Psych 101 Final chapters 7,11,13,16

prejudice

Evaluating someone in a negative way, simply because of his or her membership in a particular group, would constitute

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

pancreas

Insulin is a hormone that is released by the:

emotional component which brings closeness, connectedness and warmth to a relationship

According to Sternberg's Theory on Love, which statement best describes the term intimacy?

death of a spouse

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which life event carries the highest level of stress:

elaboration likelihood model

A model proposing two primary routes to persuasion and attitude change: a central route, which operates when we are motivated and focusing our attention on the message, and a peripheral route, which operates when we are either unmotivated to process the message or are unable to do so.

binge eating disorder

A person who goes through episodes of consuming large quantities of food, but does not induce vomiting or use laxatives to stop potential weight gain, has:

explicit prejudice

A shopkeeper will leave his store open beyond the regular closing hours if people of her own ethnic background are inside, but will not do this for members of an ethnic group she openly dislikes. The shopkeeper feels:

33

About what percent of the population of the US is classified as obese?

self-actualization needs

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the highest needs, which we only try to achieve after we have satisfied all our other needs, are:

that one event predicts another

Classical conditioning involves learning:

an unconditioned stimulus

If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is:

the cognitive dissonance model of attitude formation

In a number of recent elections, the candidates have been criticized for creating advertisements that show their opponents in a negative light, instead of creating ads that present the candidate's views on key issues. Each of these two different campaign styles illustrates different aspects of:

an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

shaping

In operant conditioning, the process of delivering reinforcement for successive approximations to a desired behavior is referred to as:

Distinctiveness

In the covariation model of attribution, which type of information provides an indication of whether a change occurs uniquely in the presence of an event?

sensitization

Increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an event that has been repeated, refers to:

heart disease and some forms of cancer

Leigh loves to eat cheese omelets or scrambled eggs, and she often eats rich, buttery desserts. When she consumes these high-fat, high-cholesterol foods, Leigh is increasing her risk of:

an instinct

Nest building in birds is an example of:

ostracism

Normally well-liked and accepted as a friend, a college student now finds himself/herself being excluded and ignored by his/her group of friends because he/she voiced opposition to a plan the group was formulating. The student is experiencing:

learn about the consequences of behavioral responses

Operant conditioning is important because it is adaptive to:

internal, stable, global

People are more likely to suffer from increased stress-related health problems if they consistently make attributions for negative events that are:

appears to be a result of the comparisons they make

People's overall level of happiness:

emotions

Psychological events involving (1) a physiological reaction, usually arousal; (2) some kind of expressive reaction, such as a distinctive facial expression; and (3) some kind of subjective experience, such as the conscious feeling of being happy or sad.

Ivan Pavlov

Research on classical conditioning was conducted by which of the following:

perspective taking

Research suggests that one of the best ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination is through:

their expectations for success and the value that is placed on the task

The amount of effort that an individual will expend on any particular task depends on:

stereotypes

The collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members; common stereotypes include those based on gender, race, and age.

habituation

The decline in tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated course. ex.) getting bored. when you get tired of eating the same food all the time.

habituation

The decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure describes:

resolution phase

The fourth and final stage in the human sexual response cycle. Arousal returns to normal levels. For men, there is a refractory period during which further stimulation fails to produce visible signs of arousal.

modeling

The natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others is known as:

plateau phase

The second stage in the human sexual response cycle. Arousal continues to increase, although at a slower rate, toward a preorgasm maximum point.

burnout

The syndrome that can develop in certain people who are exposed to stressful situations that are demanding but not necessarily traumatic is:

orgasmic phase

The third stage in the human sexual response cycle. It's characterized by rhythmic contractions in the sex organs; in men, ejaculation occurs. There is also the subjective experience of pleasure, which appears to be similar for men and women.

exhaustion

The third stage of the general adaptation syndrome is:

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

The three stages or phases in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), described by Selye, are:

ptsd

The trauma-based anxiety disorder that is characterized by flashbacks, avoidance behavior, and chronic arousal is:

classical conditioning

What involves learning relations between events, conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, which occur outside of one's control:

group polarization

When a group's dominant point of view becomes stronger and more extreme over time, the process is referred to as:

make internal attributions

When behavior is high in consistency, but low in distinctiveness or consensus, people tend to:

Sternberg

Which theorist studied the concept of a triangular view of love?

self fulfilling prophecy

a condition in which our expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in an expected way. ex.) if you tease someone into believing they are an ugly acting clown, with enough time they will actually believe they are and act that way as well.

social schema

a general knowledge structure, stored in long-term memory, that relates to social experiences or people. They are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then stored in memory. ex.) tell me about nerds, jocks, librarians.

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. ex.) when a dog salivates when they hear a whistle being blown. Or when you cheer up when you hear the tone of your boyfriend texts you. .

set point

a natural body weight, perhaps produced by genetic factors, that the body seeks to maintain. The body adjusts how much it each, rebounding after a diet, to produce stability in body weight.

prejudice

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

attitude

a positive or negative evaluation which in turn , predisposes us to act in certain ways; attitudes are typically broken down into cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.

second order conditioning

a procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus. ex.) pairing the lights on when the bells were rung during pavlovs experiment

drive

a psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger or thirst. PUSH!!

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

environmental psychology

a specialty area in psychology devoted to the study of the study of environmental effects on behavior and health, such as the effects of crowding or noise

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training. ex.) smelling food.

Cannon Bard Theory

a theory of emotion that argues that body reactions and subjective experiences occur together, but independently. Emotions and arousal may occur together, but one does not cause the other. ex.) the dog makes me feel afraid and my heart pounds

James Lange Theory

a theory of emotion that argues that body reactions precede and drive the subjective experience of emotions. ex.) I feel afraid because my heart is pounding

two factor theory

a theory of emotion that argues that the cognitive interpretation of appraisal, of a body reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion. ex.) one must be physically aroused and be able to cognitively label the emotion. I see a scary dog coming towards me, my heart is pounding and I am trembling, I must be experiencing fear.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves.

orienting response

an inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events. ex.) when your car makes a weird noise and it occupies your attention.

achievement motivation

an internal drive or need for achievement that is possessed by all individuals to varying degrees

external attibution

attributing the cause of a persons behavior to an external event or situation in the environment. ex.) only being happy after zumba class

internal attribution

attributing the cause of a persons behavior to an internal personality trait of disposition. ex.) that person is happy not just because of zumba but because they are a happy person in general.

discrimination

behaviors that are directed against members of a group. ex.) being assaulted because of the color of your skin.

Acquisition

conditioned responding becomes stronger with repeated conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairings. AKA the more times a dog hears the stimulus (tone) paired with the US (food), the stronger the conditioned response becomes.

cigarette smoking

during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of birth defects

coping

efforts to manage or master conditions of threat or demand that tax one's resources

incentive motivation

external factors in the environment that exert "pulling" effects on our actions. PULL. ex.) jogging an extra 5 minutes to eat an extra brownie. These are goal directed behaviors. incentives that tempt people with punishments or rewards.

source characteristics

features of the person who is presenting a persuasive message, such as his or her attractiveness, amount of power, or fame

intrinsic motivation

goal-directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated. ex.) engaging in an activity that restores some sort of internal homeostatic balance. Like walking on the beach for fun, or when a child colors.

six fundamental emotions

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust

sensitization

increased responsiveness, or sensitivity, to an event that has been repeated. AKA the opposite of habituation. This is more likely when the event it intense or punishing. ex.) being "jumpy" after an earthquake.

satiation signals

internal chemical signals, such as the hormone CCK, that reduce our desire to eat. aka when to stop eating.

drives are

internal states that push an individual toward behaving in a certain way

operant conditioning

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence . ex.)when a reward reinforces a certain behavior, or a punishment to decrease a certain behavior.

sexual scripts

learned cognitive programs that instruct us on how, why, and what to do in our interactions with sexual partners. ex.) males associate sex with genital fondling, and females usually associate sex with romantic love.

noticing and ignoring

learning about events. When you notice something for a while and than ignore it. ex.) baby crying

observational learning

learning by observing others

conditioned inhibition

learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. aka when you catch on that the bell will not bring you food.

unconditioned response

observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training. This happens after an unconditioned stimulus. ex.) salivating after you smell the food.

extinction

presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding. ex.) after a while of ringing the bell and not presenting the dog with food, it will eventually stop drooling at the sound of the bell.

stimulus discrimination

responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus. through this you can distinguish stimuli, even when they share common properties. ex.) little albert knowing to be scared of rats, not bunnies, or santa claus masks.

stimulus generalization

responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus. ex.) making little albert afraid of rats with a loud horrible noise.

conditioned response

the acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus. ex.) responding to the text tone, and getting excited to hear your boyfriend.

percieved control

the amount of influence you feel you have over a situation and your reaction to it

social psychology

the discipline that studies how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

excitement phase

the first component of the human sexual response cycle; it's characterized by changes in muscle tension, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and a rushing of blood into the genital organs

need hierarchy

the idea popularized by Maslow that human needs are prioritized in a hierarchy. Some need to be prioritized before others can be addressed.

cognitive appraisal

the idea that to feel stress you need to percieve a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have the adequate resources to deal with that threat.

attributions

the inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. ex.) explaining that the car broke down because it is old

conditioned stimulus

the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning. ex.) when you hear a ringtone from a text

actor-observer effect

the overall tendency to attribute our own behavior to external sources but to attribute the behavior of others to internal sources. ex.) you yourself are tailgating and instead of explaining yourself as a jerk, you explain it as the other person is driving too slow

facial feedback hypothesis

the proposal that muscles in the face deliver signals to the brain that are then interpreted, depending on the pattern, as a subjective emotional state. ex.) when people are depressed therapists tell their patients to smile, and it works.

spontaneous recovery

the recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus. ex.) the dogs stop salivating everytime they heard the bell because they knew that food was not going to come. After a delay of ringing the bell (a few days), the bell is rung again, and the dogs drool again. This proves that some of the learning has remained.

motivation

the set of factors that initiate and direct behavior, usually toward some goal. ex.) hunger- something happens in the body or environment that stimulates us to pursue food. rewards- we are likely to repeat an action that led to a reward.

health psychology

the study of how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and the prevention of illness

social cognition

the study of how people use cognitive processes - such as perception, memory, thought, and emotion - to help make sense of other people as well as themselves

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

instincts

unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world ex.) birds flying south for the winter

Instincts refer to

unlearned, characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli

context conditioning

when a certain area produces a certain response. ex.) drug attics being in a room where they usually drugs.

fundamental attribution error

when people seek to interpret someone else's behavior, they tend to overestimate the influence of internal personal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors