Psych 101 test 3

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

(Couldn't find- you got it right on your quiz)

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Bandura noted that children are less likely to model aggressive behaviors on TV or in movies if they:

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Research suggests that media violence may increase viewer's aggressive behaviors through a variety of ways. Which of the following is correct?

All are correct

When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of

Classical conditioning

Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer's fear is the

Conditioned response (CR)

Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n)

Conditioned stimulus

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called

Elaborate Rehearsal

Encoding is the memory process primarily concerned with

Getting Information into memory

Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n)

Inability to consolidate new memorie

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is

Initially neutral

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

Which of the following is an example of the behavioral process known as extinction?

Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

Learning

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

Memory palace

Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced

Negative Punishment

Sara's shoes hurt her feet terribly. She took them off and immediately felt relief. She is likely to take off her shoes again when they bother her. This behavior is an example of

Negative Reinforcement

Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates

Operant Questions

Encoding

Putting info into a form usable to memory

_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.

Schemas

A father is teaching his daughter how to play the piano. To begin, he reinforces her with a smile when she comes near him while he is playing the piano. Soon, he smiles only when she sits at the piano with him. Then he smiles when she plays one key. Eventually, he will smile at her only when she plays basic melodies. The father is using _____ to teach his daughter the complex task of playing the piano.

Shaping

Milton's boss asks him to come into her office. To determine whether this request is a signal of good or bad news, Milton looks to see if his boss is smiling or frowning and whether the tone of her voice sounds positive or negative. Milton is using _____ to inform his decision.

Stimulus discrimination

A pet cockatiel mistakes a ping-pong ball for its own egg and sits on the ping-pong ball instead of its egg. This demonstrates the conditioning principle of

Stimulus generalization

Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as

Stimulus generalization

Stimulus generalization is strongest when

The stimuli are very similar to each other.

Which of the following examples best captures the idea of cue overload?

To be effective, a retrieval cue has to be unique.

In order to "cry" during a particular scene, an actress held a handkerchief soaked in onion juice close to her face. The onion juice served as a(n)

UCS

The core of the concept of latent learning involves the idea that

actual learning may not be apparent in observable behavior

Psychologists regard memory failures (i.e., forgetting) as a(n)

adaptive function that allows the brain to work efficiently

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons, and the wording of questions that are asked about the crime

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that is exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept explains this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e., enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the

conditioned stimuli

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:

constructive memory

According to _____ theory, memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory.

cue dependent

Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?

distinctiveness

Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.

elaborative rehearsal

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.

episodic

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.

false memories

Michael is able to remember distinctly the first time he heard the news that Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan's former prime minister, was assassinated. This distinct memory for an important historical event is known as

flashbulb memory

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that:

people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates. *Smashed= faster

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information.

This is a famous anecdote about memory: A college president was a fish biologist. She memorized students' names for a semester, and then quit doing it. She declared, "Every time I learn the name of a student, it makes me forget the name of a fish." This demonstrates which concept in memory?

retroactive interference

Following a car accident, William has little recall for information that he knew from before the accident. He does not recognize members of his family, and he does not remember where he works or what he enjoys doing. William is suffering from

retrograde amnesia

Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that

satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the

unconditioned stimulus