PSYC Unit 3 Review

Children typically begin to speak their first words at around ______.

12 months

In the 1950s, George Miller showed that the capacity of short-term memory is _______.

7 ± 2 bits of information

Martin is 18 years old, but he scored like an average 15-year-old on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Martin's IQ would be approximately ______.

83

What test is used for emotional intelligence?

MSCEIT

Your friend asks you if it is possible in the the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. How should you answer?

No, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next.

Sam recently lost his grandmother. Now Sam feels sad whenever he smells the perfume his beloved grandmother used to wear. In this example, what is Sam's sadness?

UR

Yanna used to date a man who wore lime-scented aftershave. Yanna was very attracted to this man, and now when she smells the scent of lime, she finds herself slightly aroused. In this example, what is Yanna's ex-boyfriend?

US

What is an example of an orienting reflex?

While standing in line at the cafeteria, you turn around to see who poked you in the back

Lora watches a certain news network that is well known for its harshly negative portrayals of the followers of a specific religion. When she visits a university campus and meets followers of that religion, she has an immediate, negative response. What is Lora using?

a representativeness heuristic

The phase of classical conditioning during which the conditioned response is developing is often referred to as _______.

acquisition

When Antabuse is used to treat alcoholism through aversion therapy, the neutral stimulus in this classical conditioning example is ________.

alcohol

Determining the number of miles per gallon you got on your last tank of gas by dividing the total mileage since your last fill-up by the number of gallons of gas purchased would be an example of using an _______.

algorithm

Algorithms can be thought of as "_______" as heuristics can be thought of as "_______."

always correct; may not be correct

Classical conditioning is to _____, as operant conditioning is to _____.

association of stimuli; consequences of behavior

The process that determines which memory information gets transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is _______.

attention

When most people make shopping lists, they use terms like "apples," "shampoo," or "milk." A list like this is using _____.

basic level categories

Albert Bandura is best known for his studies on _____.

children behaving aggressively toward Bobo dolls

What is true regarding to a child's first words?

children's first words are usually names of familiar objects, people, or actions

Aversion therapy that uses Antabuse to treat alcoholism is based on the principle of _______.

classical conditioning

If you have developed an extreme negative reaction to chicken because it was associated with a case of the flu in your childhood, you have a ______.

classically conditioned taste aversion

Sometimes when making a decision we exhibit risk aversion, which means that we make a decision that reflects a ______.

concern over losing what we already have

Because of the surgical removal of his hippocampus, H.M. was unable to achieve _______.

consolidation

When you cannot retrieve a memory because you are using the wrong probe, you are experiencing ______.

cue-dependent forgetting

If successful performance on a test requires knowledge that people of a particular culture do not generally have, the test is said to be ______.

culturally biased

The hippocampus is to ______ memory as the cerebellum is to _______ memory.

declarative; motor skill

Children who grow up in a home that is bilingual will ______.

develop a high level of proficiency with both languages

Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his research on ______.

digestion

Critics of animal language research argue that animals _______.

do not follow all of the grammatical and syntactical rules of human language

A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ______.

does not naturally elicit a particular unconditioned response

What is an example of a basic level category?

dog

Stress hormones may facilitate the storage of ______.

flashbulb memories

Sometimes when making a decision, we exhibit loss aversion, which means that we make a decision that reflects a _____.

focus on the cost associated with a potential gain

Pavlov's original experiment was an example of ______.

forward conditioning

Research on concussions in high school athletes suggest that _____.

girls are at more risk of a concussion than boys

A company that markets air fresheners has a series of commercials about being "nose-blind," that is, people getting used to odors such as those from pets or cooking pungent foods to the extent that they no longer notice them. "Nose-blindness" is actually ______.

habituation

Studies on the intellectual achievements of African American children adopted into affluent white families show that by middle school, the African American children score _____.

higher on intelligence tests than the average white child

The fact that recalling a memory involves reconstructing the basic elements and constructing other elements to fill the gaps in our memories, suggests that human memory can be ____.

highly inaccurate

The first step in problem solving is to _____ the problem.

identify

Strict behaviorism tends to ______.

ignore the influence of cognitive processes

When you tie your shoes, you are most likely making use of your ______.

implicit memory

Proactive interference ____ and retroactive interference ____ as we get older.

increase; increases

According to Lev Vygotsky and his sociocultural theory, ______.

language is a primary means of transmitting cultural elements from generation to generation

According to the ______, behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened.

law of effect

What model predicts that information that is processed deeply and elaboratively will be best retained in and recalled from long-term memory?

levels-of-processing

Spontaneous recovery can happen ______.

long after the response has been extinguished

Decay theory would have the hardest time dealing with any research finding suggesting that _______.

memories can last a very long time, even if they have not been assessed periodically

Based upon research regarding gender and memory, what can be concluded?

memories of childhood may be influenced by the different manner in which men and women are socialized

Bits of information stored in our memory are called _____.

memory traces

What type of consequence is Myra using when she tells her daughter that she does not have to do the dishes for a week because she did so well on her weekly spelling test at school?

negative reinforcement

Research on the strong form of the Whorfian hypothesis has ______.

not supported the hypothesis

If your 9-year-old child uses the title "grandpa" to refer to all older men, she is exhibiting a common language tendency called ______.

overextension

To move information from iconic sensory memory to short-term memory, you must _____.

pay attention to the information

What is one of the index scores on the WAIS-IV?

perceptual reasoning

The smallest units of sound that are found in a language are called _______.

phonemes

Lloyd's roommate, Don, classically conditioned Lloyd to cringe whenever Don opened a squeaky drawer by pairing a squeak with a ping pong ball to Lloyd's head. Lloyd wants to return the favor, so when Don is out, Lloyd secretly wires an electrode to the drawer handle so Don will be shocked when he touches it. Lloyd is using _____.

positive punishment

If you remember how to tie your shoes, you are specifically using a _______.

procedural memory

In a continuous reinforcement schedule, ______.

reinforcement is given every time the behavior is exhibited

Sigmund Freud's theory of forgetting is called ______.

repression

What type of interference leads to difficulty remembering old information?

retroactive

A person without iconic memory probably would not be able to remember anything that he or she ______.

saw

How are long-term memories most often encoded?

semantic form

The three stage model proposes that memory stage operate in a _______ fashion.

serial

What is an example of a primary reinforcer?

sex

Kim is a daycare worker. She recently decided that the children will no longer be allowed to watch Batman on TV because so many kids were getting into fights on the playground after watching this cartoon. What best explains why watching Batman would influence the children to fight on the playground?

social learning

Who will most likely learn a second language fluently?

someone who begins learning it at a young age

When you go to the store in search of a particular brand or style of shoes, you are searching most directly within a _____.

subordinate category

The orienting reflex describes _______.

the attention we give to novel stimuli

If asked, many people would state that car accidents are a more frequent cause of death in the U.S. than strokes. However, the truth is that car accidents are just more sensational than the more frequent strokes. What would this mistake be an example of?

the availability heuristic

The serial position curve shows that when attempting to recall a list of items immediately after being exposed to them, ______.

the items at the beginning and end of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle of the list

In Pavlov's original studies, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

the meat

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

the pizza

What is true of heuristics?

they can lead to correct judgements

The fact that you can pronounce the words that you are reading in this sentence before you process them into long-term memory is mostly a problem for the ______.

three stages model of memory

When treating alcoholism with aversion therapy, the drug called Antabuse is used as the ______.

unconditioned stimulus

What method is least likely to improve your memory?

using maintenance rehearsal