PSYC Test 4

anxiety

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

A psychological disorder is a ________.

the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.

Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.

According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?

13.4%

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.

persona

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

episodic

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

somatic

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?

dissociative identity

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

biomedical

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

unconditional positive regard

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

electroconvulsive therapy

ECT stands for ________.

giving them unconditional love

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

active listening

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

learning how to surf

Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.

behavior therapy

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

relapse

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

id

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

26%

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

involuntary

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

all-or-nothing thinking

Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

schizophrenia

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.

What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?

co-occurrence of two disorders

What is comorbidity?

integrity vs. despair

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?

client's present and future

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?

thoughts affect behavior

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

inferiority

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

external; internal

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

self-actualization

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

balance between extroversion and introversion

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

choleric

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?

19%

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.

chronic

Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

An archetype is a ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

manic episode

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except________.

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Freudian slip

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

B. F. Skinner

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

posttraumatic stress

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

low self-efficacy

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

projective test

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

intake

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

latency

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

causes

Etiology is another word for ________.

differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.

dissociative fugue

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.

stimulus hierarchy

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

play therapy

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

years

How long does psychoanalysis typically take?

client-centered

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

organizing the books

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

concern over germs

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."

phlegmatic

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

the self-realization process

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.

yellow bile from the liver

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

genital

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

denial

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

mania

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

overgeneralization

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

dependent personality disorder

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

an internal locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

moving with people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

become neurotic strategies

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

aversive conditioning

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

voluntary

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

agitation

Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.

body dysmorphic

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

archetype

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

generalized anxiety disorder

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

narcissistic personality disorder

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

systematic desensitization

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

obsessive-compulsive

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

cognitive therapy

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

indigenous

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

diathesis-stress

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

ectomorph

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

biological; psychological

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders

collective unconscious

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

client's personal goals

The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________.

can perform miracles

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

selective migration

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

Five Factor Model

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

stimulants

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

generativity vs. stagnation

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

strategic

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

negative

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

broke their backs

What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?

change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."

change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."

insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.

The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.

The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.

disorganized thinking

What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

moving away from people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

moving toward people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?

moving against people

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

orbitofrontal cortex

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

autism spectrum disorder

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

children

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

psychiatric hospitals

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

behavior

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

climate of sexual repression

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

experiencing trauma in isolation

Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

Adderall

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

behavioral inhibition

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.

Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?

popular music that promotes suicide

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?

reaction formation

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?

It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century.

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

How you think determines how you feel.

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

confidentiality

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

group therapy

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

Thomas Szasz

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

William H. Sheldon

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?

Carl Rogers

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Albert Bandura

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Dorothea Dix

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Julian Rotter

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Karen Horney

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

phobia

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

atypical antipsychotics

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

heritability

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

anxiety

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior

rural areas

________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.

suicidal ideation

________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.

congruence

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

trait

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

asylums

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders

safety behaviors

________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.