PSYCH 131 MIDTERM 2
[how are motivational systems impaired in adhd]
harder for children with adhd to maintain interest in a reward if they have to wait for a long time
[how does aggression influence children's peer relations?]
highly aggressive children are less popular children with moderate relational aggression are more popular
[which core sympt om of adhd is used to categorize the following behavior: fidgets, difficulty staying in seat, runs and climbs bc of restlessness, unable to play quietly, talks too much, blurts out, hard waiting for turn, interrupts]
impulsivity/hyperactivity
What are the typical trajectories of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity over time?
impulsivity/hyperactivity decreases over time. inattention decreases if you were low to begin with. increases if you were high to begin with.
[which core symptom of adhd is used to categorize the following behavior: doesn't listen, doesn't follow through, difficulty organizing and sustained mental efforts, loses things easily, distractible, forgetful]
inattention
What are the two core symptom domains of ADHD?
inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity
What are some treatment options for ODD/CD?
incredible years parent training program teaches parents how to play with child, praise them, listen, and problem solve cognitive behavioral therapy (works with information processing and executive function) anger management therapy problem-solving skills (help develop social skills)
[what is the general developmental course of substance use?]
initiates in 7th to 10th grade, peak in 18-25 years of age, decreases in mid to late 20s
[define temporal information processing and how it's affected by adhd]
internal clock; helps us estimate how much time has passed poor time estimation (e.g. trouble with standardized, timed tests)
Be able to provide examples of how various forms of gene-environment correlations are related to the development of conduct problems.
coercion cycle and peer deviancy
[what is the heritbality estimate for adhd?]
0.6-0.9
[what are the guidelines for evidenced-based assessments of adhd? hint: 6 total]
1. should use parent and teacher rating scales 2. use symptom rating scales and clinical interview 3. observations not practical for clinical use bc clinician needs to observe child in different settings 4. need to evaluate functioning in key domains (eg relationships, academics, etc.) 5. regularly collect info on symptoms' contexts and how they impact functioning 6. dsm-iv criteria has little treatment utility bc adhd is heterogeneous
define the stress and negative affect/internalizing pathways
Adolescents who experienced high life stress more likely to use alcohol and increase quality/frequency over time. symptoms increased in teens with depression, low parental support
How do peers contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors?
Antisocial behaviors interferes with positive peer relationships Deviant peers act as models and source for reinforcement for antisocial behavior Deviant peer networks give opportunities for antisocial behavior
[what are some negative cognitive errors in anxiety]
Automatic/stream of consciousness thoughts and cognitive distortions that were acquired in childhood but still mediate their emotions today (eg cousin asks if you wanna go on a bike ride, refuse because you think that you won't keep up and people will tease you)
[what are the key components/skills of parent/family intervention for anxiety]
Behavioral management (eg remove parents' reinforcement of anxiety behaviors) Train parents in self-anxiety management and encourage them to model coping behaviors Focus on reducing family conflict
What makes adolescence a vulnerable period for substance use?
Higher sensitivity to reward and social signals from peers Higher sensation seeking and risk taking High stress -> emotion dysregulation -> substance abuse still develpoing cognitive control
What seems to play a bigger role in explaining the variance in the population of ADHD -genetic or environmental factors?
genetic but environment still important
What sort of parenting styles have been linked to increased risk for anxiety disorders?
Overprotective intrusive parenting doesn't expose kids to situations where they have to solve problems on their own and learn how to cope with anxiety Negative/critical parenting hurt the child's self esteem, makes them susceptible to anxiety (especially in social evaluations), and makes it harder to regulate anxiety
What is the progression from ODD to CD to ASPD?
ODD -> CD -> ASPD Underlying mechanisms like impulsivity cuts across all three so they are not all discrete. But observationally, they look different
How are ODD, CD, [and ASPD] different? What are their core symptom domains?
ODD: angry, irritable, argumentative, vindictive; expressed through tantrums or aggression CD: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, lying, theft, violate rules ASPD: pattern of disregard/violation of the rights of others since age 15. Needs at least 3 symptoms. More pervasive than CD. Lack of remorse and guilt
What are some treatments for anxiety disorders? [list its key components.]
cognitive behavioral treatment Psycho education, Affect recognition, Cognitive, restructuring, Relaxation, Gradual exposure, Problem-solving, and positive coping
[define overt and covert conduct problems and their trajectory] What are the developmental trajectories of overt and covert aggression? [which one is more heritable?]
Overt: physical aggression, argues, tantrums; peaks early, fades after preschool Covert: lying, stealing, substance abuse, truancy; rises until adolescence overt more heritable
Describe how peer coercion and peer deviance training theories explain how peers contribute to development of anti-social behaviors and how they relate to overt vs covert conduct problems specifically.
Peer coercion: coercive interactions between child and peers; in childhood (eg teasing and threatening) leads to OVERT conduct problems Peer deviance training: discourse about, rehearsal, and social evaluation of deviant acts; in late childhood and adolescence (eg talking about sex, stealing, etc) leads to COVERT conduct problems
[what are the subtypes of aggression?] What, if any, sex differences have researchers found related to anti-social behaviors/aggression?
Physical: hitting, etc. Relational/Social: spread rumors, exclude others, manipulate, etc. Proactive aggression: conscious and planned acts, used for personal gain/egocentric motives (eg use force to take money) Reactive aggression: Emotionally charged response to provocation and frustration; impulsive Males have both physical and relational aggression Females have mostly relational
What environmental risk factors are associated with vulnerability to ADHD?
Prenatal alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine exposure Maternal stress during pregnancy Postnatal lead exposure, mercury exposure, low copper levels electronic media exposure bc frequent stimulus changes could interfere with attention (e.g. video games)
[what are the 2 cognitive profiles in adhd]
Profile characterized by executive function deficits or slow/variable reaction time
[how can adolescent-directed behavior treatment for adhd be more effective?]
Regular monitoring and reinforcement of skills through adult support (e.g. family and coaching) Promote autonomy and that makes collaborative relationship between parents and teens
[define each component of behavioral learning processes and how they relate to anxiety] aversive conditioning observational learning or modeling verbal transmission of information
When aversive event paired with fear response, anything that is associated with aversive event will also generate fear (eg child bit by a dog -> fears dogs and images of dogs) learn/model parents' behavior in early childhood. could explain high correlation between anxiety in parents and children the way parents talk about stress may transmit information that make kids more likely to be anxious (eg some parents freak out when kid falls, others are relaxed)
[what are the endophenotypes in adhd and why does this make it so hard to diagnose]
adhd endophenotypes are altered neural development it's a very broad term
[what are conduct problems?]
age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and personal/property rights of others
[describe the coercion model who is at higher risk for using this model]
child misbehaves, parent scholds them, child complains and yells, parent gives up toddlers with low self-regulation and depressed moms are most at risk for extended coercion
[how is each component of attention affected in adhd? orienting attention selective/executive attention alert/vigilance]
aligning attention to one source of information (eg listen to teacher writing on board). don't differ significantly from TDKS filtering info and shifting attention (eg listen to teacher when many kids are playing outside). harder for kids with ADHD ability to stay aroused (e.g. long lecture, students get distracted/fall asleep). harder for kids with ADHD
[identify and define the two motivational systems in the brain]
approach/reward system: controls individual's approach or willingness to approach possible reward withdraw/reactive control system: controls responses to threat or punishment or novelty
What are the four functional systems implicated in ADHD? Know the components of each and which components have been found to be affected in individuals with ADHD.
attention cognitive control/executive function motivation and reinforcement temporal information processing
[what treatment has the greatest effect on functional impairments in teens with adhd? what about adhd symptoms?]
behavioral therapy and medication
What is the etiology of anxiety disorders [and name some of their components]. [Hint: 4 categories for etiology]
bio/temperamental processes - shyness and behavioral inhibition - hard to approach strangers - stay close to safety figures behavioral learning processes - aversive conditioning, observational learning/modeling, verbal transmission of information socialization processes - parenting styles biased cognitive and information processing - how you attend to threatening signals and remember information from social situations - negative cognitive error
What do we know about sex differences in ADHD?
boys are overdiagnosed because they have more externalizing symptoms (disruptive) girls are underdiagnosed because they have internalizing symptoms (spacey)
[what are the problems with each form of adolescent adhd treatment? medication behavioral parent training teacher-delivered intervention adolescent-directed intervention (computerized) cognitive enhancement training]
can't stick to medication bc can't regulate routine or don't want side effects parents and adolescents have conflicts secondary school teachers often refuse to do treatment because of higher emphasis on student independence could be effective if it includes motivation enhancement components not effective bc the skills that they learn on the computer don't translate very well to real life (e.g. schedules, academics)
What are some risk factors associated with conduct problems? Be able to identify risk factors from various domains [Hint: 7]
candidate genes (MAO-A) prenatal and perinatal (low birth weight, maternal substance use and smoking) child temperament (negative emotionality, impulsivity, low prosociality) child cognitive development (verbal intelligence, executive functions) family and parenting (low SES, family history of ASP, abuse, etc.) neighborhood (poverty, crime, etc.) peer (rejection, association with delinquent peers)
What is the impact of heavy alcohol use during adolescence? [why do these impairments occur?] [how does binge drinking affect white matter?] [what if they quit the substance?]
cognitive deficits depending on the substance (eg learning, memory, attention, behavioral flexibility) caused by impaired transmission between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (memory) decreases it long term cognitive deficits still persist after quitting
[define cognitive control/executive function defne each of its componenets affected in adhd. and explain how they're affected in adhd working memory response suppression set shifting/cognitive flexibility]
cognitive processes that allow a person to produce meaningful, goal-directed behavior by selecting relevant thoughts and actions ability to keep something in mind while doing other thing. impaired in adhd, especially with spatial working memory ability to interrupt a response during dynamic moment-to-moment behavior (e.g. tell child to stop talking while listening to teacher, some will have difficulty doing this) child's ability to shift focus within a task or alternate between tasks (e.g. transitioning between classwork)
[define the fear circuitry]
connection between amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex that is associated with how we perceive social threats heightened activity in people with anxiety
What are the two key principles to consider when trying to understand ADHD symptoms?
dimensionality (should think of adhd symptoms dimensionally instead of categorically) variability (across symptoms, symptoms over time/place, nature/degree of impairment)
[what neurotransmitter genes are associated with adhd?]
dopamine transporter/receptor genes nonadrenergic receptor gene serotonin transporter gene
Be able to describe individual differences we see in substance use (early vs late-onset subtype, gender differences).
early onset: initiate before adolescence; associated with family history of alcoholism late onset: initiate in late adolescence or emerging adulthood boys more likely to be early onset than girls
What are the core symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder?
excessive anxiety about separaton from home or loved ones overwhelming fear of being separated from attachment figures through catastrophic means (eg getting lost) associated with nightmares and physical symptoms avoidant behaviors (eg procrastinate during morning routine, refuse to go to school)
What are some treatment options for substance use?
family therapy individual therapy community reinforcement approaches (eg contingency contracting); community members give incentives for abstinence
What are treatment obstacles for substance use?
family therapy or family involvement should be a part of treatment dropout is common. treatment programs should minimize dropout and maximize motivation influenced by deviant peers. treatment should encourage peer support treatment should have comprehensive resources (eg vocational, familial, etc.) comorbid disorders need to be treated also
[what are the limitations of adhd environmental risk factor research? hint: 6 total]
many use retroactive designs which are subject to bias and inaccuracy do not use biomarkers not many longitudinal studies some don't consider environmental confounds (eg SES) many don't use genetically-informed designs many don't look at gene-environment interactions
[what is the rule switching task and what does it measure? how does this test work? how does this relate to adhd?]
measures cognitive flexibility have to press either the right or left button based on the character's color and direction. harder when opposite rules are combined adhd makes it harder to follow opposite rules
[what does the go/no-go task measure what are the two errors you could make in this task and how are they related to adhd?]
measures response suppression and sustained attention commissoin error: pressing when you're not supposed to press. measures difficulty with response suppression ommission error: not pressing when you are supposed to press; measure child's sustained attention
What are some treatments available to treat ADHD?
medication behavioral intervention: help individual manage symptoms to improve functioning (e.g. give kids with adhd more breaks during school work) Behavioral parent/teacher training: therapists teach parents effective parenting skills (e..g positive reinforcement) to manage kids Intensive peer intervention (e.g. summer treatment programs): programs that give kids the opportunity to interact with peers and develop social skills
[what are the 3 temperament/personality profiles in adhd]
normative emotional functioning high surgency, extraversion, and sensation-seeking high neuroticism and negative affect; often also have mood disorders (e.g. anxiety)
What are the core symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder?
persistent fear of social situations and potential scrutiny socializing provokes fear/anxiety (may lead to crying, tantrums, etc.) children may not recognize that fear is unreasonable avoid social situations or endure with intense fear/anxiety
[What are the three domains of anxiety?] What are some examples of anxiety symptoms? Make sure to be able to provide symptoms across three different domains.
physical, cognitive, behavioral examples: increased heart rate, thoughts of hurting loved ones, avoidance
[what is the neural basis for cognitive control/executive functioning?]
prefrontal cortex
What are the symptoms of substance use disorders? [Hint: 11 total]
problematic alcohol use leading to significant impairment/distress need 2 symptoms in a year-long period 1. take large amounts of alcohol or for longer than intended 2. constant desire to use alcohol 3. lots of time trying to use alcohol 4. alcohol craving 5. failure to fulfill major roles 6. keep using despite social/interpersonal problems 7. other activities given up bc of alcohol 8. recurrent use in dangerous situations 9. keep using despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems 10. develop tolerance 11. experience withdrawal
[define the following. synaptic refinement (pruning) myelination]
reduce gray matter by eliminating unnecessary neural connections increase myelin around synaptic connections to improve efficiency of neural connections; increases white matter
[explain how each brain structure is associated with adhd anterior cingulate cortex prefrontal cortex basal ganglia]
responsible for attention and decision making; executive functioning also executive functioning motor responses; differences in this structure could contribute to kids' reward responses and suppressing motor responses in response activation
define the alcohol effects pathways
some teens more sensitive than others to rewarding aspects of alcohol more sensitive to alcohol and have higher positive alcohol expectations if parents are alcoholics
define the deviance proneness pathways
teens with genetic risks for alcohol use problems more likely to associate with peers who had alcohol problems. more vulnerable to peer influence than those with low risk.
[define the following terms and how they relate to development bioecological model of development proximal contexts macrocontexts]
the contexts that influence child development are organized in layers contexts that the child interacts with directly (eg parents, school) contexts that the child does not interact with directly, but affects development by interacting with proximal contexts (eg school board, neighbors)
[true or false. adhd is not a classical disease with a lab test to diagnose it.]
true
[true or false. causes of adhd is unknown in most cases]
true
[true or false. teens more likely to take risks around peers bc they want approval]
true