Psych 101 - Recite

Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? - "What is a stapler?" - "How do you spell stapler?" - "How many uses can you think of for a stapler?" - "What does a stapler look like?"

"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?" "How many uses can you think of for a stapler?" will produce more divergent thinking because there are many possible answers.

Duchenne smile

A Duchenne smile demonstrates true happiness, which should involve the eyes as well as the mouth.

cohort

A cohort refers to a group of peers with whom you share some common experience or quality.

secondary appraisal

A secondary appraisal involves estimating the resources available for coping with a stressor.

According to Sternberg's theory, which of the following statements is most accurate? - Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence. - Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems. - Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. - Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence.

Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. These two theories share this particular similarity.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding coping strategies? - Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on. - Marilee engages in problem-focused coping when she places a positive spin on her feelings and situation. - Bao engages in emotion-focused coping when he believes he is unable to deal with the stressful event. - Westin engages in emotion-focused coping when he cries uncontrollably to comfort himself.

Eric engages in problem-focused coping when he faces the challenges of life head-on. When we deal with the actual problem that causes us to stress, this is defined as problem-focused coping. INCORRECT: Westin engages in emotion-focused coping when he cries uncontrollably to comfort himself. It would be hard to make the argument that uncontrollable crying is an effective emotion-focused form of coping.

With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics, evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought?

Functionalism

Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7 to .8, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3 to .4. What do these correlations suggest?

Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not. Identical twins have a strong correlation, while fraternal twins have a weak correlation. This suggests that the identical twins have more similar intelligence quotients than do fraternal twins. INCORRECT: Both identical twins and fraternal twins have similar IQs. Because the correlation between the fraternal twins is rather weak, you would not expect their IQs to be very similar.

Which of the following children is most likely to have a temper tantrum when her father leaves the room?

Ilsa, who has an insecure-anxious attachment to her father An insecure-anxious child often has a tantrum when their attachment figure leaves their presence.

conditional acceptance

In Carl Rogers's humanistic theory, unconditional acceptance is a necessary event, not conditional acceptance.

superego

In Freud's theory, the superego is thought to be influenced by both conscious and unconscious factors.

ego ideal

In psychoanalytic theory, ego ideal is a part of the superego.

__________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

Which psychologist investigated the different types of attachment through the use of the "strange situation" experiment?

Mary Ainsworth

A researcher published an article proposing a theory that body language is central to human communication. He keeps in mind that his theory may or may not be supported by the evidence, and may be proven wrong. The researcher's perspective illustrates the scientific thinking principle of __________.

Occam's Razor A researcher published an article proposing a theory that body language is central to human communication. He keeps in mind that his theory may or may not be supported by the evidence, and may be proven wrong. The researcher's perspective illustrates the scientific thinking principle of Occam's Razor.

Which of the following statements about taste and smell is TRUE? - Our nose and tongue identify approximately the same numbers of odors and tastes, respectively. - Our nose and tongue identify exactly the same numbers of odors and tastes, respectively. - Our nose identifies far more odors than our tongue identifies tastes. - Our tongue identifies far more tastes than our nose identifies odors.

Our nose identifies far more odors than our tongue identifies tastes. - Our noses can identify many odors while our tongue has only five basic taste sensations

Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common?

Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.

Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Based on their scores, which is TRUE? - If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math. - If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. - Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. - Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities.

TRUE: Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. The WAIS yields five different IQ subscores. People with the same overall score could have variable scores on the other four. FALSE: If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math. There is no reason to think the same overall IQ score would lead to the same subscale scores on the WAIS.

availability heuristic

The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

The correlation between IQ scores and college grades is .5. What does this correlation suggest?

The higher one's IQ score, the higher one's college grades tend to be. The correlation is positive, showing that as one increases, the other does as well. INCORRECT: High levels of intelligence cause students to get good grades. Try to remember that correlation does not imply causation.

Subliminal perception is quite different from subliminal persuasion. Although we may perceive stimuli that are below the threshold of conscious awareness, they do not necessarily spur us to action. Why is that?

We cannot engage in very much in-depth processing of the subliminal message; therefore, there is not much effect on our attitudes and decisions.

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not truly exist, and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given moment?

Wilhelm Wundt

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.

accommodation Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called accommodation.

Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the __________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

alarm In the alarm phase, the sympathetic nervous system responds to the threatening sound by activating and causing the adrenal glands to release hormones that increase heart rate and blood pressure. Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome. INCORRECT: resistance The resistance phase would follow the alarm phase, which is the initial response to the threatening sound.

Which of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome is demonstrated by initial activation of the fight-or-flight system?

alarm The alarm stage involves the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, or the fight-or-flight response system. INCORRECT: exhaustion The exhaustion stage, or the third stage of the general adaptation syndrome, is marked by a depletion of our stress fighting resources.

When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion, as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.

all-or-none When a neuron fires, it fires in an all-or-none fashion, as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? - allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class - giving a child candy for completing their homework - removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework - taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class

Which part of the brain plays an important role in remembering the emotional content of the memory of a frightening event?

amygdala

As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's __________ has been activated.

amygdala As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joe's amygdala has been activated.

Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has __________.

an internal locus of control People with an internal locus of control believe that life events are largely within their control. Dylan believes that his hard work, rather than luck or chance, resulted in his promotion at work. Dylan probably has an internal locus of control. INCORRECT: an external locus of control People with an external locus of control believe that life events are largely a product of chance and fate.

The character of Dory from the movie Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short-term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she just met. What is a more likely explanation for her memory failure?

anterograde amnesia

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimize feelings of __________.

anxiety According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to minimize feelings of anxiety.

Once sound waves have been converted into neural activity, the __________ carries them to the brain for auditory perception.

auditory nerve Once sound waves have been converted into neural activity, the auditory nerve carries them to the brain for auditory perception.

Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called __________ cues.

binocular Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called binocular cues.

Nico is meeting with his academic advisor. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) __________ psychologist.

clinical Nico is meeting with his academic advisor. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) clinical psychologist.

Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age and compare them to others who are at a different age and thus a different level of development. The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a(n) __________.

cohort A cohort is a person's same-aged peer group. Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age and compare them to others who are at a different age and thus a different level of development. The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a cohort.

The fact that you can recognize your red jacket in both bright light and shadow is an example of the effect of __________.

color constancy The fact that you can recognize your red jacket in both bright light and shadow is an example of the effect of color constancy.

The fact that you recognize golden retrievers, poodles, Irish setters, and cocker spaniels as being dogs is an example of a(n) __________.

concept A concept helps to organize information based on shared features or qualities. The fact that you recognize golden retrievers, poodles, Irish setters, and cocker spaniels as being dogs is an example of a(n) concept.

A car would be an example of a __________, while the way we behave at a new restaurant is an example of a(n) __________.

concept schema A concept refers to an object, while a schema refers to a series of actions or behaviors. A car would be an example of a concept, while the way we behave at a new restaurant is an example of a(n) schema.

In the natural world, there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome. Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers __________ whenever possible.

create unfalsifiable theories In the natural world, there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome. Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers create unfalsifiable theories whenever possible.

The more people who are around you in an emergency, the less likely it is that one of them will offer assistance. What produces this curious and disturbing finding?

diffusion of responsibility

Some children who were observed did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style, but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances. Researchers have labeled this the __________ attachment style.

disorganized The disorganized attachment pattern was identified after Ainsworth's work was completed. Some children who were observed did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style, but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances. Researchers have labeled this the disorganized attachment style.

When Buck finds out that he is not getting the promotion that he wanted, he makes himself feel better by thinking, "At least I didn't get fired like Marvin did!" Buck is engaging in __________ social comparison.

downward When Buck finds out that he is not getting the promotion that he wanted, he makes himself feel better by thinking, "At least I didn't get fired like Marvin did!" Buck is engaging in downward social comparison.

Justin is working on his psychology paper for class when he gets a phone call inviting him to a party. His decision to finish the paper before going to the party reflects the functioning of the __________.

ego The ego is the primary decision maker, keeping the id in check. Justin is working on his psychology paper for class when he gets a phone call inviting him to a party. His decision to finish the paper before going to the party reflects the functioning of the ego.

Kabi is a well-respected supervisor at a major corporation. Co-workers describe her as very self-aware, empathic toward others, and very good at managing relationships. Based on this information, it is likely that Kabi has a high degree of __________.

emotional intelligence emotional intelligence is the ability to understand our emotions and those of others, and to use the information in our daily lives. Kabi is a well-respected supervisor at a major corporation. Co-workers describe her as very self-aware, empathic toward others, and very good at managing relationships. Based on this information, it is likely that Kabi has a high degree of emotional intelligence.

Unfounded negative beliefs of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group are known as __________ prejudice.

explicit Unfounded negative beliefs of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group are known as explicit prejudice.

When Marco arrived, he was smiling but with no drooping of eyelids or crinkling in the corners of his eyes. He is probably showing a(n) __________.

fake emotion Genuine happiness is reflected in the eyes as well as smile. Marco is demonstrating a Pan Am smile. When Marco arrived, he was smiling but with no drooping of eyelids or crinkling in the corners of his eyes. He is probably showing a fake emotion.

The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called __________ intelligence.

fluid Fluid intelligence refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems, in this case learning a new skill. The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called fluid intelligence.

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was __________.

food In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was food.

Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not certain that he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says "You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that's a lot of money," or "$32,000 is way more money than $16,000." There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of __________.

framing The manner in which a decision is presented—whether that presentation emphasizes positive or negative aspects of the situation—is called framing. Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not certain that he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says "You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that's a lot of money," or "$32,000 is way more money than $16,000." There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of framing.

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store, you would most easily recall those items __________.

from early in the list According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store, you would most easily recall those items from early in the list.

Our current understanding of pain has been vastly informed by the __________.

gate control model Our current understanding of pain has been vastly informed by the gate control model.

Ms. Bouvier is a first-grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea her screening test in the area of reading. Chelsea scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Bouvier believes in the __________ factor of intelligence as originally proposed by psychologist Charles Spearman.

general intelligence General intelligence, or g, is the idea that intelligence is one thing; a hypothetical factor that accounts for differences in intelligence among people. Ms. Bouvier is a first-grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea her screening test in the area of reading. Chelsea scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Bouvier believes in the general intelligence factor of intelligence as originally proposed by psychologist Charles Spearman.

When an outcome happens that makes you think "I knew it all along," be careful that you are not giving in to __________.

hindsight bias When an outcome happens that makes you think "I knew it all along," be careful that you are not giving in to hindsight bias.

What discipline within psychology seeks to optimize the interaction between equipment and technology and our human sensory and perceptual abilities?

human factors - Human factors psychology examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans.

Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the __________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.

id Freud believed that the id is entirely unconscious. Some authors relate Freud's personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the id is completely submerged in our unconscious.

Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of __________ memory.

implicit Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory.

If you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of the knowledge from popular, less-scientific psychology sources __________.

is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated If you examine the research that has been conducted in psychology, you will find that much of the knowledge from popular, less-scientific psychology sources is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated.

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time-consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

longitudinal Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time-consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a longitudinal study.

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________.

memory illusion A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a memory illusion.

Contrary to the popular saying that familiarity breeds contempt, which theory proposes that familiarity instead breeds comfort?

mere exposure effect

The major issue of __________ explores how development is influenced by both genetics and life experiences.

nature-nurture The major issue of nature-nurture explores how development is influenced by both genetics and life experiences.

According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the __________.

need-to-belong theory According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the need-to-belong theory.

Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage?

parietal lobes

After having completed and done well at the 500-mile endurance triathlon, Rob declares it the most satisfying experience of his 37 years of life. This might be labeled a __________.

peak experience This would qualify as what Maslow referred to as a peak experience. After having completed and done well at the 500-mile endurance triathlon, Rob declares it the most satisfying experience of his 37 years of life. This might be labeled a peak experience. INCORRECT: moment of self-actualization Peak experiences are related to self-actualization, but they are not the same thing.

A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle. They collect the new species for later study back at the camp. Due to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. Their willingness to share these findings with other scientists shows their commitment to __________.

peer review A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle. They collect the new species for later study back at the camp. Due to advances in computer technology, they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects. Their willingness to share these findings with other scientists shows their commitment to peer review.

The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles __________.

permissive parenting The lack of structure that the Carmichaels provide for their children is consistent with Baumrind's permissive parenting. The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles permissive parenting.

Blindsight

phenomenon that demonstrates involvement of secondary association areas in visual processing

Males tend to exhibit more __________, whereas females tend to exhibit more __________.

physical aggression relational aggression Males tend to exhibit more physical aggression, whereas females tend to exhibit more relational aggression.

According to Robert Sternberg, __________ intelligence is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.

practical According to Robert Sternberg, practical intelligence is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.

The most important situational variable in altruism is the _______.

presence of other people The most important situational variable in altruism is the presence of other people.

Paul Ekman's research of the facial expressions of emotions has suggested that the emotions of happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise, contempt, and anger are all __________ emotions that appear across cultures.

primary Ekman felt that these primary emotions are common to the human species, irrespective of cultural influence Paul Ekman's research of the facial expressions of emotions has suggested that the emotions of happiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise, contempt, and anger are all primary emotions that appear across cultures.

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a __________.

primary appraisal A primary appraisal involves evaluating the level of stress or threat in a situation. In this case, Mary decided the ticket was not very important. Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a primary appraisal. INCORRECT: secondary appraisal A secondary appraisal involves estimating the resources available for coping with a stressor.

Working a second job to pay off your credit card bills is an example of ___________.

problem-focused coping Problem-focused coping is aimed at reducing the impact of a stressor, as in the case of the example of credit card bills. Working a second job to pay off your credit card bills is an example of problem-focused coping. INCORRECT: emotion-focused coping Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor.

Of the following functions, which is NOT controlled by the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex? - storing memories of our past - hearing - processing visual images - understanding language

processing visual images

The idea that all psychological events have an underlying cause is better known as __________.

psychic determinism The idea that all psychological events have an underlying cause is better known as psychic determinism.

An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the __________ method of assessing one's memory.

recall An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the recall method of assessing one's memory.

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________.

recall, recognition, and relearning Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: recall, recognition, and relearning.

Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing five terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the __________ effect.

recency Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing five terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect.

Specific intelligence or s

referred to narrow domains of specific intellectual ability

Crystallized intelligence

refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time Creative intelligence in Sternberg's theory would not be particularly similar to crystallized intelligence in Cattell and Horn's theory.

Tim is studying for a test. After seven consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by __________.

retroactive interference Tim is studying for a test. After seven consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by retroactive interference.

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCR was __________.

salivation In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCR was salivation.

Which of the following terms describes the notion that prejudice comes from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes?

scapegoat hypothesis

The process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others is called __________.

selective attention The process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others is called selective attention.

According to the humanists, a core motive in human personality development was __________.

self-actualization Self-actualization, or the reaching of one's own full potential, is the major motivation in the humanistic theory of personality development. According to the humanists, a core motive in human personality development was self-actualization. INCORRECT: conditional acceptance In Carl Rogers's humanistic theory, unconditional acceptance is a necessary event, not conditional acceptance.

Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep cycles, mood and temperature regulation, and aggression?

serotonin

The role of one's thinking in personality development was emphasized by __________.

social learning theorists Social learning theorists believe that what happens to us is important, but equally as important is how we think about those experiences. The role of one's thinking in personality development was emphasized by social learning theorists. INCORRECT: operant conditioning theorists Such theorists, like Skinner, are criticized for having placed too little importance on the role of cognitive processes.

The role of reciprocal determinism was highlighted by the __________.

social learning theorists The role of reciprocal determinism was highlighted by the social learning theorists.

If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, what type of research would you employ?

sociobiological

Authoritarian parents are __________ disciplinarians and they are __________ with punishment.

strict quick Authoritarian parents are strict disciplinarians and they are quick with punishment.

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most well-known forms of dementia. Because of neurofibrillary tangles, a person with this illness will __________.

suffer loss of synapses and death of cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex Alzheimer's disease is one of the most well-known forms of dementia. Because of neurofibrillary tangles, a person with this illness will suffer loss of synapses and death of cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.

Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong, we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. This phenomenon is known as __________.

the confirmation bias Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong, we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions. This phenomenon is known as the confirmation bias.

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably __________.

the pain associated with teeth cleaning Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably the pain associated with teeth cleaning.

culture-fair intelligence tests

those that do not unfairly punish someone who does not speak the native language in which a test is constructed. It is not relevant to this particular question.

The brain's tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of preexisting knowledge is referred to as __________.

top-down processing The brain's tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of preexisting knowledge is referred to as top-down processing.

Aviva is reasonably successful as an electronics store manager. Her older sister, Rachel, is a nationally renowned surgeon who is regularly interviewed on television, makes far more money than Aviva does, and is regarded as far more successful. When thinking about all that Rachel has accomplished, Aviva tends to feel that her life is going nowhere. Aviva is engaging in __________ social comparison.

upward Aviva is reasonably successful as an electronics store manager. Her older sister, Rachel, is a nationally renowned surgeon who is regularly interviewed on television, makes far more money than Aviva does, and is regarded as far more successful. When thinking about all that Rachel has accomplished, Aviva tends to feel that her life is going nowhere. Aviva is engaging in upward social comparison.

Your neighbor's garage band is playing loudly into the night. When you hear the sound, you are experiencing __________, mechanical energy traveling through the air.

vibration Your neighbor's garage band is playing loudly into the night. When you hear the sound, you are experiencing vibration, mechanical energy traveling through the air.

A deficit in seeing objects, such as being unable to name or identify an object despite being able to note its shape or color, is called __________.

visual agnosia - deficit in perceiving objects - A person with this condition can often distinguish the shape and color of an object without being able to recognize it. A deficit in seeing objects, such as being unable to name or identify an object despite being able to note its shape or color, is called visual agnosia.

Lev Vygotsky identified the __________ when children are receptive to learning something new but have not yet succeeded at it.

zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky identified the zone of proximal development when children are receptive to learning something new but have not yet succeeded at it.