PSYC Test 2
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
Loudness of sound is measured in the unit called __________.
decibel
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
emotion; memory
An example of ____________ would be an interior designer using the frame of a car to create a child's bed.
overcoming functional fixedness
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Insurance companies avoid errors due to _____ by calculating and analyzing base rates for accidents, age-related diseases, and the like.
NOT a mental set
At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?
12 months old
The duration of short-term memory is _________.
30 seconds
Loss of memory for events before an injury is called _____ amnesia.
Anterograde
Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE?
Children will imitate an aggressive model who appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior.
_____ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in _____.
Chunking; short-term memory
Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?
Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.
Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
Based on observational learning theory, which of the following is the BEST slogan to present to a class for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior?
Follow my lead.
The point on the retina that contains only cones and is responsible for our sharpest vision is called the _____.
Fovea
Which of the following is true about John B. Watson?
He is considered the founder of behaviorism.
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
Which of the following is a criticism of the Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study?
It was a violation of APA ethnical guidelines for research.
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
NOT becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice
Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____.
NOT positive conditioning
The part of the three-stage model that would be used during rehearsal is __________.
NOT explicit memory, LTM
What is a measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when readministered at different times?
NOT validity
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
If your dog was classically conditioned to wag his tail when you pick up a leash to go for a walk, what would extinguish this behavior?
Pick up the leash without taking him for a walk.
_____________ is less difficult than ____________ in tests of memory.
Recognition; recall
_____ interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.
Retroactive
Which of the following is false about sensation?
Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
The first IQ test to be used widely in the United States was the _____.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?
Stroop effect
Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson?
The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.
Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false?
The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."
Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?
They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
If a test is standardized and reliable, what conclusions can you make about its validity?
You cannot determine validity from reliability or standardization.
The BEST definition of a cognitive map is _____.
a mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated
Tarani's father offered her a trip to Disney World if she got a 3.5 grade point average this year. In this example, the trip to Disney World is _____.
a secondary reinforcer.
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
acquisition
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
According to Skinner's view of operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come _____ the response.
after
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
analytical
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
A Skinner box is the name for the _____.
apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
arousal theory
Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.
automatic
Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.
availability heuristic
Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on the information that is readily available in our memories is known as _______.
availability heuristic
Misjudging your risk of dying in an airplane crash because you just watched 24-hour coverage of one is MOST related to the _____ .
availability heuristic
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.
bias
Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
An example of __________ would be someone who does not recognize the picture in a puzzle until the very last piece of the puzzle is in its place.
bottom-up
Information processing that begins with raw sensory data and ends with analysis in the brain is called _____.
bottom-up
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
bottom-up
The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.
can see
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.
change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
The snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure that contains receptors for hearing is the _____.
cochlea
_______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
concepts
A(n) _____ is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus due to repeated pairings.
conditioned response
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?
congenital analgesia
Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
consciously experienced
The process that changes the brain in a fixed and stable way that establishes events in a long- term memory is called ______.
consolidation
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
creative
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
creative
Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue.
decreases; increases
Sensation is the process of _____ raw sensory data from the internal and external world and transmitting it to the brain.
detecting, converting, and transmitting
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
Thinking that produces many alternative ideas is called _____.
divergent
Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
In a computer model of memory, _____ would happen at the keyboard, _____ on the monitor, and _____ on the hard drive.
encoding; retrieval; storage
A conditioned emotional response, such as fear, is an emotion that is _____.
evoked by a previously neutral stimulus
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.
experiences
The part of the three-stage model that would be used during rehearsal is _______.
explicit memory
What is the subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences?
explicit/declarative memory
As a flock of Canadian geese flies overhead in its familiar "V" formation, the geese are seen as _____ and the sky as _____.
figure; ground
An example of the ____________ aspect of creative thinking would be you deciding to take an alternative route to the mall that you usually don't take because you were stuck in traffic.
flexibility
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
fluid
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Hertz is a measure of ________.
frequency
Eli's grandmother gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandmother arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is ____.
grandmother
Our sense of taste is also known as _____________.
gustation
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
higher; louder
Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.
how to use the phone
Who is likely to be more similar in intelligence?
identical twins reared apart and identical twins reared together
In which type of long-term memory would you find Little Albert's memory of being classically conditioned to fear a rat?
implicit
The ________is also known as the anvil.
incus
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
indirect
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
integrate
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
interpersonal
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
just noticeable
Chomsky believes we possess an inborn brain capacity to analyze language known as _____.
language acquisition device (LAD)
What is the hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs until there is some reason to demonstrate it?
latent learning
An example of ____________ would be if you repeatedly fail in your attempts to control your environment and were likely to make no further attempts to escape or make your environment better.
learned helplessness
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _______.
learning
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
lens; fovea
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.
longer wavelengths
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
lower; higher
Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.
maintain balance and body posture
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
Schemata are a(an) ________.
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
mild
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.
natural; artificial
A forest ranger might be ranked as being high in what type of intelligence?
naturalistic
The idea of the language acquisition device supports the role of ________ in language development.
nature
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Negative reinforcement is _____ the same as punishment.
never
An example of ______________ would be a dean who is upset with her faculty member and so decides to show up 30 minutes late to observe the teacher's class presentation.
passive aggressiveness
Generally, classical conditioning is _____; operant conditioning is _____.
passive; active
Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?
patriotism
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the world is called ____.
perception
You get a phone call around lunchtime and, expecting the caller to be your husband, you answer "Hi, honey"—but instead it is your boss calling. This is an example of ______________.
perceptual set
________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.
pheromone
Which of the following did Robert Sternberg emphasize in his triarchic theory of intelligence?
process underlying thinking rather than product
What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?
proprioception
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.
prototype
The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the opening of the _____.
pupil
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called _____.
rehearsal
If you want to remember someone's name and use the memory technique of repeating their name over and over again, you would be using _____ to keep this person's name in _____ memory.
rehearsal; short-term memory
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
Many people mistakenly believe that minorities are responsible for more crimes in this country than Caucasians. This is most likely due to the media's increased focus on minorities, which makes many viewers fall prey to the ________________ .
representative bias
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
Recognition is the process of _____.
retrieving a memory using a specific cue
You are likely to forget your old address once you have learned your new one because of _____ interference.
retroactive
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
The BEST method parents can use to get their children to do their chores is to _____.
reward them after they do the chores
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
schema
For most people, money and praise are _____ reinforcers.
secondary
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
since birth
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
smelling cookies in the oven
An example of ___________ would be if you didn't even notice the loud crash outside the door while you were focused on taking your driver's exam.
selective attention
When the brain is sorting out and attending only to the most important messages from the senses, it is engaged in the process of _____.
selective attention
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?
semantic encoding
What is the general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course?
semantic memory
Which type of memory lasts the shortest period of time?
sensory memory (NOT echoic)
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
severe
When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in _____ a behavior.
shaping
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
signal detection
________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.
somatosensation
Persons who work as engineers, architects, and pilots may be high in ____ intelligence.
spatial
Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study
An example of ___________ would be if you had been bitten by a German shepherd, which you now fear, but are not afraid of other types of dogs.
stimulus discrimination
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
With regard to memory, the process of retaining information over time is known as _____.
storage
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?
suggestibility
Experiments on subliminal perception have _____.
supported the existence of the phenomenon, but it has little or no effect on persuasion
A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as _____.
taste aversion
What is the name of the tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that confirms preexisting beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence?
the confirmation bias
Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?
the decision to be made is important
According to Thorndike's law of effect, _____________.
the frequency of an action is increased when followed by pleasant consequences
What is amplitude?
the height of a wave
When subsequent information distorts our memory of a previous experience, this is known as _________.
the misinformation effect
Your cell phone could ring in class without your instructor hearing it because ______________.
the ringtone frequency is too high for adults to hear
Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.
their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites
Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.
thermoception
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
The conversion of sensory stimuli such as light or sound waves into neural impulses is called_____.
transduction
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
The cause(s) of intellectual disabilities is(are) _____.
unknown
When your young son picks up a spoon, you clap. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you are _____.
using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon
What is a measure of a test's ability to measure what it is designed to measure?
validity
A schedule of reinforcement that occurs unpredictably (e.g., the time before reinforcement varies) is called a _____ schedule, and is best for producing slow and steady responses.
variable interval
A _____ schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for a behavior in an unpredictable manner (e.g., the number or amount of response/reinforcement varies).
variable ratio
On average, people leave 25% of their money in Nevada casinos. They keep playing, however, due to reinforcement being delivered on a ____ schedule.
variable ratio
Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.
vestibular
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment
________ encoding is the encoding of images.
visual
Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.
was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children
Reinforcement and punishment are defined in terms of _____.
whether they increase or decrease responses that follow
