Psych 111 Exam 3

Embryonic Stage:

(2-8 weeks) Head, face and neck develop Buds for limbs form and grow Major organs/digestive system differentiating Heartbeat begins

Fetal Stage:

(8th week-birth) 3rd month: digestive organs begin to function -buds for teeth form -sex organs develop rapidly -arms/fingers move 4th month: face looks human -lower body outgrows head -bones are defined 5th month: fingernails and toenails appear -Lanugo: fine, wooly hair over body -Vernix: waxy coating collects 6th month: eyebrows/lashes well defined -eyes completely formed 7th month: fetus capable of life outside uterus, age (threshold) of viability has changed and now considered to be 23-26 weeks (used to be 27-28) 8th/9th month: fat is deposited for later use -fingernails beyond fingertips -lanugo is shed -vernix covers body Myelination of brain takes place in the fetal stage

Positive Symptoms:

(Presence of a distortion or bizarre behavioral symptom) Bizarre delusions (false belief) Hallucinations (sensory distortions- voices) Heightened Sensory Awareness (really bright) Disorganized incoherent speech and behavior. Charles Manson

Bi-polar Disorder

(historically called Manic-Depression) Bipolar I disorder, characterized by a least 1 manic episode or mixed episode (manic and depressive features in the same episode) Bipolar II disorder: 1 or more major depressive episodes, together with at least 1 hypomanic episode Cyclical nature of the disorder Fast cycling Responsive to lithium and other mood stabilizers Challenges with treatment compliance Goof feelings of mania Can be adaptive, healthy, and contributing members of society

Negative Symptoms (loss of functioning or ability; behavioral deficits)

Poverty of speech (monosyllabic answers) Emotional flatness Loss of motivation Social withdrawal Apathy Impaired attention (IQ test, score goes up by 25 points)

Lazarus & Folkman, 1984:

Primary appraisal: Interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not Secondary appraisal: Determination of whether the stressor is something that can be handled or not Take multiple variables into account Threat: Stressor that you believe might not be overcome Perceived or real Challenge: Stressor you feel fairly confident you can control The body responds differently to a threat (negative appraisal) than a challenge (positive appraisal).

Biological Therapies

Psychotropic Medication: alter the biochemistry of the brain. ADHD Medications: Ritalin, Concerta, Adderal ( stimulants/dopamine) Straterra (norepinephrine) anti-depressant properties, less likely to exacerbate tic symptom SSRI's: Antidepressants (lower levels of S associated with depression) Prozac, Zoloft Lithium for Bi-polar disorder; newer class of mood stabilizers (Valproate) very treatable, treatment compliance difficult Anti-anxiety Drugs: improve GABA receptors Valium, Xanax (addictive potential)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016 data)

Sexually transmitted diseases/infections (STIs) remain a major public health challenge in the United States. More than 2 million cases of the three nationally reported STDs - chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis were reported in the United States in 2016, the highest number ever. While syphilis was nearly eliminated a decade ago, today it is on the rise. Rates of primary and secondary syphilis, the most infectious stages of the disease, increased 18 percent from 2015.

Health Impairing Behaviors Additional health issues associated with stress:

Smoking Poor nutritional habits Lack of exercise "waste of time" Alcohol / drug use Risky behaviors Smoking and Health Smokers have a significantly shorter life expectancy than non-smokers Lung cancer, heart disease as well as other cancers, hypertension and emphysema are all smoking related illnesses Smokers underestimate the health risks Smokers overestimate their ability to quit

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder: history of diverse physical complaints which are psychological in origin and result in disruption in daily life Illness Anxiety Disorder: excessive preoccupation with health concerns/worry about developing illness. Used to be called hypochondriasis. Conversion disorder: loss of motor or sensory function with no organic basis, usually a specific area or system affected

Hoarding Disorder:

Persistent difficulty discarding items—even those with no or little value Get paralyzed in decision making process Due to a perceived need to save the items and associated distress with discarding. Difficulty discarding the items results in clutter and inability to use living space Severity is related to levels of insight. Some people realize but can't change it, others don't even recognize it My mother's Garden: Eugenia House was going to be condemned, had not insight

Pets

Pets have been shown to reduce stress Eden alternative- revolutionary cure for stress and loneliness Substitutes human care for drugs saves $75000 in drug costs Death rate down 25%, infection down 50% Gives life meaning Over 300 nursing homes

Personality Traits and styles also impact response to stressful situations.

Variable in dealing with stressors Type A personalities: competitive, impatient and more prone to aggression and hostility Hurrying, multitasking, guilty if use extra time to relax, race through yellow lights, need to win to derive enjoyment from games and sports, walk/run/eat rapidly, take on too many responsibilities, detest waiting in lines, intense desire to better your positioning in life and impress others Type B personalities: more relaxed, easy going, and less quick to anger Stress in general lowers/decreases the body's immune responses Then why is mine so strong Stress and Personality Style interact with health: Heart and circulatory system sensitive to stress. Type A, especially hostility is one of the best predictors of heart disease (more than cholesterol, caloric intake or smoking)

Anxiety and Phobias:

exaggerated fear of a specific situation, activity or thing Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia): fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others (tapped to go on stage) Agoraphobia: fear of being alone in public places from which escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable; at its worst, one doesn't leave his/her home. Specific Phobias: e.g., spiders, squirrels, dogs

Pressure:

expectations or demands that one behave in a particular manner From professors, self, parents General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye) All types of stressful situations lead to a similar stress response consisting of three stages. Alarm: the body releases adrenal hormones, sympathetic nervous system is activated Resistance: body is on "high alert" Fight or flight Exhaustion: increased physiological vulnerability to stress

Self-concept:

explicit knowledge of one's own behaviors, traits and characteristics Self-concept develops and is maintained in relationship to others Increased stability over time Little kids think they're good at everything Self-verification: find evidence to confirm our self-concept

Teratogens:

harmful exposure to situations/substances that affect development resulting in defect, damage or anomaly Important concepts with teratogens -Dose -Fetal alcohol syndrome -Genetics/Heredity, tolerance -Age of organism at exposure -Interaction with environmental influences: stress, nutrition, lack of medical care Increased understanding of the role of prenatal exposure to drugs on the developing child, with Thalidomide, helped identify how certain drugs could alter development (malformed limbs)

Constructive Coping Strategies:

healthy efforts to deal with a stressful event making one more resilient to the stressor(s) Adaptive Problem focused: how to change the situation What's not working? Emotion focused: how to change perceptions/reactions to the situation Problem may not be solved

Attachment and Contact Comfort:

hypothesized that animals/humans need warmth, comfort as a primary need Cloth mother over wire mother, only goes to wire mother when hungry overpowers Runs to cloth mother when scared, sense of security so begins threatening the monster

Optimism:

people with more positive outlooks handle stress better Desponde: cure for chipperness

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) *Different from OCPD:

personality disorder organized around an OCD. Obsession: a recurrent, persistent and unwished for thought Examples: contamination ; need for orderliness, aggressive impulses or thoughts, obsessive worry about an accident happening. Compulsion: repetitive ritualized behavior in which people feel a lack of control over it (to ease an anxiety). Examples: Cleaning, Checking and Hoarding; Creates anxiety to not have things a certain way Disorder when it interferes with everyday life Realize it doesn't make sense OCD: A Young Mother's Struggle: Sephanie Extreme maternal instinct Sets things up at a certain angle so that she will know if they are moved Fear of contamination, kidnapping Handwashing 22 times in 30 minutes

Burnout:

physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term exposure to demands associated with lowered performance and motivation. Just can't do it anymore

Social Supports:

presence of social supports provide adaptive coping/release from pressures. Further underscores the benefits of family dinners.

Relaxation:

reduces tension by relaxing muscles in the body, slowing cortical activity, heart rate, respiration and blood pressure Combat sympathetic nervous system

Temperament:

relatively constant basic disposition which is inherent in a person that underlies and modulates his/her behavior Thomas and Chess: identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy Difficult (10%) Often wail, cry and are negative in new situations, eat and sleep irregularly Slow-to-Warm-Up (15%) Often inactive, adapt slowly and can be withdrawn and show a negative mood Easy (40%) Cheerful, adpatable, easily establish routines Mixture (35%) Fin out how to best meet their needs

Defense Mechanisms:

responses to anxiety that are caused by internal conflicts; attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt Examples of Defense Mechanisms Displacement: Displace from dangerous source to safe one (boss to dog) Rationalization: Plausible explanation for something, but just makes up for impulse Reaction formation: Feel bad about underground impulses, so exaggerate opposite behaviors Sublimation: Open joke store to deal with making fun of people Compensation (overcompensation): You feel small, insignificant, (unconscious) so you find other ways to show how masterful, powerful you are (SHREK).

Personality Disorders:

rigid, maladaptive traits that cause great distress or lead to an inability to get along with others, or to function well in the world Pattern is inflexible, pervasive and of long duration Some question the validity of the category. Clusters identified in your text: Odd/Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Dramatic/Erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic Anxious/Inhibited: ocpd, dependent, avoidant Odd/Eccentric Paranoid Personality Disorder Suspicious Argumentative Reluctant to confide in others because of fears information will be "used against" him/her Looking out for trickery Ask others to see if anything happened Blame others and bear grudges Schizoid Personality Disorder Have very few if any friends or family relationships Longer, choosing solitary activities. Need social connection Indifferent to praise of criticism; Shows no warm or tender feelings to other people Schizotypal Bizarre or odd patterns in behavior Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior Ways of seeing the world Uses unusual words (vague, metaphorical) Inappropriate or constricted area Antisocial Personality Disorder Likes to break rules/law Deceitful Gladly take advantage of people Lacks remorse Can appear charming/friendly' Often intelligent Understand social code, play you/take advantage of you. History of conduct disorder Know rules to manipulate people. Man pretending to b police. Have to be of developmental age, past puberty Borderline Personality Disorder Manipulative Stable patterns of unstable relationship Best friend, enemy Frantic efforts to avoid "abandonment" Splitting: all good or bad Self-mutilating behaviors Impulsivity Sexual promiscuity Quick to anger Bring about what you're worried will happen Ie: Fear of abandonment, "forget it leave already" Histrionic Personality Disorder Overly dramatic Everything is a trauma Attention seekers Seductive Not genuine Dependent on others Narcissistic Personality Disorder Feelings of grandiosity Sense of privilege, better than the rules Feels special Expects favors from others Lacks empathy Anxious/Inhibited (Fearful) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Perfectionist to the point that task completion can be difficult Preoccupied with details so that major point of activity is lost Rules are essential Particular Serious and formal Work gives pleasure Reluctant to work with others unless they submit to doing things "exactly" her/his way. Avoidant Personality Disorder Excessively sensitive to rejection Fearful of humiliation or shame Socially withdrawn Wishes to be accepted by others but avoids opportunities based on anxiety and fear of rejection or ridicule Views self as inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others. Dependent personality disorder Submissive and clinging behavior Excessive need to be taken care of. Difficulty making decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others. Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval Feels helpless when alone and goes to great lengths to get nurturance from others.

Puberty:

sexual functions reach maturity; impacts social and emotional development Menarche: first occurrence of menstruation Spermarche: first occurrence of ejaculation Early maturing males have positive self-concepts Early maturing females: greater chance of depression, anxiety, eating disorders Social and emotional aspects, hormones Girls treated differently upon reaching physical maturity Impact of early puberty—associated with obesity, higher BMI, hormones in food products, media Stabilized mostly now

Kohlberg

studied moral development using the Heinz dilemma. Found various stages of moral development based on responses to this and similar situations. Heinz dilemma: could only get $1000 of $2000 for drug. Broke in to store to steal drug to save his wife. Should he have done it? Some people answer based on self-implications

Developmental Psychology

: Universal aspects of lifespan development from conception through death; Identifies cultural variations Explores physical, cognitive, social and emotional development Looks at elements of continuity and change over time Temperment Shy child to gregarious adult

Aging and Stress (Hunter and Gillen, 2009)

Declining Health Loss of Family and Friends Employment and Financial Problems Alienation from the larger society No respect for elderly Loneliness

Autistic Spectrum Disorders

A. Deficits in social communication and social interactions 1. no back and forth conversation 2. lack of eye contact, gestures 3. deficit in social relationships B. Restricted repetitive patterns of behaviors or activities 1. Repetitive speech or use of objects 2. Excessive need for routines/rituals including verbal 3. Restricted interests and preoccupations 4. Sensory sensitivity (hypo or hyper reactivity) Thin stimulus barrier, or don't Signs of autism: late to speak, no response to name, lack of social interaction Facilitated use of technology: I am Carly Creates output to blackout input

Elkind

Adolescent Egocentrism: way of thinking the world is focused on themselves Imaginary Audience: belief that everyone in the environment is concerned with the behavior/ appearance of him/herself Uncomfortable, self conscious, but also feel ignored Personal Fable: View him/herself as somehow unique or heroic Invincibility Fable: false sense that he/she can't be harmed

Adolescence

Adolescent growth spurt: rapid growth in height and weight as the body is preparing for hormonal shifts/ maturation Asynchrony: certain body parts grow at different speeds leading to a lack of proportion Feel awkward Have to grow into bodies Prefrontal Cortex: final maturation of the prefrontal cortex takes place in late adolescence and young adulthood. This area is responsible for organization, panning, emotional regulation, and impulse control.

Stress:

Any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one's well being Ways we identify problems and shifting that, helps reduce stress Stress has both psychological and physiological components

Parenting style and child outcome research (Baumrind)

Authoritarian: restrictive parenting; insist on obedience, rigid rules; no explanations and insensitivity. Preschoolers were moody; easily annoyed, unfriendly, less motivated No agency Authoritative: assume control with flexibility; reasonable demands; provide reasons for rules/decisions. Preschoolers were cheerful, socially responsible; achievement oriented and cooperative Benevolent dictators Permissive: accepting and lax with few demands; little monitoring; few controls. Preschoolers were impulsive, aggressive, bossy self centered, low in independence and achievement Uninvolved (Maccoby): removed or hostile parenting; overwhelmed with own stressors have little time or energy to parent. Children high in aggression, temper tantrums, perform poorly in classroom

Mood Disorders:

Depression (Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) Sadness, lethargy, inactivity and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Genetic link Behavioral changes: slower motor reactions Cognitive changes: cognitive distortions Hard to remember happy times Physical changes: alters immune functioning

Developmental Theories as Stage Theories

Individuals must progress through stages in a particular order, stages build on each other Progress is strongly related to age Development is marked by discontinuities that result in dramatic transitions Big increments in behavior Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development How a child thinks, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving Schemas: models about how the world works Children develop them about the world, can change Development involves two processes: Assimilation: how to fit new information into the present system of knowledge Barney, new dinosaur added to schema Accommodation: existing structure don't fit so a child must develop new schemas Dinosaur museum: t-rex doesn't fit into barney world Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor (birth-2 years) Infants learn through concrete motor actions; by touching, tasting and smelling Accomplish object permanence (6 months) Object exists even when you don't see it Peekaboo Stewie Griffin Develop capacity for mental imagery Organize information into categories Increasingly able to use purposeful activity Coloring Preoperational: (2-7 years) Gradually improve in mental images Can pretend Action Oriented Develop representational thought Fort, car, horse, rocket ship from cardboard box Have NOT mastered conservation: basic properties of an object remain stable even if superficial properties change. Playdoe retains amount, regardless of shape Flaws of thinking in Preoperational Children Centration: focus on one aspect of a problem and neglect other aspects Focus on just height and not height AND width Irreversibility: inability to envision reversing an action Egocentrism: thinking characterized by a limited ability to share another person's point of view What they know is what is Don't realize others see things differently Carmen assumes her grandpa can see her toy through the phone Concrete Operations: (7-11) The child performs operations on tangible objects and events Manipulate things, think of things in planned ways Show increased flexibility in thinking Amelia Bedelia Can begin to see cause and effect Masters reversibility and decentration Can retrace thoughts Understands hierarchies More daisies more carnations, more daisies more flowers Formal Operations (12-up) Begin to see abstract reasoning Understand metaphor and deductive reasoning Become more systematic in thinking Can discuss moral values Piaget criticized for underestimating children's abilities, not focusing enough on individual differences; much research still supports his theories/beliefs Post-formal operations

Maladaptive Coping Strategies

Can create a new set of problems Displaced Aggression: harmful act to someone verbally or physically, who is not actually the true "object" of the hostility Catharsis: release of emotional tension Doesn't solve things, lead to next step of change Self-Indulgence: compensate for deprived/frustrated feelings by trying to promote a feeling of satisfaction in another area Retail therapy, comfort eating Doesn't change anything, can lead to new problems

Physical and Motor Development

Cephalocaudal: "top to bottom" motor skills emerge from the head to the feet In uterine development, and as you gain muscle control Get up but can't get down Neck, arms, sitting muscles, stands w/ furniture for support, walking Proximodistal: "inside-to-outside rule" motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outwards Pincer grasp

Personality Traits may also serve as positive moderators

Conscientiousness has been associated with positive physical health and higher rates of longevity (Terman's sample) May gravitate toward healthier environments Wait for nonsmoking table Less reactivity to stress Less likely to exhibit unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking, risk taking Go to doctor, blood drawn, check results, take medication

Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Continuous feelings of worry, anxiety, dread/foreboding Restlessness Difficulty concentrating Irritability Backpack of worries Tipped over edge Muscle tension Back pain Sleep disturbance Numbers growing Sympathetic nervous system

Coping strategies for the Elderly:

Exercise improves both physiological and psychological well being, although health restrictions may limit participation Recreational activities act as a buffer and coping strategy Building a sense of community can be adaptive Surrogate grandparents Maladaptive coping includes substance abuse and social withdrawal Loneliness Elderly at risk for depression which is undiagnosed or untreated

Biological/Genetic Influences on Personality

Eysenck's Theory: Personality is determined by a large extent to one's genes. All of personality emerges from 3 higher order traits that are biologically based (i.e. differences in cortical levels of arousal) Extraversion: being sociable, assertive, and lively Neuroticism: anxious, tense, moody, low self-esteem Psychoticism: egocentric, cold, impulsive Is there a Happiness Gene? Research identifies that there may be a singular gene that is similar to the effects of the drug Prozac. Individuals either have the short or long version of the gene. Finding is that there is a correspondence with the personality trait of neuroticism and the short version of the gene. (Don't have Prozac) Correlation doesn't mean causation (3rd variable possible)

Reframing:

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces a threat Stress inoculation training (SIT): Reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations Learn from failure Writing about your deepest thoughts and feelings has been shown to have a range of beneficial health effects. Journaling, putting stress into words

Intellectual Functioning and Age:

Fluid Intelligence: basic information processing skills is more likely to decline with age. Crystallized Intelligence: application of accumulated knowledge remains more stable.

Humanistic Theories/Perspective

Focus on the inner experiences of one's personality and development Unique human qualities Freedom and potential for human growth Optimistic view of human nature: can control impulses, not based on irrational needs and conflicts

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):

Formerly called multiple personality disorder. Described by the appearance of 2 or more distinct identities within one person. At least two recurrently take control over behavior Inability to recall important information Controversial in the field of psychology but still included in the DSM 5. Some people fake it, try to use it as a criminal defense

Mania/Hypomania

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. Decreased need for sleep Pressured speech Flighy of ideas or subjective experiences that thoughts are racing/ Distractibility Increase in goal-directed activity Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (eg., buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or poor business investments).

Tourette's Disorder

Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics Occur many times a day nearly every day or intermittently over a period of more than 1 year Onset before age 18 Does NOT need to interfere with functioning for diagnosis Motor and verbal tics Some conscious control over tics (Ben) Sometimes has to let it out but can hold in for a while

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Focus on the influences of early childhood First 5 years Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts Iceberg Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

Prenatal Development

Germinal Phase (conception-2 weeks) --Zygote: fertilized egg; divides and implants itself in the wall of the uterus Differentiates further as development progresses --Placenta: structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mother's bloodstream; allows waste to pass out

Attachment Deprivation:

Harlow Monkey Studies Reared Monkeys in isolation or with a surrogate mother After 6 months sent back to colony Isolated monkeys showed indifference, were terrified or were aggressive with other monkeys, failed to form relationships with opposite sex, were abusive to their offspring.

Drugs

Heroin: premature birth weight, tremulous behavior, poor sleep, poor sucking and feeding, risk of SIDS Cocaine: premature size/weight, tremulous, high pitched (pain) crying, respiratory & regurgitation problems, rigidity, withdrawal symptoms, deformities Comorbidity: abuse of multiple substances likely Volunteer cuddlers for 50 babies born a year with addictions. Skin to skin contact

Asperger's

Historically children were labeled as having Asperger's Disorder based on a higher level of functioning on the spectrum of autistic symptoms. Concerns with recent change, children who previously met diagnostic criteria may no longer be able to receive services (Under new rules ~90% qualify for diagnosis)

Freud's Basic Structures of Personality

Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain Primitive Ego: "voice of reason" , mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards. At war with impulses A little flexible Psychosexual stages: progress through stages. Fixations or regressions can occur.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity which is inappropriate for a child's particular developmental age Three year can't sit still Not defiant, forget because they get distracted, misread instructions, disorganized, not careless Diagnosed as combined presentation, predominantly inattentive or predominately hyperactive/impulsive (schpilkis) "twins" Genetic link/runs in families Kick in utero Multimodal treatment approach: Drugs and Behavioral Interventions Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues and ADHD "ADHD is more frequent in males than in females in the general population, with a ratio of approximately 2:1 in children (Polanczyk et al. 2007)... Females are more likely than males to present primarily with inattentive features." (DSM 5, 2013) Girls underdiagnosed ADHD and the Family: Liam impulsive and fearless, doesn't do what he's told

Ways to promote Healthy Aging

Increase healthy behaviors Promote companionship Take vitamin supplements (some question this) Stay active physically and intellectually Volunteer or work Maintain positive relationships with family/friends Have a positive attitude Decrease sun exposure Decrease smoking, drinking Be a health care consumer; ask questions Explore medication interactions Find faith Faith based community Recent programs supporting the elderly and children in daycare Young at Heart Boosts children social skills, 11 months ahead of other children Multigenerational daycare increases: The ability to name emotions, have better manners TEST QUESTION

Gross and Fine Motor Development:

Individual differences exist, normative expectations for these skills and abilities often called milestones. Between 2-5 years There is some data supporting environmental influences either accelerating or impeding the acquisition of developmental milestones. Order of birth- not that powerful Firstborns more respectful of authority

Trait Theory and Gender

Is there a difference in personality traits by gender? Research on the BIG FIVE traits shows that in general Women tend to be higher than men on agreeableness and neuroticism No gender differences found in openness to new experiences Overall men and women seem to be more similar in personality than different Hock Behm Article Social Role Theory: gender differences are based on cultural messages and expectations regarding appropriate behaviors, careers and activities Run like a girl Jimmy Kimmel: What's the difference between girls and boys? Real differences?

Alcohol:

Leading teratogen in the United States causing intellectual disabilities Physical Symptoms: growth retardation (smaller), head and facial abnormalities, microcephaly, skeletal, brain and heart damage Behavioral Symptoms: poor impulse control, poor attention, hyperactivity and cognitive deficits. Fetal Alcohol Effects: some symptoms of FAS, but less physical symptoms (ARND)

Psychosurgery:

Lesion/destroy problematic areas of the brain to eliminate disruptive behaviors (lobotomy; ocd surgery)

Langer and Rodin study:

Maintaining a sense of control over one's life leads to greater psychological well-being in the elderly Sought out to see certain variables that can change to feel better about life as we get older

Lifespan Issues in Development

Our country is getting older Living more productive lives for more years More career shifts seen in the population Predictor of life happiness

Paternal Age

Paternal age may be a factor in birth defects and/or certain developmental disabilities Children born to men over 40 much more likely to develop autism 32 of 10,000 children

Mischel's Person by Situation Interaction

People express particular traits in particular situations Most likely to see consistency within these similar situations Some traits are more situationally determined (shyness, cheatin trait not predictive of behavior, however

Social Cognitive Theories

Reciprocal Determinism: (Bandura) Reinforcement history and cognition influence behavior We see what we expect to see Experiences shape expectations and expectations shape behaviors We place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs

Classifying mental disorders

Standard reference book for disorders is currently the DSM 5 Systematic checklist 5 or more during thee same two week period...(subjective) Depression, diminished interest, weight loss/gain, insomnia/hyperinsomnia, psychomotor agitation/retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentration, recurring thoughts of death Descriptive and provides a set criteria for diagnosis Problems with the DSM Classifications The danger of overdiagnosis for insurance to cover it Confirmation bias The power of diagnostic labels Labels come with positive/negative support Many of the symptoms are based on subjective not objective measures Some categories have political/social/cultural implications Have mental disorder if don't agree with political opinoins DSM 5 significant shifts and changes Diagnostic categories take a developmental/lifespan approach beginning with disorders that appear in infancy/childhood though those most likely to occur in adulthood. Autism Spectrum Disorder replaced different categories, including Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger's Disorder May not meet criteria for services anymore Bipolar Disorder considered its own category instead of in the mood disorders OCD ( including hoarding ) and PTSD are no longer considered anxiety disorders although anxiety is part of the symptom picture Bereavement can be included as a stressor for Major Depressive Disorder Types of Schizophrenia are removed from the DSM 5 Catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, differential Categorized failed to be different

Self-esteem:

The extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self. People high in self-esteem live happier, healthier lives Different from narcissism People low in self-esteem tend to perceive rejection in ambiguous feedback

Erik Erikson and Lifespan Development

Theory of lifespan development. Believes each stage involves a psychosocial crisis: a transition which is organized around social relationships and that personality is determined by these stages SEE POWERPOINT

Dissociative Disorders:

consciousness, behavior and identity are split off May develop in response to traumatic events Amnesia: inability to remember important personal information; cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness; Fugue state: no concept of self/ can take on a whole new identity/life Internet helps to identify Lose whole personality

Reflexes and sensory abilities of newborns/infants

Vision: Poor fixation ability Limited ability to discriminate color Prefer high contrast Estimated visual acuity of between 20/200 and 20/400 8-10 m Preference for human faces Hearing: fetus can hear sounds around 6 months in utero Cat in the hat study Recognize mother's voice Taste and Smell: both present at birth, preference for sweet (chocolate and bananas) Touch: heat, cold, pressure and pain all present at birth, importance of touch Reflexes: inborn, automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation. Rooting reflex: survival value, stroke cheek and baby will turn head toward the stimulation Stepping reflex: basis for complex motor skills, with bare feet touching floor infant will mimic a stepping response (disappears around 2 months) Moro reflex: if simulate falling or dropping the head the baby shows a startle or alarm reflex; arches nack, extends arms, fingers and legs Evolutionary processes Sucking reflex: place a finger in mouth and baby will suck; permits feeding Eyeblink reflex: shine a bright light or clap, they will close eyelids. Protects from strong stimulation Babinski Reflex: stroke the heel to see reactions of the toes which flex/fan out; normal in infants, if persists after 2 yrs, can indicate neurological problems

Coping:

What strategies you use to buffer against the stress cycle. Active efforts to master, reduce or accept the demands created by stress. Different stages coping with death, loss, stress 1. Denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance

STIs

While gonorrhea increased among men and women in 2016, the steepest increases were seen among men (22 percent). Biological factors place women at greater risk than men for the severe health consequences of STDs/STIs. Chlamydia and gonorrhea pose a particular risk to the health of women, as both can result in infertility, greater risk for ectopic pregnancies if untreated. Research on STI's and other health related risk taking activities for seniors A lack of knowledge about HIV and how to prevent transmission, and other STIs Multiple partners No risk for pregnancy may decrease condom use. Erectile dysfunction medications Although they visit their doctors more frequently, older Americans are less likely discuss sexual habits and health care professionals are less likely to ask about sexual activity and teach about safe sex

Personality:

a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time 18,000 words in the dictionary found to describe personality Narrowed to 4,504 Clustered further to 171

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

a goal of humans is to be self-actualized; a basic hierarchy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth. Often seen as a pyramid of needs. . Only when these basic needs are met can one pursue higher needs, culminating in self-actualization: the need to be good, to be fully alive, and to find meaning in life.

Conduct Disorder:

a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. Sid from Toy Story Aggression to people and animals Sets cats on fire Destruction of property Deceitfulness or theft Serious violation of rules Specify if with limited prosocial emotions: lacks remorse, callous (no empathy), unconcerned about performance, shallow or deficient affect May be a precursor to antisocial personality

Carl Rogers:

accepts the self-actualizing tendency; explores individuals who do and do not function well Looked at the relationship between the self (one's conscious feelings/views of self) and the person (sum of experiences, feelings, perceptions, and wishes) Sometimes self not consistent with person

Kanner:

also studied stress in terms of "daily hassles"; the sum total of mundane life tasks combine to create significant levels of stress. Asked divorced parents and their children How they negotiate, perceive, and how challenged/threatened they feel given life tasks Stressors: specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person and/or threatens well-being. How to cope with demands

Mental Disorder:

any behavior or emotional state that causes distress or suffering, is maladaptive and disturbs relationships and the greater community

Change:

any notable difference in one's life which requires adaptation. Both positive and negative life changes can be stressful. Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale: Death of a Spouse 100 points Marital Reconciliation 45 points Change in Financial Status 38 points Both positive and negative Higher rates of stressful life events are associated with greater risk for health challenges

Deep Brain Stimulation

as a surgical treatment for Depression and OCD Thin electrode surgically implanted so electrical currents can be delivered to the brain "pacemaker for the brain" Last resort, failed medical management, side effects onf medication intolerable Habituation reduced OCD (people don't always respond to this treatment)

Unconditional Positive Regard:

attempt to resolve conflict; accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts one in a positive and accepting manner.

Self-Efficacy:

belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. Acquired from 4 sources (Experience) Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles Successful and competent role models Positive feedback and encouragement --Learning to ride a bike Awareness of feelings/manage responses Internal

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): shock therapy;

beneficial to those with severe depressions which are not responsive to medication/therapy. Can lead to memory impairment. Unclear on why/how it works. Helps lift from darkness Now given with muscle relaxers to not produce seizures Subtle memory impairment "recharge" after treatment wares off Similar results with TMS

Gender Differences:

boys ahead of girls in force and power; girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance (penmanship) Blue/pink pajamas Girls- true skipping (stairs one foot, two foot) Cognitive Difference: see some gender effects in verbal and mathematical abilities, as well as visual-spatial ability

Personality traits:

long-term disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations Cattel's Theory of Personality: Studied traits using factor analysis Developed the 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire Examples: reserved-outgoing, relaxed-tense; trusting-suspicious McRae and Costa: Developed the "Big Five" personality traits; believe most personality traits fall under these categories. OCEAN or CANOE Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness and Extraversion High or Low

Self-confidence:

may affect our behaviors and decision making How does they way we present ourselves influence the behavior of others? Sits like a "winner" vs acting in a "submissive" manner causes his opponents to act like they're betting against a winner/loser Judgments made on instincts rather than logic

Smoking:

mild stimulant; increases fetal activity; associated with low birth weight, increased rates of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). Marijuana: Need for more research but use discouraged because studies have shown prenatal exposure associated with lower scores on visual motor problems, visual motor coordination, decreased attention and behavior problems; some increase SIDS but confound with cigarette smoking (ACOG, July 2015 )

Attachment:

the affectional bond between an infant and its caretaker Strange situation to access attachment pattern Studied by Ainsworth in her attachment paradigm still being used today The "strange situation" allows researchers to assess attachment relationships Basic premises regarding attachment Infants express their wish to be attached by wishing to be close to their caretaker and showing signs of distress when their caretaker departs. This emotional upset is called separation anxiety. Stranger Anxiety: develops when infants are around 6-7 months ending around 18 months. If a stranger approaches, the infant becomes afraid and reaches for the caregiver for comfort and reassurance Design and Structure of the Strange Situation (Mary aimsworth) To access attachment Caregiver and child come into playroom, observe interaction.. Balance between attachment and exploration Does the child play, hold on to the mother? Stranger enters room, Mother leaves the room Reunion Secure attatchment Based on Ainsworth's research there are 4 types of attachment patterns. Secured Attached: child uses the parent as a safe base to explore, when separated the child may not cry during absence, seek contact when parent returns, decrease crying if present (~60% of U.S. infants) Avoidant attachment: unresponsive to parent when present, no distress when she leaves, react to stranger similar as to parent, slow to greet parent when she returns, ~20% show this pattern in the U.S. (Anxious) Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment: Seek closeness with their parents, fail to explore, upon return display angry, resistant behavior, cannot be comforted, -15% U.S. Show distress when parent leaves, Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: greatest amount of insecurity, In reunion show disorganized, confused behaviors. Seem confused, glazed and spacey. Mothers are more avoidant and inconsistent with a lack of sensitivity to infant's needs. Don't play with toys, falls from toy to toy Not connecting with the world Attachment not bidirectional, miscommunication, but attachment patterns are not fixed. Can help child develop secure attachment to have healthier relationships in their lives. ~ 5% of infants in the U.S. Some cultural variations identified in attachment patterns Independence supported vs dependency supported

Locus of Control (Rotter):

the degree to which people perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment Internal Locus of Control: people believe they are responsible for what happens to them External Locus of Control: people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate, or other people

Goodness of Fit:

the match between the characteristics of the infant and his/her family is critical to development. Some are better matches than others! Kagan found that infants who react fearfully to novel stimuli tend to me more subdued, less social and less positive at four years of age. Certain reactions predict shyness/outgoingness

Frustration:

the pursuit of a goal is prevented Sometime active, sometimes ideal Inherent unfairness, monkey throws cucumber because she doesn't get grape when she gives the experimenter the rock

Panic Disorder:

the spontaneous and unexpected occurrence of panic attacks Panic attacks must be associated with longer than 1 month of subsequent persistent worry about having another attack or consequences of the attack, or significant maladaptive behavioral changes related to the attack. Recurring attack of intense fear or panic accompanied by feelings of impending doom or death Symptoms include: trembling, shaking, dizziness, chest pain, sweating, heart palpitations, hot/cold flashes, sense of losing control Diagnosed after going to emergency room Cardiac symptoms often confused with panic attacks in women

Humor:

the use of humor can help cope with stress; can diffuse some situations (bullying)

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

trauma or stress related disorder following exposure to death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence Direct Exposure, witness, close connections or indirect (professional) Traumatic Event is persistently re-experiences (nightmares, flashbacks) Relived persistently Avoidance behaviors Negative thoughts or feelings worse after the trauma Changed level of functioning Trauma related arousal Hyperarousal, high alert Reenactment

Conflict:

two or more competing and incompatible goals occur Three general types of conflicts: Approach-approach conflicts: a choice must be made between two desirable goals. The least stressful type of conflict Can't have both Avoidance-avoidance conflict: a choice must be made between two unattractive goals Shot or hung.. Would you rather Drill or toothache Approach-avoidance conflict: a choice must be made about to achieve a goal which has both positive and negative attributes. The class I want has two open seats, but in the 8 am Friday section

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation:

using a powerful pulsing magnet alters neuronal activity in the brain; less invasive than ECT. Some studies show similar benefits with less negative side effects.

Congruence:

when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning. Incongruence: sense of self and person in conflict. See yourself as a good person, but break up through text

Legal Standards:

whether or not a person is in control of behavior and aware of the consequences of his/her actions McNaughton rule Women who drowned 5 of her children, Law and Order