PSYCH 101

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule

false

Correlations allow us to determine causality

false

Dreams are most likely to be more vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep

false

Clark Hull's drive reduction theory states that

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious

it refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs

love and belongingness

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are more likely to do one of the following to cope with stress

music and exercise

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles

noise

Cognitive theorists note that

people represent their worlds mentally

The audience was very impressed by the singers's ability to hit the high and low notes.This most closely refers to ____

pitch

The ____ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland"

pituitary gland

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during ____

prenatal development

Which of the following is true of psychological needs

psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently.During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest.However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep., Ray is exhibiting symptoms of ___

sleep terrors

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students.Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful

Humor helps people cope with stress by ____

stimulating the output of endorphins

The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome

sympathetic nervous system

In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of ____, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair

testosterone

Which of the following is one of Selye's 3 stages in the general adaptation syndrome

the exhaustion stage

Identify the third stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development

the phallic stage

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids

they combat allergic reactions

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

they study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function

true

By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all major organ systems is complete

true

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not.The latter would be considered an experimental group

true

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention is called preconscious material

true

In research setting when people can pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful.This is an example of the facial feedback hypothesis

true

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy

true

In the context to stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event

true

Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril

true

Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences.This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning

preconventional

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ____

sex organs start to differentiate

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer

false

The human ability to store information is limited

false

A two year old child's family has a pet rabbit.When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget , which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

accommodation

When Darren first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming.However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him.This scenario illustrates an instance of ____

negative adaptation

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma

true

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness

aggression

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher.Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

Weber's constant

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength.This occurrence is known as the ____

all or none principle

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight.She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight.Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight.Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffer from?

anorexia nervosa

Sam wants to be clinical psychologist.He has been accepted at two different graduate schools.Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education.However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two.According to Neal E Miller, this type of conflict is known as a (n)

approach approach conflict

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, ____ only occurs during a critical period of development

attachment

Which of the following statements is true of the approach approach conflicts

both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable

Brandon has a fear of dogs.To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake.In this scenario, Brandon's mother used ____ to cure his fear

counterconditioning

____ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety

epinephrine

Eli is a school student.Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well.She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school.Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ____

extrinsic rewards

A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span

false

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop.He gets paid $ 100 every day at 9pm regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day.In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ____

fixed interval schedule

A hypothesis is a

formal definition of an independent variable

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

The ____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

humanistic-existential

A (n) ____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work

industrial psychologist

Ava, a four year old girl, combines words to form her own sentences.In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ____

infinite creativity

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight or flight reaction

it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles

many life changes are positive and occur less frequently

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer

money

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that ____ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension

monozygotic twins

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate

nembutal

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease

overeating

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood

sense of smell declines

People with ____ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night

sleep apnea

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

the experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect

Freud stirred controversy by arguing that sexual impulses are a central factor in personality development-that we all experience psychosexual development, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during the stages of development.

true

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units

true

If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life

true

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in form of a questionnaire

true

When children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for genetic role in the development of that trait

true

With well known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid

true

Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from others.Taylor termed this the "tend and befriend" responses

true

____ was a founder of the school of functionalism

William James

Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes.She would most likely be considered to exhibit ____

a Type B behavior pattern

Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite and recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got back together again.But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so and so would change? "This best exemplifies the ____

approach avoidance conflict

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

The ____ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) .In this stage, the muscles become fatigued

exhaustion stage

A sample consists of multiple populations

false

According to the general adaptation syndrome, during the resistance stage, a person typically feels like a heavy burden has been removed from his or her mind

false

Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes

false

Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche

false

In the approach avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach

false

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world

false

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed

false

Irrational beliefs can lesson an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability

false

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she can get a higher income.The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward

false

Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused

false

Self awareness is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory

false

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind

false

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test

false

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old

false

The thyroid gland secretes melatonin

false

When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect

false

With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed

false

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach

false

Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors.However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes.In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a ____

health psychologist

____ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals

individualists

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold

it is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia

it is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

it looks at how habits help one cope with common situations

Ophelia is in high school.She enjoys studying and does well in school.Her parents encourage her to think and act independently.Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self satisfaction.In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a (n) ____

learning goal

The ____ adjusts or accommodates to an image by changing its thickness

lens

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay home at home or exercise at the gym.He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise.He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity.According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a (n) ____

multiple approach avoidance conflict

____ is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and act both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone

norepinephrine

____ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles

standardization

Which of the following is true of collectivists

they are more likely to conform to group judgment

Debbie failed her first Chemistry exam.Because she was very stressed and tired, her mind jumped to the belief that she was a "terrible student" and "a failure"; she became certain she would fail the class and perhaps fail at school altogether. Debbie catastrophized failing her exam

true

Jenna has not eaten in 8 hours.She experiences hunger.According to the drive reduction theory.Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

true

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self actualization)

true

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

true

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations

true

Research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion

true

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of ____

trust versus mistrust

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ____ system

vestibular

Jane is a 10 year old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12.Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is ____

120

The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories

false

High-frequency brain waves are associated with ____

wakefulness

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire

a refractory period

Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns

false

According to Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind

false

According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage

false

BF Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer

true

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud

true

Neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites

false

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive

false

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstances while conducting research

false

At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures

false

A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatment is referred as

informed consent

Wilhelm Wundt used ____ to try to discover the basic elements of experience

introspection

Because psychologist have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence

false

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove.The sight of a stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear.The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove

false

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes.This group of rules is referred to as the law of similarities

false

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs

false

Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake.In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered the dependent variable

false

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal

false

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experiments so that its effects may be determined

true

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder.The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

true

In classical conditioning, extinction is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

true

Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture

true

Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive.They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, or corner of the mouth.This is termed rooting

true

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems

true

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat

true

Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes

true

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes

true

Short term memory and working memory mean the same thing

true

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep

true

When we think of the eye as the camera to the world, the photosensitive surface is called the lens, which contains photoreceptors called rods and cones

true