Psych 100: Learning

Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2- week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. _______ schedule of reinforcement is being used.

Fixed interval

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is when _______.

coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, get extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat.

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of _______.

learning.

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learning must first _______.

pay attention.

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using _______.

primary reinforcers.

Severe punishments, such as hitting, _______.

provides a successful model for aggression.

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of _______.

shaping.

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called _______.

stimulus discrimination.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as ________.

successive approximations.

_______ is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning.

A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.

What does AMID stand for?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What components of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?

Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program

During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. ________ has now occurred.

Extinction

Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. _______ concept might explain her reluctance.

Learned helplessness

_______ is more resistant to extinction than _______.

Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

Secondary reinforcers get their power from _______.

Pavlov's classical conditioning.

Blake finds that he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. _______ theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out.

Thorndike's law of effect

Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tarter sauce was probably due to _______.

a conditioned taste aversion.

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is a _______.

a reflex

Positive reinforcement results in a _______ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a _______ in the target behavior.

an increase; an increase

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollar to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _______.

behavior modification.

Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of _______.

biological preparedness.

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as _______.

cognition.

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become _______.

conditioned stimulus.

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _______ on behavior.

consequences

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that _______.

human emotional responses could be conditioned.

Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "It just came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as _______.

insight learning.

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is _______, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______.

involuntary; voluntary

Research suggests that once people learn something _______.

it is always present somewhere in memory.

The relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment is _______.

negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response.

Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of _______.

negative reinforcement.

In most employment situations, people are paid _______.

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by _______.

operant conditioning

Anna's mother scolds her for lying Anna's mother is using _______.

punishment by application.

Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parent have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of _______.

punishment by removal.

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the students to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of _______ .

punishment.

Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. This means _______.

the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior.

At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _______.

the sound of the leash.

In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______.

voluntary; involuntary

Most of the time, punishment _______.

will only temporarily suppress a behavior.