PSYC311: sections 1 & 2

non-equivalent groups

Design (hereafter NEGD) is probably the most frequently used design in social research. It is structured like a pretest-posttest randomized experiment, but it lacks the key feature of the randomized designs -- random assignment.

reactivity

Participants modification of their natural behavior in response to the fact that they are participating in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured.

In non-experimental and quasi-experimental studies, different groups or conditions are defined in terms of _____.

Pre-existing participant variables or time

Something can be reliable without be valid true or false

True

The descriptive research strategy is the only strategy that is not concerned with relations between variables. true or false

True

When creating an operational definition, care should be taken to ____.

avoid leaving out important components of the construct

What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?

convergent

Research studies consistently demonstrate that debriefing participants effectively eliminates the problems caused by deception. true or false

false

To establish split-half reliability you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times. true or false

false

The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____.

guaranteeing each of the different subgroups will be well represented with relatively large groups of individuals in the sample

A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. The researcher includes a measure of stress as a ____.

manipulation check

The purpose of an operational definition is to ____.

provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct

Which research strategy attempts to address questions about cause-and-effect relationships but fails to produce an unambiguous answer because the study contains a flaw?

quasi-experimental

external validity

refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).

internal validity

refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor

A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.

standardize the experiment

Quota sampling produces the same advantages for convenience sampling that ____ sampling produces for probability sampling

stratified sampling

Reliability

the degree to which a measurement gives consistent results over time

validity

the degree to which a measurement is measuring what its supposed to

One criticism of a stratified random sample is:

the overall composition of the sample is often not representative of the overall composition of the population.

Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relation between two variables. true or false

true

To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relation between two variables, a researcher must make one of the variables change rather than waiting for it to change naturally. true of false

true