Psych 101 Ch. 3-4

On an average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:

90 minutes

Sharp, intense, immediate, and short-lived pain is transmitted by:

A-Delta fibers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams?

All of these statements are true.

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus senses and awareness on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment.

Attention

Which of the following statements about nicotine is FALSE?

Because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products produces relaxation, nicotine is technically classified as a depressant.

Long-lasting throbbing and burning pain is transmitted by:

C Fibers

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"?

Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.

Which of the following people said that dreams are the "disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes" and provide "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind"?

Freud

According to research presented in Focus on Neuroscience: The Dreaming Brain, REM sleep involves decreased activity in the:

Frontal lobes.

According to the In Focus box on pheromones which of the following statements BEST summarizes the effects of pheromones on humans?

Human pheromones exist and affect mood, emotional states, and social interactions.

What is a lucid dream?

It is a dream in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep.

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____.

REM sleep; NREM sleep

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.

REM; physiological arousal and rapid eye movement.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box: The Addicted Brain, what is the biological basis for drug tolerance?

The brain's reward pathways adapt to the high dopamine levels, with repeated drug use.

Which of the following characterizes obstructive sleep apnea?

The sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is FALSE?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound called adenosine that increases mental alertness.

Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE?

Women metabolize more quickly than men.

According to your textbook, factors that can decrease the perception of pain include:

a sense of control.

The broad term that refers to condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is:

addiction.

Dan drinks a cup or two of strong coffee in the morning to help him wake up and get rid of his sleepiness. According to the In Focus box: What You Really Want to Know About Sleep, the common stimulant drug in coffee, caffeine, blocks receptors for a naturally occurring compound in the body called ______, thus promoting wakefulness.

adenosine

The Culture and Human Behavior box "Ways of Seeing" discusses research on differences in perception between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and concluded that:

all people use the same neural processes to make perceptual judgments, but there are cultural differences in what people pay attention to and in how they think about what they see.

Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ______.

amplitude and frequency

According to your textbook, factors that can increase the perception of pain include:

anxiety and a sense of helplessness.

During hypnosis, people:

are in a deep trance, which is similar to stage 4 NREM sleep.

Know the eye diagram

b

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

beta

Distance cues that involve both eyes are called ____ cues.

binocular

The flow of sensory data from the sensory receptors to the brain is called _____.

bottom-up

The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is:

caffeine.

The best candidates for hypnosis are people who:

can easily become immersed in fantasy and imaginary experiences.

The sensation of taste results from the activation of receptor cells by what kind of stimuli?

chemical substances dissolved in saliva

If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called:

circadian rhythms

In general, sound waves are _____ in the outer ear and _____ in the middle ear.

collected; amplified

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

consciousness.

Sleep disorders involve:

consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning.

As light waves enter the eye, which three structures do they pass through first?

cornea, pupil, lens

In a study examining the brains of people who practice meditation, MRI scans showed that:

cortical thickness was positively correlated with meditation experience.

Labels in brain #8

d

Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as ____ is to ______.

data-driven processing; conceptually driven processing

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgement, lowering inhibitions.

The ability to perceive the three dimensions of an object, along with its distance from you, is called:

depth perception

Rods are used for vision in ____ light, and cones are used for vision in ____ light.

dim; bright

The Gestalt psychologists:

emphasized that we perceive whole figures rather than isolated bits of information.

Recent research using subliminal perception has shown that:

faces paired with pleasant subliminal odor received the highest likability ratings, while faces paired with an unpleasant subliminal odor received the lowest ratings.

According to one important perceptual principle, when we look at a scene we automatically tend to separate the elements of that scene into an object and its background. This principle is called:

figure-ground relationship.

The mere exposure effect refers to the:

finding that repeated exposure to a particular stimulus leads to increased liking for that stimulus

Because attention is limited in capacity, we tend to:

focus on information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals.

Cones are MOST concentrated in the:

fovea

The ____ develop from brain tissue and combine, analyze, and encode visual information in the retina.

ganglion cells

An influential theory for explaining the experience of pain is called the ____ theory of pain, which holds that the sensation off the pain is controlled by a series of ____ in the spinal cord.

gate-control; gates

Taste is also referred to as:

gustation

Which of the following seems to be involved in causing sleepiness?

high blood levels of adenosine.

Pseudomemories are:

inadvertently created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.

Depressant drugs:

inhibit the activity of the central nervous system

In the spinal cord, endorphins and enkephalins affect the pain response by:

inhibiting the transmission of pain signals.

Consciousness allows us to:

integrate past, present. and future behavior.

To identify a particular odor, the brain:

interprets the pattern of odor receptor cells that are stimulated.

According to the text discussion, age regression:

is the use of hypnosis to recall or reexperience an earlier time in the lifespan.

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After he is deprived of sleep for two nights:

it is very possible that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.

Which structure changes shape to focus incoming light?

lens

The receptor cells for vision are sensitive to what kind of stimulus?

light

The word anosmia refers to:

loss of olfactory sense

A group of techniques that an individual uses to induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness in them self refers to:

meditation.

Opioids:

mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain.

Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues.

monocular

The term kinesthetics means feelings of:

motion

Pain begins when an intense stimulus activates sensory fibers called _____ in the skin, muscles, or internal organs.

nocioceptors

Narcolepsy is characterized by:

overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks.

Without ______ our perception of reality would be in a continual state of flux.

perceptual constancy.

In contrast to sensation, the term perception formally refers to:

process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data.

Changes in your body position are sensed by specialized receptors located in your muscles and joints which are called:

proprioceptors.

The tendency to group objects that are close to one another as a single unit is called the law of ____.

proximity

Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain. Which of the following methods is he most likely to use?

recording the brain waves on an electroencephalograph.

According to psychologists, the formal meaning of the term drug abuse is:

recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.

Current research concludes that dreams:

reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active processes of trying to make sense of stimuli produced by the brain during sleep.

Weber's law reminds us that our psychological experience of sensation is:

relative

The sensory receptors for vision are:

rods and cones in the retina

According to your text, phantom limb pain seems to be the result of:

sensitization of the pain transmission pathways.

John puts one toe into a swimming pool and shivers because the water is cold. He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of:

sensory adaptation

What makes sensation possible?

sensory receptors

Dyssomnias are:

sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

The sleep disorder characterized by episodes of walking or performing other actions, typically during NREM stage 3 or 4 slow-wave sleep is called:

sleepwalking.

Monitoring your intake of stimulants, creating conditions for a restful sleep and establishing a consistent sleep-wake schedule are techniques used to overcome insomnia and are collectively referred to as:

stimulus control therapy.

perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception or awareness is called:

subliminal perception

Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights:

suppresses the production of melatonin.

The specialized receptor cells for flavor are found in the:

taste buds

When activated, the taste receptors send messages to the:

thalamus

According to the text which body areas are MOST sensitive to pain?

the back of your knee, your neck, and the bends of your elbows.

We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't notice it. What fills in the missing visual information?

the brain

According to gate-control theory psychological factors can affect the experience of pain because:

the brain sends signals down the spinal cord to either open or close the pain gates.

Jake is near-sided, and his cousin Janelle is farsighted. Their visual problems are caused by the fact that:

the images are not properly focused on the retina

Which part of the brain is thought to regulate the emotional response to odors?

the limbic system

In a meditation study training study where participants learned to meditate in an 8-week course, it was found that:

the new mediators showed gray-matter density increases in several cortical areas.

According to the Focus on Neuroscience box: The Addicted Brain, one effect of the biochemical changes that occur as a result of addiction to alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines is that:

the normally reinforcing experiences of everyday life are no longer reinforcing or satisfying.

What happens in the brain of a person who is addicted to a drug such as cocaine, heroin, or nicotine?

the number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system decreases.

The optic chiasm is the:

the point at which the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and cross over to opposite sides of the brain

In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to:

the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure.

According to the text which body areas are LEAST sensitive to pain?

the tip of your nose, soles of your feet, and balls of your thumbs.

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.

tolerance.

When we draw on our knowledge, experiences, expectations, and other cognitive process to arrive at meaningful perceptions, we are using:

top-down processing.

The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the the brain is called:

transduction

The effects of posthypnotic suggestions:

typically last for only a few hours or days.

The term gestalt means a(n):

unified whole, form, or shape

Ted went without sleep for two days in order to study for a final exam. Ted can expect to experience:

very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps that occur during wakefulness.

Chronic, long-term use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

violent or aggressive outbursts.