Psych 110 Exam 4

slow to warm up

A baby with a ______ temperament is likely to have a low activity level, withdraw from new situations and people, and adapt to new experiences very gradually.

concrete operational

A child who has the ability to think logically about visible and tangible objects and situations would be considered to be in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

low reactive

A child who tends to be calm, uninhibited, sociable, outgoing, and shows interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, experiences, and objects would be characterized by Jerome Kagan as a(n) ______ infant.

Autonomy, competence, relatedness

According to Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, in self-determination theory the three innate and universal psychological needs that must be satisfied are:

Integrity vs. despair; identity vs. role confusion

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, late adulthood is to ______ as adolescence is to ______.

identity formation?

According to Erikson, the key psychosocial conflict for adolescents is:

difficult? high reactive?

According to Jerome Kagan's research on infants, an infant who reacts to new experiences, strangers, or novel objects by being fearful, tense, shy, and inhibited is considered:

egocentrism

According to Piaget, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view into consideration is called:

understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even through the form of appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted?

According to Piaget, the principle of conservation refers to:

concrete operational

According to Piaget, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to the beginning of adolescence and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations, is called the ______ stage.

instinct

According to ______ theories, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.

humanistic

According to the ______ theory of motivation, psychological and cognitive factors are the essential elements in motivation.

the transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, and when sexual maturity is reached.

Adolescence is:

formal operational

Also known as the ______ stage, Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.

zygote

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Upton has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:

evolutionary programming

An instinct theorist would argue that the motivation to engage in certain behaviors is the result of:

late adulthood; ego integrity

At Mr. Guerno's seventieth birthday party, his grandchildren asked him about some of his many adventures and travels. While listening to his colorful stories, they realized that their grandfather had lived a very meaningful life and was very satisfied with his many life accomplishments. Mr. Guerno is in the ______ stage of life and has achieved what Erikson called ______.

object permanence

Baby Harry's mother shows him a toy rattle and then hides it under a blanket. Harry for the blanket and lifts it up to find the toy rattle underneath. It would appear that he has achieved what Piaget called ______, which involves an understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.

difficult

Based on their research on infant temperament, Thomas and Chess would characterize babies who tend to be intensely emotional, are irritable and fussy and cry a lot, and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns as:

incentive

Carrie, an accountant at a large accounting firm, has been unhappy in her position and has even considered quitting. Then, unexpectedly, she is promoted and given a raise. Carrie now has a renewed interest in her job, which is explained by the ______ theory, which proposes that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals.

the self-determination theory

Developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, the theory known as ______ posits that people are actively growth-oriented and move toward a unified sense of self and integration with others.

subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral or expressive component

During your drive to school one morning, you suddenly remember that your psychology paper is due today, and that it is not finished. You feel your heart start to beat fast as you experience fear and anxiety about what to do. You decide to call your psychology professor in his office and explain things. You have just experienced the psychological components of emotion, which are:

grasping reflex

Each time Mrs. Fari puts her finger on her baby's palms, the baby grasps the finger tightly, a response called the:

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's famous research with terminally ill patients led her to propose that the dying go through five stages. These stages, in order, are:

self-actualization

Eugene believes that, at this point in his life, he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Abraham Maslow, Eugene has achieved:

rooting

Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby's left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother's touch is known as the ______ reflex.

embryonic

Henrietta is in the fifth week of her pregnancy, which means that her baby is in the ______ period of prenatal development.

89.

In Erik Erikson's stage theory, the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, in which the person contributes to future generations through children, career, and other meaningful activity, is called:

toward a social harmony and promoting one's group and/or family?

In collectivistic cultures, achievement motivation is more:

homeostasis

In general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium or an optimal internal balance is called:

teratogens

In her research, Dr. Joachim found that a pregnant woman's use of a certain chemical substance would cause harm to her fetus. That chemical substance would be classified as:

personal?

In individualistic cultures, success and succeeding in competitive tasks is more:

slow to warm up

It has become apparent to Mr. and Mrs. Tsu that their baby has a low activity level, tends to withdraw from new situations and people, and adapts to new experiences only very gradually. The baby would be classified as a(n) ______ baby.

the drive theory?

It is nearly noon and Jan is very hungry. She takes out her sandwich and eats it until she is no longer hungry. According to ______, Jan's eating is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Children progress through four distinct cognitive stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?

Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist best known for his influential theory that:

emotional intelligence

Jerry is a skilled engineer, good at his craft, and yet has trouble holding down a job. In his performance evaluations, it is often mentioned that he has difficulty resolving conflict and functioning well as part of a team. Jerry likely lacks:

acceptance

Kübler-Ross proposed that the last stage of the dying process involves:

was born with a biological predisposition to learn language?

Lincoln is a normal eight-month-old infant. According to Chomsky's theory of language development, Lincoln:

Strange Situation

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth developed a method of measuring attachment called the ______ that is usually used with infants between 1 and 2 years old.

the Strange Situation Test

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth used ______ to determine the different types of attachment children have to their parents.

92.

Mr. Reddington has reached a point in his life where he is examining whether he has experienced meaning, and what type of meaning, in his life. According to Erikson, Mr. Reddington is in the eighth psychosocial task known as:

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Nine months after conception, a baby girl named Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development, from first to last, were:

Intrinsic

Oz has been trying to decide whether to train to become an advertising account executive or continue training as a nurse. Although he knows that he will not make as much money as a nurse, he has decided to pursue this path because he finds the work inherently satisfying, enjoyable, and challenging. His motivation to become a nurse is likely to be:

accommodate

Piaget gave the name _____ to the ability to change one's mental representation of the world, and the way one thinks about things on the basis of new information and experiences.

increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.

Piaget proposed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 enter into the preoperational stage of development, which is characterized by the:

irreversibility

Piaget proposed the idea of ______, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.

centration

Piaget talked about ______ as the ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects.

fetal period

Pregnant Michelle has begun to feel fuller more quickly when she eats, and she is having more trouble physically getting around. Michelle's unborn baby has likely entered the third and longest period of prenatal development, called the:

easy

Regarding infant temperament, a child who readily adapts to new experiences, displays positive moods and emotions, and has regular sleeping and eating patterns can be characterized as a(n) ______ baby.

difficult? high reactive?

Research by Jerome Kagan (2004) suggests that an infant who tends to frighten easily, to be tense, and be inhibited around new experiences is a ______ infant.

Extrinsic motivation

Rianne has to choose between returning to graduate school to pursue her love of philosophy, or going to work for a bank in town. Although she does not enjoy banking, she knows she will receive a good salary and benefits there. If Rianne decides to take the position at the bank, she is exhibiting:

physiological arousal; cognitive

Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion proposed that emotion is the interaction of ______ arousal and the ______ label that we apply to explain the arousal.

harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus.

Teratogens are:

assimilation

The ability to incorporate and interpret new information in terms of existing mental representations of the world is called:

Unpleasant; Unpleasant

The basis of arousal theory is that people find very high levels of arousal ______ and very low levels of arousal ______.

Motivation

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior together constitute: are defined as:

two-factor

The cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion that was developed by Smith and Lazarus (1988, 1993) is a modified version of the ______ theory of emotion.

Competence motivation

The desire to direct one's behavior toward demonstrations of ability and exercise of control in a situation is known as:

achievement motivation

The desire to direct one's behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is also known as:

Mary D. Salter Ainsworth

The developmental psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment and who contributed to attachment theory is:

the risk of teratogens

The embryonic period is:

attachment

The emotional bond that forms between infants and their caregiver(s), especially parents, is called ______, according to developmental psychologist Mary D. Salter Ainsworth.

bodily; subjective

The facial feedback hypothesis supports the idea that our ______ responses affect our ______ experience.

despair

The feeling of ______ experienced by an older adult is often the result of regret or bitterness about past mistakes, missed opportunities, or bad decisions made in that adult's life, according to Erikson.

fetal period

The final and longest period of prenatal development is called the:

83.

The first two psychosocial conflicts, according to Erikson, both of which occur prior to the age of 3 years, are called (in sequence) ______ and ______.

Carl Rogers; Abraham Maslow

The humanistic theories of motivation, championed by psychologists ______ and ______, viewed motivation as arising from the desire to realize one's highest personal potential.

temperament

The inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way, even as early as birth, is called:

Lawrence Kohlberg

The most influential theory of moral development was proposed by:

permissive

The parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not at all demanding is called the ______ parenting style.

authoritative

The parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to the children's needs and wishes is called the:

90.

The primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, which Erikson called ______, involves the time during which a person contributes to future generations through raising children, having a career, and engaging in other meaningful activities.

Initiative vs. guilt; competence vs. inferiority

The psychosocial conflict named by Erik Erikson that he identified with early childhood (3 to 6 years), is called _____, while _____ is the conflict likely to be encountered in middle to late childhood (6 to 12 years).

anger

The second stage of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's stage theory of dying is what she calls:

Secondary sex characteristics

The sexual characteristics that develop during puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development, are:

primary sex characteristics

The sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles, are:

Developmental

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan would MOST likely be conducted by a ______ psychologist.

persistence

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are: activation, ______, and intensity.

a subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral or expressive response

The three distinct components involved in an emotion are:

cognitive

The two-factor theory of emotion argues that emotion results from physiological arousal and a(n) ______ label people use to explain the arousal.

Cannon

There have been numerous attempts to disprove the James-Lange theory. One of these, the theory proposed by ______, pointed out that body reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different.

conservation

Tommy now understands that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged. According to Piaget, Tommy is in the ______ stage of development.

Emotional; physiological

Walter Cannon's theory of emotion differed from the James-Lange theory, in that Cannon argued that one's ______ reaction to a stimulus is often faster than one's ______ reaction.

1: impossible to define in a way that would allow it to be tested scientifically, 2: Initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples with questionable reliability, 3: Most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization

What are the criticisms of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

permissive-indulgent and permissive-indifferent

What are two permissive parenting styles?

rooting

When Mary puts her finger onto her newborn daughter's mouth, the baby pulls Mary's finger into her mouth. The baby is demonstrating the ______ reflex.

low reactive?

When Samara was an infant, she was usually calm, uninhibited, sociable, and typically showed interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, novel experiences, and unfamiliar objects. In terms of Kagan's classification of temperament patterns, Samara is likely to be categorized as a(n):

insecurely attached baby?

When two-year-old Kerry was tested in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, she did NOT explore the environment even when her mother was present. She appeared very anxious became extremely distressed when her mother left the room. Kerry is a(n):

Absence of the biological mother

Which environmental factor is NOT related to the timing of puberty?

It is the FIRST stage of cognitive development, during which the INFANT explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects.

Which of the following accurately characterizes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?

They are tied to motivational processes?

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

peak; decrease

While anxiety about death tends to ______ in middle adulthood, it tends to ______ in late adulthood.

drive

You are preparing for midterms when you suddenly realize that you have been in the library for over 6 hours and have not eaten lunch. Psychologists Woodworth and Hull might argue that your sudden motivation to find something to eat is due to ______ theory.

the James-Lange theory

You decide to do a self-experiment using what you know about the facial-feedback hypothesis. You are going to purposely smile more during the day to see if smiling causes you to feel happier. Which of the following theories would MOST likely support the hypothesis that smiling does make people feel happier?

James-Lange

You recently participated in a psychology experiment. Today you learned that the study showed that people who are more sensitive to their own internal body signals are more likely to experience anxiety and other negative emotions. The research in which you participated thus supports the ______ theory.

activation

Your brother enthusiastically tells you, with great enthusiasm, that he is determined and has decided to run enter the marathon. To prepare, he has been running every morning in preparation. This initiation or production of behavior associated with motivation is also known as:

activation, persistence. intensity

Your friend Jen is so motivated to become a nurse that she has decided to attend an accelerated nursing program and work very hard to get through it. You see in her behavior the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation, which are:

Abraham Maslow

______ developed a model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy their needs first at the physiological level, and then emerge up into "higher" psychological needs.

Middle adulthood

______ is the stage of adulthood, lasting roughly from the forties to the mid-sixties, when a person's physical strength and endurance tend to gradually decline.

Drive

______ theory involves the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.