PSYC100Finals

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy creative, moody, and flexible disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy quiet, shy, humble

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Late maturing boys are ________. at a higher risk of depression less likely to experience conflict with parents less likely to participate in high school athletics more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

at a higher risk of depression

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. cerebellum sensory cortex substantia nigra ventral tegmental area

cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence chunking

chunking

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. archival research naturalistic observation longitudinal research cross-sectional research

longitudinal research

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral response and a conditioned response neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? egocentrism object permanence reversibility stranger anxiety

object permanence

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation above the mean one standard deviation below the mean two standard deviations above the mean 15 points above the average

one standard deviation above the mean

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation below the mean two standard deviations above the mean 15 points above the average one standard deviation above the mean

one standard deviation above the mean

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? cornea linear optic photoreceptor

optic

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian permissive authoritative Freudian

permissive

What trait do both men and women tend to look for in a romantic partner? physical attractiveness sense of humor social skills leadership potential

physical attractiveness

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. dependent variable independent variable statistical analysis placebo

placebo

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord. cerebellum corpus callosum medulla pons

pons

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? conventional formal operational post-conventional pre-conventional

pre-conventional

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. cerebellum medulla pons reticular formation

reticular formation

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb retrograde graduated

retrograde

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? Flynn effect norming population size sample size

sample size

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? Flynn effect sample size norming population size

sample size

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?\ avoidant disorganized resistant secure

secure

Making internal attributions for your successes and making external attributions for your failures is an example of ________. self-serving bias actor-observer bias fundamental attribution error just-world hypothesis

self-serving bias

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus? audition smell taste vision

smell

In the Stanford prison experiment, even the lead researcher succumbed to his role as a prison supervisor. This is an example of the power of ________ influencing behavior. scripts social norms conformity social roles

social roles

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. assessments case studies naturalistic observations surveys

surveys

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. unconditioned response unconditioned aversion taste aversion taste response

taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? your brother refusing to play with you learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. axons; terminal buttons dendrites; synaptic vesicles terminal buttons; transport proteins terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to be targeted for bullying? a child with a physical disability a transgender adolescent the captain of the football team an emotionally sensitive boy

the captain of the football team

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. how quick and easy these studies are to perform the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________. how behaviors have changed over time the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population whether genes or environment cause a behavior or trait

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? absolute threshold signal detection subliminal top-down

top-down

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? umami and fat content meat and vegetable monosodium and glutamate umami and monosodium glutamate

umami and fat content

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. culturally specific dramatic related to language acquisition universal

universal

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. were too limited in scope were too outrageous were too broad were not testable

were not testable

Under what conditions will informational social influence be more likely? when individuals want to fit in when the answer is unclear when the answer is unclear and when the group has expertise when the group has expertise

when the answer is unclear and when the group has expertise

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

According to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ________ and minimize the ________ in relationships. intimacy; commitment benefits; costs costs; benefits passion; intimacy

benefits; costs

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. autonomic; somatic nervous systems central; peripheral nervous systems autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

When we seek out information that supports our stereotypes we are engaged in ________. scapegoating confirmation bias self-fulfilling prophecy in-group bias

confirmation bias

Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of ________. consistency dependency unpredictability power

consistency

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. contracted dilated longer smaller

dilated

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. ethics informed consent deception debriefing

ethics

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. evolution by natural selection behavioral genetics genetic mutation survivalism

evolution by natural selection

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. behavioral geneticists behavioral psychologists evolutionary psychologists historical psychologists

evolutionary psychologists

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. less often experienced in preindustrial countries experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally more often experienced in English-speaking countries more often experienced in industrial countries

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? implicit memories explicit memories sensory memories short-term memories

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. implicit memory procedural memory sensory memory explicit memory

explicit memory

________ are defined as observable realities. behaviors opinions facts theories

facts

Examples of cues used in peripheral route persuasion include all of the following except ________. celebrity endorsement factual information positive emotions attractive models

factual information

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. fast; a short duration fast; long lasting slow; a short duration slow; long lasting

fast; long lasting

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? variable interval variable ratio fixed ratio fixed interval

fixed interval

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? difficulty comprehending language difficulty producing language motor skill deficits in the left side of her body sensory deficits in the right side of her body

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. naturalistic observation archival research case study survey

naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior that is motivated by ________. feeling good about oneself earning a reward showing bravery to bystanders selfless helping of others

selfless helping of others

What are the two components of declarative memory? implicit and explicit procedural and implicit short-term and long-term semantic and episodic

semantic and episodic

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? mild moderate severe profound

severe

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? -.90 -.50 +.80 +.25

-.90

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. CS + UCS; intermittent UCS alone; continuous CS + UCS; continuous UCS alone; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. UCS alone; intermittent CS + UCS; continuous UCS alone; continuous CS + UCS; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

Who described the collective unconscious? John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Carl Jung Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Sigmund Freud

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung Rosalind Cartwright John Hobson Sigmund Freud

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of the following is false about sensation? Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. We have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense. We have more than five senses. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred.

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? Broca's area occipital cortex Wernicke's area prefrontal cortex

Wernicke's area

On his first day of soccer practice, Jose suits up in a t-shirt, shorts, and cleats and runs out to the field to join his teammates. Jose's behavior is reflective of ________. social influence good athletic behavior a script normative behavior

a script

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. action potential depolarization hyperpolarization threshold of excitation

action potential

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. beta delta kappa alpha

alpha

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning? an alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI. It is unable to pinpoint events in time. There is a low level of detail. There is radiation exposure.

an alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. deception observation generalization attrition

attrition

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. relearning effect self-reference effect Atkinson-Shiffrin model Stroop effect

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian." The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? two three four five

four

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain? frontal occipital parietal temporal

frontal

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? anchoring bias functional fixedness hindsight bias representative bias

functional fixedness

If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred. social facilitation group cohesion social loafing groupthink

groupthink

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. explicit implicit semantic sensory

implicit

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter. dependent variable; independent variable placebo effect; experimenter bias independent variable; dependent variable experiment bias; placebo effect

independent variable; dependent variable

Which of the following is not a type of prejudice? individualism racism homophobia sexism

individualism

According to the actor-observer bias, we have more information about ________. situational influences on behavior influences on our own behavior influences on others' behavior dispositional influences on behavior

influences on our own behavior

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. debriefing informed consent IRB ethics

informed consent

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? distortion forgetting intrusion imposition

intrusion

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________. it is closest to -1 it is closest to 0 it is positive it is negative

it is closest to 0

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? concept grammar lexicon prototype

lexicon