organism is best adapted to its environment?
having the most offspring
gene linked abnormality where delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding. Blood transfusions/injections can reduce or prevent damage due to internal bleeding.
hemophilia
Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of ______.
heredity-environment correlations
gene linked abnormality where central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration. Does not usually appear until age 35 or older; death likely 10 to 20 years later.
huntington disease
According to the epigenetic view, development ______.
is due to heredity and environment each affecting the other
By the end of the embryonic period, an embryo ____
is eight weeks old
By the end of the embryonic period, an embryo
is eight weeks old.
Which of the following is NOT true of an embryo?
it is ten weeks old
____ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.
kangaroo
One study found that individuals who have a short version of a gene labeled 5-HTTLPR (a gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) have an elevated risk of developing depression only if they also ____
live stressful lives
One study found that individuals who have a short version of a gene labeled 5-HTTLPR (a gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) have an elevated risk of developing depression only if they also
live stressful lives.
The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others
longer
genes that make an individual LESS vulnerable to certain diseases and MORE likely to live to a longer age
longevity genes
cell division forming the egg and sperm cells
meiosis
certain genes become switched on or off as a result of an exercise mainly through a process called ____, where tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of the gene.
methylation
diet, tobacco, breast cancer, adhd, and depression may affect gene behavior through a process of ____
methylation
The process that allows cells other than eggs and sperm to duplicate and divide is known as ____
mitosis
An X-linked disease is ____ to harm men than women.
more likely
chance events, a mistake in cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental element may produce a ____, a permanently altered segment of DNA
mutated gene
Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics that appear during old age. This is because ____
natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to early adulthood
Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics that appear during old age. This is because
natural selection operates primarily on characteristics that are tied to early adulthood.
Ming's mother is a master chef and often involves her children in meal preparation. The likely outcome is that Ming also will become a skilled cook. This is an example of ________ correlations.
passive genotype-environment
____ consists of observable characteristics, including physical characteristics (height, weight, hair color) and psychological characteristics (personality and intelligence)
phenotype
gene linked abnormality which is a Metabolic disorder that left untreated can cause intellectual disability. special diet can result in average intelligence and normal life span
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Few characteristics reflect the influence of only a single gene or pair of genes; most are determined by the interaction of many different genes, known as being ____ determined
polygenically
Some women develop ____ depression, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
postpartum
building blocks of cells as well as regulators that direct the body's processes
proteins
a recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both ____
recessive
most mutated genes are ___ genes
recessive
Which of the following hospital procedures fosters parent-infant bonding?
rooming-in arrangements
Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes ______ for manageable conditions and treatable diseases
screening
It is possible for doctors to detect the sex of a fetus as early as
seven weeks
a gene linked abnormality which is a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure. Penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, and blood transfusions serve as treatment
sickle cell anemia
a gene linked abnormality which is a neural tube disorder causing brain and spine abnormalities. Corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical/medical therapy serves as treatment
spina bifida
genes that make an individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging.
susceptibility genes
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive, behavioral or physical outcomes is a(n) ______.
teratogen
Any agent that can potentially cause cognitive, behavioral or physical harm to the developing embryo or fetus is a(n) ______.
teratogen
During infancy, environmental factors such as toxins, nutrition, stress, learning, and encouragement modify and impact genetic activity. This reflects
the epigenetic view
Every one of us started out as a single cell that contained all our genetic material ___ of each cell contains chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike structures that contain ___, which is a complex molecule that contains ____. Each cell contains ___ pairs of chromosomes. ____ are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain ____. The human ___ consists of many genes that collaborate with each other. They also interact with ___ factors inside and outside the body. Therefore, whether a gene is active or not is caused by both ___ and ___.
the nucleus DNA genetic info 23 Genes life genome nongenetic nature nurture
Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?
the woman does not ovulate low sperm production blocked fallopian tubes
The outer layer of cells around the embryo (which will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo) is called the ____.
trophoblast
The outer layer of cells surrounding a blastocyst that eventually provides nutrition and support for the embryo is called the ______.
trophoblast
A missing chromosome in females can cause intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment. Treatment involves hormone therapy in childhood and puberty. Person is XO (or X) instead of XX
turner syndrome
during meiosis, a cell of the men or woman duplicates its chromosomes but divides ____, forming four cells, each having half the genetic material of the parent cell.
twice
To study the influence of heredity on behavior, behavior geneticists often use
twins or adoption situations
Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl.
ultrasound sonography
Tara is seven weeks pregnant. At a recent checkup, her doctor used a machine that used high-frequency sound waves to provide a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. This type of diagnostic test is called
ultrasound sonography
____ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.
ultrasound sonography
at the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 ____ chromosomes
unpaired
the stages of the birth process in the correct order
uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart cervix dialates to about 10 cm contractions occur every 2-5 minutes contractions push the baby through the birth canal the baby's head emerges uterus expels the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes
the ___ is one factor that makes a person male rather than female
y chromosome
The fertilized egg is called the ______.
zygote
a fertilized egg
zygote
developmental organism from conception to two weeks post-conception
zygote