Psych 101 professor berry exam 3 - dayton

Depression affects women and men in a ratio of:

2:1

Beginning at around ___ months, children may greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.

8

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ____________ is to ____________.

irritable; calm

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____________ model of psychological disorders.

medical

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the:

medical model

To most people, the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:

moral intuitions

Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active.

more; healthier

People who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from

obsessive compulsive disorder

Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by

ostracism

Evidence suggests that ________ contribute(s) to schizophrenia.

prenatal viral infections

Rachel is a very optimistic young woman. She usually expects the best, even in uncertain times. Her college roommate, Leah, is pessimistic and is always expecting the worst. For these two women, what do you predict will happen during finals week?

Rachel will have less fatigue and colds than Leah

Aerobic exercise ____________ the body's production of serotonin and ____________ its production of the endorphins.

increases; increases

Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates:

the therapeutic alliance

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

toneless voices

Dr. Pimler is conducting a study on a new antipsychotic medication. To determine if the drug is effective, he should:

use the double blind technique

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ are among is the most common obsessions.

worries about germs, dirt, or other forms of contamination

If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult exam, this facial expression is likely to cause:

you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear.

The correct order of prenatal development is:

zygote, embryo, fetus

The 10 distinct and basic emotions were identified by:

Carroll Izard

Which of the following theorists gave 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities and did not rank people on a single scale of general aptitude?

L. L. Thurstone

Yun Hee is concerned about her daughter, who will be 1 year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?

No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.

MRI-guided precision surgery is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of:

OCD

The anterior cingulate cortex is especially likely to be hyperactive in those with:

OCD

Mental health reform came about from ____________ and ____________.

Philippe Pinel; Dorothea Dix

Which of the following patients with schizophrenia is more likely to respond to medication?

Tonya, who has positive symptoms of schizophrenia

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by:

a biopsychosocial approach

A therapist is eclectic and believes in using these two empirically supported therapies for treating your depression.

a blend of psychotherapies

Once again, the director of an ancillary department has interfered with your project. She has even accused you of illegal activities and you know that you have committed none. You discuss this situation with your boss who helps you to reframe the situation and put things into perspective. The mere discussion helps relax you and is:

a catharsis

Research indicates that those who attend religious services regularly are more likely than nonattenders to experience:

a longer life span

When a child adapts his or her current understandings to incorporate his or her new experience, this is known as:

accomodation

When researchers monitored the professional accomplishments of more than 1500 highly intelligent individuals, they found that the most successful were more ambitious, energetic, and persistent. This best illustrates the importance of:

achievement motivation

Schizophrenia that develops rapidly, seemingly as a reaction to stress, is called ________ schizophrenia.

acute

People are more likely to recover from ________ schizophrenia than from ________ schizophrenia.

acute; chronic

One good alternative to antidepressant drugs is:

aerobic exercise

_____ is the need to build relationships and feel part of a group.

affiliation

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder with:

agoraphobia

North American citizens are more likely than Japanese citizens to:

allow their facial expressions to openly display their feelings

Recognizing today's more gradually emerging adulthood and the longer period of time before these individuals reach independence, the U.S. government has:

allowed emerging adults to remain on their parents health insurance until age 26

Humans learn to fear situations and objects through the process of association. The ____________ plays an important role in associating various emotions with certain situations.

amygdala

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob feels no guilt or remorse for his actions. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having:

an antisocial personality

Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by occupying the receptor sites for dopamine and blocking its activity?

antipsychotic drugs

The interdisciplinary field of _______________ integrates behavioral and medical knowledge, applying this knowledge to health and disease.

behavioral medicine

Maia has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a soul mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Maslow, what is motivating her?

belongingness and love needs

Cancer-producing substances such as tobacco smoke, radioactive materials, and in some ways, stress, are known as:

carcinogens

Ariana believes that yelling at her husband serves to calm her feelings of anger toward him. Her belief is most clearly consistent with:

catharsis

The idea that anger is reduced through aggressive action or fantasy is known as:

catharsis

Zander has been struggling with personal issues and has decided to seek help at a mental health clinic. Unfortunately, he was put on a waiting list and told he would likely have to wait several weeks before he could meet with a therapist. According to Eysenck's findings, what do you predict will happen to Zander?

chances are good that he will improve during his waiting time

Therapy is likely to be most effective when a client's problem is:

clear-cut

Nancy's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is most likely:

client-centered

Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because:

clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy.

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Sanchez remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Sanchez's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for having been unable to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is most representative of:

cognitive therapy

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of:

cognitive therapy

Roxanne suffers from bulimia. At the clinic for eating disorders, her therapist believes in utilizing only empirically supported treatments such as:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

When a person is driven to perform repetitive behaviors in a particular sequence or pattern, he or she is said to be experiencing a(n):

compulsion

This medication was originally used to treat epilepsy and is also found to be effective in the control of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder.

depakote

Blake's doctor told her that she should not drink alcohol while taking Xanax. This is because antianxiety agents such as Xanax:

depress CNS activity

Dr. Spoleto's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Professor is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

David Rosenhan and colleagues conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. They went to psychiatric hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" that said the words "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and they displayed no other symptoms. They were all:

diagnosed as mentally ill and the causes for their disorders were "discovered."

Although he is more than a year old, Adrian wakes up frequently during the night and is hard to soothe back to sleep. In general, he cries easily, is a fussy eater, and rarely naps at the same time every day. Adrian would most likely be categorized as:

difficult

Nellie is a 30-year-old who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her selective attention is deficient, she is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and she often gives her undivided attention to minute stimuli (for example, a spotlight shining in a window). This type of attention problem is thought to contribute to:

disorganized thoughts

A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a:

psychiatrist

Psychologists use the term hardiness to refer to:

resiliance under stress

In one study (Seal et al., 2007) of 103,788 veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan, _____ percent were diagnosed with a psychological disorder, in which the most frequent diagnosis was posttraumatic stress disorder.

25

In the United States, about ______ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, ______ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about ______ percent are walking by age 15 months.

25; 50; 90

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age at first marriage in the United States has increased more than four years since 1960, to _______ for men and _______ for women.

28; 26

The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just over 1 in _____ adult Americans "suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year."

4

According to attachment theory: A. the quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant's ability to thrive physically and psychologically. B. while the attachment bond is important to psychological development, it has no effect on the infant's physical development. C. attachment can be formed only between the infant and his or her mother. D. the infant can form multiple attachment relationships, but only the mother-infant relationship is important.

A

Carl Rogers believed that several qualities of the therapist are critical in producing beneficial changes in client-centered therapy. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities? A. The therapist should strive to create an atmosphere of conditional acceptance so that the client is motivated to change his or her behavior to gain the therapist's approval. B. The therapist should be nondirective to allow the client to direct the focus of therapy. C. The therapist should communicate empathic understanding by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what the client is saying. D. The therapist should display genuineness by openly and honestly sharing his or her thoughts with the client.

A

For the last three months, Selma has been seeing her therapist weekly. She is feeling much better because: A. All of these things are true of effective therapy. B. her therapist is empathic and she feels he cares about her. C. she has more hope. D. she has been given a new perspective.

A

Intelligence can be defined as a mental quality that consists of which of the following? A. All of these mental qualities define intelligence. B. the ability to solve problems C. the ability to learn from experience D. the ability to use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

The American Psychological Association suggests that which of the following is a signal that a person should consider seeking help from a professional? A. A person should consider therapy if he or she experiences any of these trouble signals. B. disruptive fears C. feelings of hopelessness D. sexual difficulties

A

According to psychologists and psychiatrists, a behavior is disordered if it is: A. deviant. B. distressful. C. dysfunctional. D. A behavior must exhibit all of these factors to be considered disordered.

D

Dr. Hernandez is a clinical psychologist who uses a variety of psychotherapies with his patients depending on their disorder. Dr. Hernandez's approach would be best described as:

eclectic

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with:

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

_____ is a period from about age 18 to the mid-20s, when many young people in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

emerging adulthood

In stressful situations, people with an antisocial personality disorder show _____________ when compared with people unaffected by the disorder.

less fear and less autonomic nervous system arousal

Tori lives up North, she wants to prepare for the dark and cold winter months ahead before the seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder takes hold of her again. Tori decides to try:

light exposure therapy

Which of the following is effective in the treatment of the seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder?

light exposure therapy

Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.

limbic system

Nowadays, patients are very rarely treated using _____________, a psychosurgical procedure in which the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain are cut.

lobotomy

Which of the following procedures has typically resulted in patients becoming permanently lethargic?

lobotomy

Near-daily distress because of fatigue, loss of energy, thoughts of death and suicide, and the inability to function at work are most likely to be associated with

major depressive disorder

Over the last three months, Jada's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Jada says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Jada's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:

major depressive disorder

Nicole refuses to leave her house because she is fearful of being exposed to germs. Nicole's behavior is _____ because it interferes with normal day-to-day life.

maladaptive

If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________.

male; male

Compared with men, women are ________ effective in discerning whether a male-female couple is a genuine romantic couple or a posed phony couple. Women are ________ effective in discerning which of two people in a photo of the other's supervisor.

more; more

Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that:

no single form of therapy is consistently more effective than others

A game of peak-a-boo with his dad excites William during the first 6 months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks:

object permanence

In a disorder called _____, the person suffers from repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that the individual feels driven to perform.

obsessive compulsive disorder

Of all the twins who share identical genes with a schizophrenia victim, about ________ do not themselves develop schizophrenia.

one half

In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, adolescent children receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of:

operant conditioning

The anterior cingulate cortex shows increased activity in response to both physical pain and:

ostracism

______________ is to anxiety as a(n) ______________ is to a windy day.

panic disorder; hurricane

Grit can best be described as:

passionate dedication to an ambitious goal.

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of:

insecure attachment

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder plagues some ___ percent of children and the appearance of the disorder occurs from ages ____ to 17.

11; 4

______________ is characterized by one or more of three key symptoms, including extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Depression is: A. more common than phobias. B. the number-one reason people seek mental health services. C. more commonly suffered by men than women. D. less common than dissociative disorders.

B

Last week Becky read that labels can bias perceptions, so she does not support placing diagnostic labels on psychological problems. If we were trying to convince her that these types of labels do have benefits, we might tell her that mental health professionals use diagnostic labels to: A. choose the most effective course of treatment. B. do all of these things. C. communicate about their clients. D. comprehend the underlying causes of psychological problems.

B

Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues have developed training seminars promoting therapeutic lifestyle change. These seminars would likely be most effective in helping: A. Darlene effectively cope with posttraumatic stress disorder. B. Amy effectively cope with a seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder. C. Larry effectively cope with dissociative identity disorder. D. Jeremy effectively cope with antisocial personality disorder.

B

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Those with psychological disorders are more likely to be violent toward others. B. People with disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence. C. Those who have a psychological disorder are more likely to be violent if the disorder is triggered by substance abuse. D. Restricting gun ownership for those with psychological disorders will greatly reduce gun violence.

B

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia? A. His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4. B. His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self, which he didn't have before he was 4. C. All of these things contribute to infantile amnesia. D. His maturing cortex increased his long-term storage after age 4.

C

Selena is working on a project that will force her to read people's emotional cues. She needs a partner, and thinks her best choice would be to find a female partner. Which research finding supports this choice? A. Looking at a photo of two people, women are better able to discern who is the supervisor. B. Women surpass men at reading people's emotional cues. C. Women's nonverbal sensitivity helps explain their greater emotional literacy. D. All of these research findings support Selena's choice of a female partner.

D

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder? A. avoiding stimuli that trigger memories of the traumatic event B. intrusive, frequent memories of the traumatic event C. extreme anxiety and increased physical arousal D. multiple personalities

D

Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is TRUE? A. People with psychological disorders are the least stigmatized group in modern society. B. Research has shown that even people with mild psychological disorders tend to be dangerous and prone to violence. C. In much of the popular media, people with psychological disorders are portrayed in positive, but stereotyped ways, such as being creative geniuses or artistic prodigies. D. Multiple studies have found that people with a major mental illness are less violent than those without a psychological disorder.

D

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the United States, she should read the:

DSM-5

The acronym "DSM-5" stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.

Sharon was admitted to the hospital with severe depression. She nearly killed herself by slitting her wrists. The only reason she survived is because her husband came home from work early. The only type of treatment that can bring her out of depression quickly and potentially save her life is:

ECT

___________________ was one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence.

G. Stanley Hall

A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her Green Card and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold, so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of the following do you think is happening to Jason?

His immune response is dropping

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

It will be within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

Maureen is an introvert who prefers staying in and reading a good book. Her friend Paula is an extravert who would much rather spend her time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and express emotions:

Maureen is better at recognition and Paula is more expressive.

Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is TRUE?

Multiple studies have found that people with a major mental illness are less violent than those without a psychological disorder.

____________ is like a warning light in a car. When it is evident, it is telling us to stop and take protective measures.

Sadness (depression)

Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.

T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes

A large-scale World Health Organization (2004) study—based on 90-minute interviews of 60,463 people—estimated the number of prior-year mental disorders in 20 countries. Which country had the lowest rate of diagnosed psychological disorders?

Shanghai

Which of the following is NOT one of the key defining features of anorexia nervosa?

The person recognizes that he or she has an eating disorder and is aware of the seriousness of her weight loss

Friedman and Rosenman referred to relaxed and easygoing individuals as ________ personalities.

Type B

______________ suggested that we can stimulate the subjective experience of cheerfulness simply by acting as if we are already cheerful.

William James

William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from:

a dissociative disorder

Jack was found sleeping on a park bench. When awakened by a police officer, he could not remember who he was or where he lived. Later, investigators discovered that Jack's wife had left him the night before after a violent fight in which he tried to attack her. Jack insists that he has no memories of the dispute with his wife or even of having been married. Jack's loss of memory illustrates:

a fugue state

In the last three days, Doug has become progressively more energetic and euphoric. He has been sleeping no more than an hour or two a night, but he seems to have unlimited energy. Doug is inappropriately self-confident as he veers from one grandiose idea to another in his plans to become rich and famous. Doug appears to be experiencing:

a manic episode

Strangers placed in male-female pairs were instructed to stare into each other's eyes for 2 minutes. They reported feeling:

a tingle of attraction and affection

Researchers who emphasize experience and learning see development of its _____, while those who emphasize biological maturation tend to see development as a sequence of genetically predisposed _____.

continuity; stages

Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period, researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience:

coronary heart disease

In times of stress, the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoid stress hormones such as:

cortisol

Jason is a 13-year-old who has mood swings. He alternates between experiencing depressive moods and having uncontrollable behavior in which he interferes with class and is aggressive toward his classmates. According to DSM-5, Jason is likely to be diagnosed with:

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa

According to research on temperament and emotionality, studies have demonstrated that these two characteristics:

are very stable over time

The patient admitted to the unit has schizophrenia. The doctor's orders call for 150 mg of Seroquel and 1-2 mg of this antianxiety medication to reduce stress, relax the patient, and help with sleep. This medication is:

ativan

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are most characteristic of:

autism spectrum disorder

Researchers have suggested that the role playing of fantasy-prone patients in response to the leading questions of therapists has often contributed to:

dissociative identity disorder

Lifting just the inner part of your eyebrows, which few people do consciously, reveals:

distress or worry

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy vs. isolation

Margaret gave birth to a premature baby boy. It was a difficult birth with obstetrical complications. In addition, she always had very little money and, for 20 years, she cared for the boy at a level below the poverty line. Thus, Margaret's son has experienced BOTH biological and social risk factors. Results from a Danish study would predict that the boy has ________ of committing crime, as compared to men with only biological risk factors or social risk factors.

double the risk

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs ____________ in life and adult independence begins ____________ in life.

earlier; later

Treating our mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy.

biopsychosocial

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):

bipolar disorder

Lana is about the right weight for her age and height. Nevertheless, she is so preoccupied by her fear of becoming overweight that whenever she goes on an eating binge, she purges the excessive food by self-induced vomiting. It is likely that Lana suffers from:

bulimia nervosa

During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

concrete operational

According to Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

intimacy with others

Your friend's father has just passed away. You don't just say you are sorry for the loss, but rather you tell your friend that you truly feel the pain that she is going through. You really understand her grief and both of you are crying together as you can actually feel the loss in your heart as well. This is an example of:

empathy

A useful feature of group therapy is that it:

encourages the clients to improve their social skills

Which of the following treatment approaches has received little or no scientific support?

energy therapy

The value of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is in part due to the effectiveness of

exposure therapy

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This best illustrates the:

facial feedback effect

Which form of treatment is especially likely to focus on the goal of healing social relationships?

family therapy

Your therapy with a 15-year-old patient has been going well, but she tends to bottle her feelings when discussing her relationship with her mother. You believe that she can benefit from her family's involvement, which will promote positive communication. Today's session brings together your patient and her parents. You are engaging in:

family therapy

After receiving exciting news about his grandson's healthy birth, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates:

feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Denise has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small, and slightly misproportioned. Denise did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has:

fetal alcohol syndrome

A major characteristic of schizophrenia is inappropriate emotion. For example, some people suffering from schizophrenia exhibit ____________, often described as a "zombielike" state of apparent apathy.

flat affect

When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.

formal operations

Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of:

free association

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity vs. stagnation

The passionate and persistent dedication to an ambitious long-term goal that is often demonstrated by those with high achievement motivation is most indicative of:

grit

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce:

hallucinations

Dr. Harper is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns on the reduction of new HIV cases within the Latino population of a major city. He is examining what is working and what is not working to increase HIV prevention in this high-risk area of the city. He is also looking at medication compliance and wellness examinations. He is a:

health psychologist

Loren is studying emotion in her psychology class, and is surprised to find out that in individualistic cultures _____________ is related to happiness; in communal cultures _____________ matters more.

high self esteem; social acceptance

Good therapies share much in common, including:

hope for demoralized people

Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are:

hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship.

The value of light exposure therapy appears to result in part from its influence on people's:

hormones

Psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the:

immune system

You smell coffee brewing in the morning and, really, it is the only reason you are willing to get out of bed. In this situation, the coffee is a(n):

incentive

Alma is a very bored 2-year-old. She has been stuck in her playpen for 30 minutes, has played with every toy available to her, and has looked at everything in the living room. She wants with all her being to escape. She is motivated to escape the playpen to:

increase her arousal to an optimum level.

North American citizens are more likely than Japanese citizens to display their feelings openly. This cultural difference best reflects the American culture's greater emphasis on:

individuality

During an experiment, newborn infants were found to turn their heads in the direction of human voices. These same infants would likely prefer to look at face-like images (as opposed to a bull's-eye pattern) and at objects about 8-12 inches away, which is the same distance between a mother's eyes and those of her nursing infant. These findings suggest:

infants prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness.

Schizophrenia is said to be chronic when:

it develops slowly

Gina has worked as a human resources specialist for several years, but she doesn't really like the job. Although her work performance is adequate, Gina almost always feels slightly down and sad. Gina's chronic case of "the blues" is characteristic of the psychological disorder called:

persistant depressive disorder

Amanda is stressed out because she thinks she's too socially inept to make friends with her new classmates. Amanda best illustrates the debilitating effects of:

pessimism

Individuals with intense fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt their ability to cope are known to have:

phobias

Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of:

phobias

The psychotherapeutic value of hope is best illustrated by:

placebo effect

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the:

placenta

People are not very good at deciding if something is the truth or a lie and often their decisions are no more accurate than if they had tossed a coin. However, researchers have found some groups of skilled lie catchers. Which group is most likely to detect someone who is intentionally trying to deceive?

police officers

Michael is an Olympic swimmer who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:

positive valence

Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and who begin to savor the joy of each new day best illustrate:

postraumatic growth

People whose life history includes some adversity often come to enjoy better mental health and well-being than those who have never faced any significant adversity. This best illustrates the importance of:

posttraumatic growth

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of _________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.

preconventional

The three distinct levels of moral reasoning that Kohlberg proposed are:

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____.

psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy

A therapist wants to help Hannah recognize her mixed feelings of fear and love for her husband and to realize that she often experienced similar feelings for her brothers during her childhood. The therapist's goal is most clearly consistent with the aims of:

psychodynamic therapy

Mark has attempted suicide twice in the last year. He hears voices, has disturbed emotions, and his behavior is very bizarre and erratic. Mark is likely to be diagnosed with a type of ______ disorder.

psychological

Those who emphasize the importance of the g factor would be most likely to encourage:

quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score

Today, Ellen is going to the mental health clinic for a new treatment. During the procedure her brain will be exposed to repeated pulses of magnetic energy. This type of treatment is known as:

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

The personal strength that enables people to cope with stress and recover from adversity is called:

resilience

A reduced level of synchronized neural activity in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of:

schizophrenia

Ever since childhood, Jaime has been eccentric and has demonstrated odd behavior. She exhibits emotionless disengagement to such a great degree that she would likely be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder.

schizotypical

The nonreproductive sexual characteristics (for example, female breasts, male facial hair) are known as:

secondary sex characteristics

Narcissism refers to feeling:

self important

American and South Korean collegians indicated that the satisfaction of ________ were the top two contributors to their peak moment in the past week.

self-esteem and belongingness needs

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil, which will help to increase her ____________ level by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

Early signs of antisocial behavior in children include:

slow development of conditioned fears

Brianna is a 20-year-old who lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a:

social anxiety disorder

Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this self-blame, rather than blame of the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a:

social cognitive perspective

In promoting therapeutic lifestyle change, Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues note that human brains and bodies are designed for physical activity and:

social engagement

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

stress appraisal

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promote:

stronger immune functioning

What is the most likely trigger for the few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts?

substance abuse

A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients _____________ than do their nonreligious counterparts.

survive longer

Seven months ago, Quinn witnessed the gruesome murder of a close friend. Although many people expected him to suffer from this, he instead recovered quickly and demonstrated no symptoms of a psychological disorder. Quinn's response is demonstrating:

survivor resiliency

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates:

systematic desensitization

People have a tendency to judge stimuli relative to those stimuli previously experienced. For example, if a man's current income level increases, he feels an initial surge of pleasure. However, as he adapts to that income level, he comes to consider it normal. He then requires something better to feel another surge of happiness. This is known as:

the adaptation-level phenomenon

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called:

the facial feedback effect.

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a positive mood is called

the feel good, do good phenomenon

Which of the following is a major contribution of stage theories of development?

the idea that people of one age think and act differently when they arrive at a later age

Compared with people who have recently immigrated from Mexico, Mexican-Americans born in the United States are at greater risk of mental disorder—a phenomenon known as:

the immigrant paradox

Which of the following is TRUE about ADHD?

the majority of ADHD cases are boys

Because she mistakenly believes the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates:

the placebo effect

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

transference

n obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most common compulsion is:

washing and counting

Puberty is a time:

when one is maturing sexually