PSYC311: sections 1 & 2
non-equivalent groups
Design (hereafter NEGD) is probably the most frequently used design in social research. It is structured like a pretest-posttest randomized experiment, but it lacks the key feature of the randomized designs -- random assignment.
reactivity
Participants modification of their natural behavior in response to the fact that they are participating in a research study or the knowledge that they are being measured.
In non-experimental and quasi-experimental studies, different groups or conditions are defined in terms of _____.
Pre-existing participant variables or time
Something can be reliable without be valid true or false
True
The descriptive research strategy is the only strategy that is not concerned with relations between variables. true or false
True
When creating an operational definition, care should be taken to ____.
avoid leaving out important components of the construct
What kind of validity requires that a researcher create two different measures of the same variable?
convergent
Research studies consistently demonstrate that debriefing participants effectively eliminates the problems caused by deception. true or false
false
To establish split-half reliability you must administer the same measurement to the same group of people at two different times. true or false
false
The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____.
guaranteeing each of the different subgroups will be well represented with relatively large groups of individuals in the sample
A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. The researcher includes a measure of stress as a ____.
manipulation check
The purpose of an operational definition is to ____.
provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
Which research strategy attempts to address questions about cause-and-effect relationships but fails to produce an unambiguous answer because the study contains a flaw?
quasi-experimental
external validity
refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
internal validity
refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor
A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to ____.
standardize the experiment
Quota sampling produces the same advantages for convenience sampling that ____ sampling produces for probability sampling
stratified sampling
Reliability
the degree to which a measurement gives consistent results over time
validity
the degree to which a measurement is measuring what its supposed to
One criticism of a stratified random sample is:
the overall composition of the sample is often not representative of the overall composition of the population.
Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relation between two variables. true or false
true
To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relation between two variables, a researcher must make one of the variables change rather than waiting for it to change naturally. true of false
true