psych 1001- intelligence
What are the two major factors of creative achievement?
arts & music
What is the deviation IQ
deviation IQ: expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
What is Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient, IQ?
divide mental age by actual age and multiple by 100
WISC IQ test
2 different IQ test for children-Both measures are versions of the WAIS adapted for older children and adolescents (the WISC-V) or younger children aged two-and-a-half to seven years old (the WPPSI-IV)
reliability- how does one evaluate how good a test is?
IQ tests are reliable in the sense of both internal consistency (tests measuring different types of content- verbal, spatial, etc- are highly correlated) and test- retest stability (tests given at different points of the lifespan are highly correlated)
What are validity- How does one evaluate how good a test is?
IQ tests have criterion validity in the sense of being correlated with other variables that we expect to be correlated with "intelligence".
What was the original purpose of an IQ test?
It was originally developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet. He wanted to measure the mental ability of children but is now used to test adults of all ages.
What does MZ refer to? What is the correlation between IQ for MZ twins? DZ Twins? What does this correlation suggest about the IQ?
MZ: monozygotic, identical twins, fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, share 100% of their genetic material DZ: dizygotic, fraternal, nonidentical, independent fertilization of two eggs by two sperm, share 50% of genetic material that varies IQ: MZ - strong correlation; DZ - weaker; adopted - no correlation. Similarity in IQ scores goes down as genetic similarity goes down
What does mental age mean?
the level of native mental ability or capacity of an individual
What is the study of individual differences (also known as differential psychology) and what kinds of questions does it study?
the study of individual differences in behavior. Studies questions of differences in educational and achievement levels, personality and social behaviors, interests and values, and mental illnesses.
What is creativity? How is creativity measured?
-novel (new, original) & appropriate (useful, effective). -measured using tests of divergent thinking- capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
1. How is intelligence defined? 2. What does it mean to say that "intelligence" is a psychological construct?
1. the ability to understand and use complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in abstract reasoning 2. hypothesized attribute to explain observable behavior, people differ in: how well they do in school, their ability to advance or follow complex arguments, and their ability at manipulating material in memory
1. What is the Flynn effect? 2. What are the implications of the Flynn effect? 3. What are some possible causes of the Flynn effect?
1. the environmentally caused increase in raw IQ scores over time- magnitude of the Flynn effect equates to 3 IQ points per decade. 2. too fast for genetic change, therefore there must be some kind of environmental influence. 3. improved nutrition, more & better education, smaller families, improved test taking skills, and increasing familiarity with abstract technology.
What is the effect for total brain size on IQ? Which areas of the brain are associated with IQ?
1. there is a small positive correlation. 2. frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
What percentage of the population obtains an IQ score between two standard deviations above and below the mean?
2%- superior intelligence 2% mentally inadequate ~4%
What percentage of the population gets an IQ score between one standard deviation below and one standard deviation above the mean?
28%
Does the shared environment make people more alike or less alike? Does the unshared environment make people more alike or less alike? **
Idea of shared environment evident in identical twin studies that show identical twins are more alike than any other sets of twins. Unshared environment combated with genes because identical twins reared apart are more alike than adopted kids but their views on things can be completely different like Bouchard bringing identical twins reared apart back together and realizing they have similar personality and IQs but views are very different.
Who was Alfred Binet? What did he contribute to intelligence research?
In 1905, he (and theodore simon) developed what most psychologists regard as the first intelligence test, a diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability.
What is the evidence for "smart brains" in terms of efficiency, reaction time, size, development, location of activity in brain?
Smoother brains have increased efficiency to work; parietal cortex is bigger; less brain activity is efficient; prefrontal cortex and/or parietal lobe
What is the Nature/Nurture controversy?
The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment (nurture), either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes (nature).
Why is differential psychology prone to controversy?
because people are not all the same. each individual is a variation on the "theme" of human nature.
how alike are Children who are adopted?
children who are adopted do not share any genetic material
What are crystallized and fluid intelligence?
crystallized intelligence- accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time fluid intelligence- capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
Ravens IQ test
culture fair IQ test- abstract (spatial) reasoning measure that doesn't depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are. this test requires examinees to pick out the final geometrical pattern in a sequence- example of abstract reasoning tests.
What was the evidence that lead Spearman to propose "g"? What is "g"? What is "s"?
evidence: virtually all cognitive tests are positively correlated g- explained the overall differences in intellect among people. perceptual & motor speed - accounts for overall differences in intellect among people- "general intelligence" s-particular ability level in a narrow domain
How alike are fraternal twins? siblings?
fraternal twins & siblings share 50% of genetic material
Who was Francis Galton? What did he contribute to intelligence research?
galton- Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) was a prominent scientist, inventor, and cousin of the great biologist Charles Darwin. proposed that Intelligence is the by-product of sensory capacity. Therefore, he assumed, people with superior sensory capacities, such as better eyesight, should acquire more knowledge than will other people.
What does the GWAS meta-analysis of educational attainment show?
higher genetic risk of bipolar disorder goes with more education years. hypothesis: the personality openness to experience is correlated with education years and openness to experience is in turn a risk factor for bi polar disorder.
How alike genetically are identical twins?
identical twins share 100% of their genetic material
Why are girls protected from Autism?
if the average girl starts with a lower risk of ASD, then it should take more genetic damage to push a girls risk level past the threshold for disease manifestation.
What are outcomes that correlate with intelligence?
individual difference associated with genetics, cohort (increased over time), intellectual performance is associated with age
What is an intellectual disability? What is genius?
intellectual disability- condition characterized by an onset before adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning genius- qualify for membership in an organization called mensa-top 2 percent of IQ range.
What is the difference between intelligence, g, and IQ?
intelligence: ability to acquire and apply knowledge. g: the trait measured by standardized ability and achievement tests. this will be the same as "intelligence" to the extent that the tests have validity. IQ: the sum of the scores obtained on the various tests.
What are genome-wide association studies?
is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait.
What is correlated with measures of creativity?
it was found that the members of the creative professions had higher risk of SCZ and BIP than others.
What are the characteristics of people who score high on verbal/linguistic, body kinesthetic and logical/mathematical intelligence?
linguistic - speak & write well bodily-kinesthetic - manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavors logical-mathematical - use logic & mathematical skills to solve problems such as scientific questions
WAIS IQ test
most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities
What was the eugenics movement?
movement in the early 20th century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
What does the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart show?
research showed that identical twins raised apart in different environments are more alike than they are different and are more alike than the non biological siblings they grew up with. *the fact that identical genomes and different environments leads to similar behaviors suggests that the genome has a strong casual impact on psychological makeup.
What is Howard Gardner's theory? What are criticisms of Gardner?
stated there are numerous "frames of mind," or different ways of thinking about the world. For him, each frame of mind is a different and fully independent intelligence in its own right. criticisms- model is vague & difficult to test, no formal tests, no evidence that the intelligences are completely independent
What does Behavior Genetics suggest about the heritability of personality? Of mental disorders?
theory that individual differences in behavior (personality traits) are genetically passed from parent to child. mental disorders are partially genetically inherited but environment also plays a critical role in the development of a mental disorder.
What content domains are typically measured on IQ tests?
verbal: mapping linguistic units to meaning quantitative: understanding logically necessary truths regarding quantity, structure and change spatial: transforming representations of how the world now appears into representations of how it would appear under the influence of natural forces or willful manipulations
How stable is IQ over time?
very stable over short periods of time (1 yr = >.9). over longer periods, the IQs of some people might change by 10-20 points- but for the most part, IQ is still fairly stable.
