Psych 100 Exam 3: Chapter 9 Motivation

According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____

3 to 15 seconds

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store. Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management. Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy. He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill? A. Safety needs B. Physiological needs C. Esteem needs D. Self-actualization needs

A. Safety needs

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship? A. financial insecurity B. lack of self-actualization C. preference to be alone D. unfulfilled esteem needs

A. financial insecurity

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? A. physiological needs B. safety needs C. belongingness and love D. self-actualization

A. physiological needs

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

A. safety

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity? A. An obese invidual can have 10 to 20 billion fat cells. B. An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied. C. An obese individual has an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss. D. An obese individual weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.

B. An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE? A. Instincts are biological patterns of behavior that are assumed to be universal throughout a species B. Instincts are learned behavioral responses C. Instincts are generally set in motion by a "sign stimulus." D. Instincts may explain a great deal of nonhuman animal behavior.

B. Instincts are learned behavioral responses

The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

B. Leptin

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full? A. oxytocin B. leptin C. dopamine D. estrogen

B. Leptin

Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is FALSE A. Men think about sex more often than women do. B. Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do. C. Men view more pornography. D. Men have more permissive attitudes toward casual premarital sex.

B. Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do.

At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life? A. Ricky's physiological needs are not being met. B. Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met. C. Ricky's esteem needs are not fulfilled. D. Ricky does not feel safe at home.

B. Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.

Kiefer is taking acting classes. His instructor is using Stanislavski's "method-acting" technique, which encourages actors to imitate the behavior of someone feeling that emotion. When Kiefer is playing a scene where his character is sad, his instructor may suggest that he cry in order to feel sadness. "Method acting" is most consistent with which of the following? A. cannon-Bard theory B. james-Lange theory C. yerkes-Dodson law D. self-determination theory

B. james-Lange theory

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is A. esteem. B. self-actualization. C. belongingness. D. competence.

B. self-actualization

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear? A. the thalamus B. the amygdala C. the cerebellum D. the hippocampus

B. the amygdala

Professor Miguel surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation? A. "If I don't go to college, my parents will kick me out of the house. I will be homeless and broke, and I will never be able to catch up with others my age." B. "I'm here to get a college degree so I can make money, get the respect I deserve, and take great care of my family." C. "I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person." D. "If I don't go to college, I can't be covered on my parents' health insurance."

C. "I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective? A. Ray is being driven by his organismic needs. B. The team is not showing Ray the respect that he has earned. C. Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball. D. Intrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's extrinsic motivation to play basketball.

C. Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball.

In the context of human sexual-response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase? A. The resolution phase begins the process of erotic responsiveness. B. It involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling. C. In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm. D. The most obvious signs of response in this phase are the beginnings of lubrication of the vagina and partial erection of the penis.

C. In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm

Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control? A. oxytocin B. gastrin C. insulin D. androgens

C. Insulin

In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting

C. Leptin

Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion? A. Dopamine and endorphins function in regulating arousal and anxiety. B. Norepinephrine is linked to positive emotions such as happiness and tranquility. C. The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions. D. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rapid reactions to threats.

C. The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions.

Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory? A. Self-determination theory is a drive reduction theory. B. Organismic needs arise from deficits. C. The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies. D. When behaviors serve the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, individuals experience extrinsic motivation.

C. The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.

Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus? A. When this area of an animal's brain is stimulated, the animal starts eating. B. If this part of the hypothalamus is destroyed, even a starving animal will show no interest in food. C. When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese. D. It is involved in stimulating eating.

C. When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next? A. physiological needs B. safety and security C. esteem D. love and belongingness

C. esteem

According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard theory

Jacob notices a snake slithering up the river bank while he is fishing. The thalamus of Jacob's brain immediately stimulates his autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, increases the rate of his breathing and heartbeat. At the same time, Jacob's brain sends signals to his cerebral cortex which causes Jacob to perceive the emotional experience of fear. Consequently, Jacob experiences both fear and the physiological changes in his body at the same time. This scenario complies with the

Cannon-Bard theory.

Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean?

Cognitive activity is a precondition for emotion.

Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory? A. Drive pertains to a physiological state, whereas need involves a psychological one. B. As a drive becomes stronger, an individual is motivated to increase it. C. Needs and drives are always closely associated. D. Drives do not always follow from needs.

D. Drives do not always follow from needs

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation? A. relatedness B. competence C. self-esteem D. reward

D. reward

A_______ is an aroused stated that occurs because of a physiological need

Drive

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents

Drive

_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. _____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males.

Estrogens/Androgens

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better?

Georgia is most likely to perform better.

As a person exercises, the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop. Hence, the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells. This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

Homeostasis

Dan walks out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, and after sometime his body releases excess heat by sweating. This is due to the body's tendency to maintain

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

Homeostasis

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation

Identify the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.

It aids in relaxing and healing the body.

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

It prepares the individual for fighting or running away.

Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

It typically signals a person to stop eating

According to the _____, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

James-Lange theory

Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?

James-Lange theory

The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the

James-Lange theory of emotion

Monica has had a very emotionally draining day, but she cannot really describe her emotions. After taking a quiet moment to herself, she starts to cry and after observing this bodily reaction, she realizes that she must be sad. This example of emotional recognition is most consistent with the

James-Lange theory of emotion.

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

Motivation

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

Need

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?

No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't. Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is Cameron right?

No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal.

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal

Which of the following is a problem associated with using polygraph results as an indicator of whether or not a person is lying? A. Presence of drugs in the body influences the accuracy of the polygraph. B. Most people can camouflage their response patterns. C. Examiners are usually biased against the person being tested. D. The error rate of polygraphs is more than 85 percent.

Presence of drugs in the body influences the accuracy of the polygraph.

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual-response pattern.

Resolution

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

Yerkes-Dodson law

Jenna is a talented singer. Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group. In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed. However, when Jenna's friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious. In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes. Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance?

Yerkes-Dodson law

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity. She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control. Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

Yes, leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.

When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

are extrinsically motivated.

When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they

are intrinsically motivated.

When the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is activated,

blood pressure drops.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

causes rapid breathing.

According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects

competence

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

conscious experience

The concept of ______ pertains to a psychological state, whereas ______ involves a physiological state

drive/need

Motivated behavior is

energized, directed, and sustained

Ethology describes motivation from an

evolutionary perspective

The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the _____ of the human sexual-response pattern.

excitement phase

What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will

experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously.

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of

extrinsic motivation.

A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. Holding the pen between one's teeth mimicked the facial expression of smiling. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen beneath their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most likely will support the

facial feedback hypothesis.

You are feeling upset when your mother turns toward you and says, "Turn that frown upside down." You turn your frown into a smile and realize that you now feel happy. This experience can be best described by the

facial feedback hypothesis.

Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital. The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident. In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will

gain weight rapidly.

Danielle is a woman of normal weight, whereas Ron is an obese man. Whenever they go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that...

he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled

A person's daily mood gives him feedback on the effectiveness of his self-regulation. This means that

he will feel good or bad depending on how he is doing in the areas of life he values.

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

homeostasis

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus.

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

intrinsic motivation.

Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. Courtney is being driven by

intrinsic motivation.

When a corporate employee takes up art out of self-interest and derives huge satisfaction while making a work of art, the corporate employee is most likely stimulated by

intrinsic motivation.

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

lateral hypothalamus

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

learned associations

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience

lowered self-actualization and physical illness.

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States

marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.

need; drive; motivation

The _____ calms the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that

people often behave in ways that increase drives

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, the couple will

run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

satisfy his physiological needs.

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

self-efficacy and mastery

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

self-regulation.

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in

sorrow because you are crying.

In the context of cognition and emotion, Zajonc famously argued

that preferences need no inferences

Self-efficacy refers to

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

the effect of learned associations on eating behavior

Relatedness refers to

the need to engage in warm relations with other people.

Autonomy refers to

the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

After Bungee jumping, David's nervous system signals the production of large amounts of epinephrine which causes high arousal. During this time, he notices a beautiful woman and cognitively interprets his excitement as attraction toward the woman. This exemplifies the concept of the

two-factor theory.

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating

ventromedial hypothalamus

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that

when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting