Psych 100 ch 1 & 2 quiz

Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?

A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.

Which of the following terms refers to inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success?

Adaptation

______________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins.

Anthropology

Which of the following is true about behavioral measures?

Behavioral measures do not allow people to modify their behavior even if they know they are being observed.

______________ asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.

Behaviorism

______________ can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought.

Biological psychology

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be?

Cognitive

______ indicate whether two variables relate to each other and the direction of the relationship.

Correlation coefficients

______________ was the first to distinguish thought disorders (schizophrenia) from the mood disorders of melancholia (depression) and manic depression (bipolar disorder). His views were a major influence on diagnostic categories formulated during the 20th century.

Emil Kraepelin

Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist?

Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

______________ psychology is the branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today.

Evolutionary

______________ founded the American Psychological Association (APA).

G. Stanley Hall

In correlational designs, the basic question is:

Is X related to Y?

Which of the following statements is true of psychology?

It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.

____________ sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth, compounds, and molecules.

Physical

______ can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state.

Physiological measures

___________ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions.

Pseudoscience

In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group?

Random assignments

Which of the following is an accurate statement about self-report questionnaires?

Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.

______ can be defined as those studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.

Single-blind studies

_____________ is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean.

Standard deviation

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?

The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material

Which statement best describes the term descriptive designs?

They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything.

When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?

When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists

A variable can be defined as:

anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.

Using noninvasive advanced imaging techniques and electrical recordings, _______ study the structure and functions of the living brain.

behavioral neuroscientists

According to structuralism,

breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

A(n) _____________ can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.

case study

In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained.

confidentiality

An additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined is termed as a(n) _________.

confounding variable

The participants in a(n) _____________ do not receive the independent variable or treatment.

control group

Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies. This is why the process of scientific discovery is ___________.

cumulative

A(n) ____________ variable is the outcome, or response to an experimental manipulation.

dependent

Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ______________ psychologist.

developmental

Practitioners of pseudoscience:

do not challenge or question their own assumptions.

A(n) ___________ is characterized by the experimental manipulation of a predicted cause.

experiment

A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article titled "Dating in the 21st Century." She analyzed her own dating experiences and incorporated them into this piece. This type of psychology is known as _____________.

folk psychology

Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of _____________.

humane therapies for the mentally ill

Debriefing is the process of:

informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.

Both ____________ and ____________ involve specific questions, usually asked in precisely the same way to each respondent.

interviews; surveys

The _____________ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half.

median

The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value.

mode

In a naturalistic observation, a researcher:

observes and records behavior in the real world.

Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ______________ psychologist.

personality

Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________.

personality psychologist

Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be __________.

placebos

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of:

psychology.

Research is almost always conducted on ___________.

samples

Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses—especially ______________ impulses—is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior.

sexual and aggressive

In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to:

supernatural causes.

According to Bem & Horonton (1994) and Rosenthal (1986), there has been some scientifically sound evidence for ______, which is normally regarded as a pseudoscience.

telepathy

Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of:

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.

Researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group because:

the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior.

Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of:

the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.

Gestalt psychology proposed that:

we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.