Psych 101 Final Chapter 8

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful processing B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving C. processing and storing D. storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

bias

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" B. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

chunking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. construction; reconstruction B. coding; recoding C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation

construction; reconstruction

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

encoding failure

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

equipotentiality hypothesis

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

explicit memories

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

flashbulb memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. memory B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. sensory encoding

memory

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. recognition B. encoding C. storage D. the Stroop effect

recognition

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. semantic B. acoustic C. effortful D. visual

semantic

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

amygdala

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness, while implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall. B. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. C. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. D. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. B. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. D. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. encoding failure B. effortful processing C. effortless processing D. enigmatic processing

encoding failure

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. implicit B. explicit C. semantic D. sensory

implicit

What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

information about events we have personally experienced

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

long-term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. misinformation effect paradigm B. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. levels of processing theory

misinformation effect paradigm

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory B. mental trauma that creates a memory C. physical trace of a memory D. sensory component of a memory

physical trace of a memory

Engram refers to the ________. A. physical trace of a memory B. emotional focus of a memory C. mental trauma that creates a memory D. sensory component of a memory

physical trace of a memory

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. rehearsal B. declarative memory C. hyperthymesia D. relearning

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV B. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once C. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

retroactive

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. retroactive B. active C. inactive D. proactive

retroactive

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. self-reference effect B. Atkinson-Shiffrin model C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect

self-reference effect

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. suggestibility B. anterograde amnesia C. misinformation effect paradigm D. reconstruction

suggestibility

What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What is procedural memory? A. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things B. information about events we have personally experienced C. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts D. storage of facts and events we personally experienced

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

your first day of school

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. your first day of school B. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself C. how to use the microwave D. what the word January means

your first day of school