psych 106 attachment quiz
Article on attachment: REREAD THE ARTICLE Know what is going on in the brain (right vs left hemisphere), hormones etc. Know special need (developmentally disabled children) and its impact on attachment and how to help improve attachment.
your right brain is important in regulating emotions limbic system. limbic area of the brain controls emotions and memories. stress response is found here. important to have a healthy limbic system.
Know how to differentiate all the types (i.e. secure vs insecure-anxious, dependent, disorganized etc.) if I provide you scenarios. Related to Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation Look at toy exploration and baby's mood when mother returns.
"the strange situation." Through a series of separations and reunions in a laboratory room, infants (around age one) and their mothers were observed. By observing the infants reactions to the mother's leaving and returning, their play behavior, and their interaction with the mother and a stranger, a few patterns of attachment emerged. These studies have been repeated over time by many researchers and four patterns are evident. In the first episode, the infant and his or her caregiver enter into a pleasant laboratory setting, with many toys. After one minute, a person unknown to the infant enters the room and slowly tries to make acquaintance. The caregiver leaves the child with the stranger for three minutes; and then returns. The caregiver departs for a second time, leaving the child alone for three minutes; it is then the stranger who enters, and offers to comfort the infant. Finally, the caregiver returns, and is instructed to pick up the child. As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant's movement between behavioral systems: the interplay of exploration and attachment behavior, in the presence and in the absence of the parent. Attachment Styles: (1) Secure and Insecure (2) avoidant (3) anxious/ambivalent (4) disorganized (identified later by Mary Main) Secure: An infant gains comfort & confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. Insecure:Avoidant> Child avoids connection with the caregiver, ie, child seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, parting, or return. Avoids eye contact w/ caregiver. Anxious/Ambivalent> Child's anxiety and uncertainty are obvious, ie, child becomes extremely distressed at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. Disorganized> A type of attachment that is marked by the child's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's parting and return.
Bowlby's theory: main premises, what do parents provide? Why do we develop attachment? Know how children develop specific attachment styles.
A child is attached to their mother by many instinctual response systems, each of which is primary and which together create a high survival value. Soon after birth, conditions of isolation tend to activate crying, clinging, and following.Infants experience of fright and fear. When frightened, infants and young children look to their mother for security and if they fail to find her are doubly upset: both 1. comfort and 2. security are missing. Humans are completely dependent on caregiver when born and if they are in a dangerous situation as infants they cannot escape. Subsequently mothers provide nurturance/food (comfort) and can pick up and move the child from danger (security). attachment is the emotional bond that individuals form with their caregivers over the course of their infancy. The quality and timing of attachment could determine the quality of later development. experience with primary caregivers leads to generalized expectations and beliefs ("working models") about self, the world, and relationships. The early relationship between caregiver and baby acts as an external system for the child's internal regulation.
Psychological disorders
ADHD Depression GAD PTSD related to cortisol (levels are off)
Brain differences etc. and physiological differences
Institutionalized children had smaller brains, lower volume of both gray and white matter Changes in development of prefrontal cortex
Falling in love and Breaking up. How do they differ?
LOVE Secure: Experience love as happy, friendly, trusting. Trust and support partner despite faults.>Relationships last longer (10.02 yrs), 4.86 anxious/ambivalent, 5.9 avoidant. Romantic Feelings increase and decrease. Can reach the intensity as experienced early in the relationship and in some cases never really fade. Avoidant: feared intimacy, emotional highs & lows, and expressed jealousy. Head over heals love in movies does not really exist, romantic love rarely lasts, and it is rare to find someone to fall in love with. They don't enjoy or want to make themselves vulnerable to relationships bc of fear of getting hurt. Anxious/Ambivalent: Experienced love as involving obsession, desire for reciprocation and unity, emotional highs and lows, and extreme sexual attraction (make up sex) and jealousy. Romantic Feelings increase and decrease. It is easy to fall in love, they frequently feel themselves begging to fall in love, although they rarely find real love. (fall in love every other week. may not find true love bc they need to be with someone at all times and jump from relationship to relationship) BREAKING UP Secure Attachment: -Less apprehension about seeing the ex-partner again. -Less blame to the partner -Less likely to get back into the relationship •Readiness to start dating again. Secure attachment is associated with trust, stability, support, and satisfaction in a relationship. Don't break up as often, have longer relationships bc of good communication. -Partners with secure attachment show higher levels of verbal engagement, self-disclosure, and mutual discussion. -Secure attachment is positively correlated with self confidence, commitment, intimacy, and passion. Those with secure attachment seem to be able to break off the relationship and maintain a respect for the ex-partner. >Those with insecure attachment indicated they would rekindle the relationship, but blamed the partner for the breakup. Insecure Attachment: -Greater distress from the breakup -Breakup was less than amicable. -Welcomed the opportunity to get back into the relationship, but indicated that the ex-partner was more to blame for the breakup. -Less likely to be ready to start dating other people
GAD, Depression, and Attachment. How are they related? Know which attachment styles experience which psychological disorders and why.
People who are not nourished through secure attachments will be more vulnerable to issues of peer pressure or negative feed-back (Barnett and Butler, 1999). This vulnerability leaves room for self-doubt and higher, more pathological, states of anxiety (Thompson, 2000). Attachment, when low, can lead to depression, anxiety and other negative emotional reactions to new social experiences common finding is that the history of psychiatric patients is riddled with negative attachment related experiences such as loss, abuse or conflict" Differences in attachment style have been linked to both emotion regulation and psychological functioning.The study examined the role of emotion dysregulation and attachment style, symptoms of depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Secure attachment: -Not correlated with measures of depression and GAD and all six emotion dysregulation scales. Anxious preoccupied attachment:-Significantly and positively correlated with all measures of emotion dysregulation and with both (1)Depression and(2) GAD symptoms. Avoidant Dismissive style: -Significantly correlated with only (1) Depression and Non-acceptance (indicating problems with accepting negative emotions).
What to do with someone who is neglected
be patient with them and communicate Neurofeedback - training brain waves (alpha, beta, delta, and theta)
Importance of age on brain development
brain development: impacted by attachment style, brains most malleable in first 3 years of life(early years are important)
Stress hormones
cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
How does one develop a specific style of attachment? (article)
early experience guarantees long-term developmental outcomes or protects against subsequent trauma Avoidant Attachment - avoidant attachment is a strategy often developed by an infant whose parents have discouraged overt signs of either affection or distress, and who do not readily offer sympathy or comfort Ambivalent or Resistant Attachment - this type of insecure attachment stems from the infant's experience of inconsistent parenting when the child is never quite sure if his or her expressions of anxiety and distress will be suitably attended to. Disorganized or Disoriented Attachment - disorganized attachment occurs when the parent either has so many unresolved emotional issues from their own past that they have no mental space left over for their baby or, when the threat is more grave.