PSYCH 162 Questions

what percentage of cannabis users develop CUD?

8-9%

what proportion of heroin users report first misusing prescription opioids? 20% 60% 80%

80%

To have the best chance of recovery with AA, individual should... a. attend meetings b. become affiliated with AA c. share their personal stories at meetings

B

which psychosocial interventions is the most effective for reducing depressive symptoms in individuals with OUD? a. contingency management b. behavioral couples therapy c. dialectical behavioral therapy d. motivational enhancement therapy e. CBT

CBT

Sally has a cocaine use disorder. She is very motivated by operant rewards and is willing to set aside money to help in her treatment.

Contingency Management

Lucy has a cannabis use disorder. She is interested in treatment and her partner is supportive of her.

Couples and Family Treatment

What neurotransmitter is linked to the amotivational state that occurs in cannabis users? Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate Cannabinoid GABA

Dopamine

Good pharmacological treatment can take the place of behavioral treatment. T/F

FALSE

Mutual help groups are effective because they place people in the care of professionals trained to deliver treatment. T/F

FALSE

The vast majority of addiction treatments on the market today are supported by scientific research. T/F

False

Theories of addiction can be based on intuitions that clinicians develop while seeing patients: T/F

False

Linus has an opiate use disorder. He is not ready to completely stop using.

Harm Reduction

Charlie has an alcohol use disorder. He is looking for a treatment that will increase his motivation to change his behavior.

Motivational Interviewing

Which theory recognized that all drugs of abuse increase the release of dopamine in the MDS? a. incentive sensitization theory b. allostasis theory c. pathology of motivation and choice theory d. psychostimulant theory

Psychostimulant theory

The MDS (mesolimbic dopamine system) is responsible for the rewarding effects of both sex and drugs: T/F

True

neurotransmitter dysregulation can occur as a result of psychosocial trauma: T/F

True factors that can cause NT dysregulation: 1. before person takes drug 2. from acute/ chronic drug taking 3. psychosocial factors 4. results from interactions

What is the abuse liability of nicotine? a. About 1 in 3 b. About 1 in 5 c. About 1 in 4

a. About 1 in 3

Carina is recovering from an alcohol use disorder. She does not drink alcohol any more, but still suffers from difficulty sleeping and anxiety. What medication would you prescribe to address these problems? a. Acamprosate b. Bupropion c. Disulfiram d. Naltrexone e. Suboxone

a. Acamprosate

Alcohol is a teratogen, which means... a. Alcohol damages developing fetuses b. The harms associated with consuming alcohol are dependent upon how much is consumed c. The effects of alcohol can be both acute and chronic d. Alcohol does not target a specific receptor in the brain

a. Alcohol damages developing fetuses

Which of the following is NOT a teratogenic consequence of smoking during pregnancy? a. Exposed babies have a lower IQ b. Exposed babies are lighter c. Exposed babies are smaller d. Exposed babies have reduced lung capacity

a. Exposed babies have a lower IQ

Nicolas is receiving a brief motivational interview intervention, he has received feedback on his drinking and indicated that he wants to cut-down. What should Nicolas's next step be? a. Identify concrete goals for cutting down b. Identify concrete strategies to cut-down his drinking c. Compare his drinking to others in his age group d. He has already met all the steps of a brief MI intervention

a. Identify concrete goals for cutting down

According to the allostatic model, drug addiction has characteristics of which two disorders? a. Impulse-control disorders and compulsive disorders b. Anxiety disorders and impulse-control disorders c. Compulsive disorders and mood disorders d. Mood disorders and personality disorders

a. Impulse-control disorders and compulsive disorders

Why is the COMBINE study considered a landmark study in the field of alcoholism research? a. It investigated the efficacy of a combination of different pharmacotherapies and psychotherapy as treatments for alcohol dependence. b. It was the first study of the efficacy of naltrexone as a treatment for alcohol dependence. c. It was the first study of the efficacy of acamprosate as a treatment for alcohol dependence.

a. It investigated the efficacy of a combination of different pharmacotherapies and psychotherapy as treatments for alcohol dependence.

Which of of the following contributes to the difficulty of studying cannabis in a research setting? a. Lack of standardization of dosage in different cannabis products b. It is difficult to finding willing research participants c. Researchers have not yet developed a relaible way to measure the concentration of THC in a person's system d. The effects of cannabis are highly variable between individuals

a. Lack of standardization of dosage in different cannabis products

Which of the following describes personalized medicine in the context of addiction? a. Matching a patient with the treatment they are most likely to benefit from b. Cultivating a highly empathetic interpersonal relationship between clinician and patient c. Combining medication with individualized cognitive behavioral therapy d. Prescribing the best therapeutic practices as recommended by research

a. Matching a patient with the treatment they are most likely to benefit from

Which of the following treatments is often used as a lead-in to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? a. Motivational Interviewing b. Contingency Management c. AA d. Brief Intervention

a. Motivational Interviewing - Based on principles of motivational psychology and is intended to enhance patient's intrinsic motivation for change - Stronger support for the use of MI with alcohol vs drugs - May be used in combination with different strategies in order to enhance treatment engagement Often used as a lead in to CBT to increase motivation for change before skills training occurs

According to pathology of motivation and choice theory, end-stage addiction is associated with changes in neurobiology to which brain region? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Dopamine reward system c. Nucleus accumbens d. Ventricle tegmantal area

a. Prefrontal cortex

How did the APA task force on empirically-validated treatments improve treatments for mental health disorders? a. The task force decided on a list of criteria by which consumers can judge the scientific support for different treatments. b. The task force generated ideas for novel theory-driven treatments c. The task force put together a list of FDA-approved medications for mental health disorders

a. The task force decided on a list of criteria by which consumers can judge the scientific support for different treatments criteria: 1. strength of associations 2. plausibility 3. specificity 4. consistency 5. temporality

In developmental psychopathology models, which developmental window is the most important period for the development of addiction? a. adolescence to young adulthood b. childhood to adolescence c. young adulthood to adulthood d. prenatal to childhood

a. adolescence to young adulthood

the psychostimulant theory of addiction posits which of the following? a. all drugs of abuse increase the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway b. all drugs of abuse increase the release of GABA in the amygdala c. All drugs of abuse increase positive feelings that people enjoy d. All drugs of abuse increase the release of glutamate in the central nervous system

a. all drugs of abuse increase the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Joan struggles with excessive anxiety, in the 1950s she would have likely been prescribed __ but now she is more likely to be prescribed__ a. barbiturates/ benzodiazepines b. opiates/ benzodiazepines c. opiates/ barbiturates d. barbiturates/ opiates e. benzodiazepines/ barbiturates

a. barbiturates/ benzodiazepines

John has a variant in his ALDHD2 gene which alters his ability to metabolize alcohol and causes a flushing response. How does this genetic polymorphism impact his likelihood to have an alcohol use disorder? a. Decreases the likelihood b. Does not affect the likelihood c. Increases the likelihood

a. decreases the likelihood

which of the following is FALSE about NT disregulation? a. It does not occur in every type of addiction b. it may be induced by a traumatic life event c. it may occur prior to the onset of drug use d. it may be caused by acute drug use

a. it does not occur in every type of addiction

Which substance use disorder has the highest heritability estimate? a. nicotine dependence b. cannabis use-disorder c. cocaine use disorder d. alcohol use disorder

a. nicotine dependence nicotine = 0.73 cannabis = 0.71 coke = 0.70 alcohol = 0.58

In cognitive processes models, __ expectancies __ the risk of subsequent drug use. a. positive; predict b. positive; decrease c. negative; predict d. negative; increase

a. positive; predict

__ is the biological process that occurs when drug use results in an increase in the number of receptors and/or an increase in sensitivity of remaining receptors a. sensitization b. tolerance c. withdrawal d. craving

a. sensitization

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that make up the Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire? a. Stimulation Reduction b. Activity Enhancement c. Social Lubrication d. Tension Reduction e. Performance Enhancement

a. stimulation reduction 7 factors: 1. global positive changes 2. changes in social behavior (social lubrication) 3. improved cognitive and motor abilities (performance enhancement) 4. sexual enhancement 5. cognitive and motor impairment 6. increased arousal 7. relaxation and tension reduction

When Carmen smokes marijuana, she feels relaxed, calm, and in high spirits. When Lena smokes marijuana, by contrast, she feels anxious and paranoid. Which of the following models attempts to explain why Carmen is more likely to develop a cannabis use disorder? a. Variability in drug effects b. Personality factors c. Social network perspective d. Reinforcement-based approach e. Cognitive processes

a. variability in drug effects

The novel medication laboratory procedure (the practice quit attempt) takes advantage of a ____________ design to increase statistical power. a. within-subject, crossover b. between-subject, crossover c. between-subject, placebo-controlled d. within-subject, effectiveness

a. within-subject, crossover

Urine toxicology scans can detect whether all of the following substances were consumed within a particular time frame EXCEPT... a. nicotine b. alcohol c. opiates d. cannabis

alcohol

___________ has a high lethality risk for opiates while __________ does not. a) Overdose/tolerance b) Tolerance/withdrawal c) Overdose/withdrawal d) Withdrawal/overdose

b) Tolerance/withdrawal

CBT focuses on "staying with the basics" early in recovery, which means... a)Focusing on cognitive restructuring b)Focusing on recovery activities c)Focusing on compliance with pharmacotherapy d)Addressing feelings of anhedonia

b)Focusing on recovery activities c)Focusing on compliance with pharmacotherapy

What is the final product of the metabolism of alcohol? a. Acetaldehyde b. Acetate and water c. Ethanol d. Alcohol dehydrogenase

b. Acetate and water Metabolizing alcohol: ethanol → acetaldehyde → aldehyde dehydrogenase → acetate + water

Francine has an alcohol use disorder, and was prescribed Disulfiram as part of her treatment. Often, Francine doesn't take the medication. What would you recommend to address this problem? a. Cognitive behavioral therapy b. BRENDA c. Brief intervention d. Prescribe Acamprosate

b. BRENDA

The primary target of THC in the brain is the _____ receptor. a. Anandamide b. CB1 c. CB2 d. Dopamine

b. CB1

Along with the best available research, which of the following make up evidence-based practice in psychology? a. Theoretical perspectives and patient characteristics b. Clinical expertise and patient characteristics c. Medical model and patient characteristics d. Contextual model and clinical expertise

b. Clinical expertise and patient characteristics

Fran, who has a cannabis use disorder, is currently receiving cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy. What scientifically supported treatment would you prescribe to improve her chance of recovery? a. Dronabinol b. Contingency management c. Naltrexone d. Dialectical behavioral therapy

b. Contingency management

Which of the following treatment models is most directly built upon the principles of the reinforcement-based approach? a. Harm reduction b. Contingency management c. Cognitive behavioral therapy d. Brief intervention e. Motivational interviewing

b. Contingency management

Marie is going to a work conference where she knows alcohol will be freely available. She asks her doctor to prescribe which medication to help her remain abstinent? a. Naltrexone b. Disulfiram c. Acamprosate

b. Disulfiram - naltrexone = opioid opiod receptor antagonist --> blunt reinforcing effects of alcohol/ DAMPENS REWARD RESPONSE - disulfiram = ALDH inhibitor --> blocks enzyme ALDH --> no metabolization ALDH --> flushing response --> won't drink as much - acamprosate = glutamatergic antagonist --> restore normal NMDA receptor tone in glutamate systems --> helps withdrawal symptoms of difficulty sleeping and anxiety

Dr. Jones is performing an experiment in which she gives non-alcoholic beer to participants. Study participants report feeling the stimulating and sedative effects of alcohol. This is an example of: a. Expectancies influencing the pharmacological effect of alcohol b. Expectancies causing the placebo effect c. Genetic variation causing the placebo effect d. Low level of response causing the placebo effect

b. Expectancies causing the placebo effect

Which of the following would yield the strongest evidence for the effectiveness of a new treatment? a. Highly controlled experimentation b. Experimentation in a naturalistic real-world context c. Aligning treatment with a biological theory of addiction d. A clinician observing the treatment's success with one of their own patients

b. Experimentation in a naturalistic real-world context

Preliminary data reviewed in class indicates that individuals diagnosed with ___________ may benefit from treatment with CBT and add-on serious videogames? a. Cocaine use disorder b. Gambling disorder c. Methamphetamine use disorder d. Amphetamine use disorder

b. Gambling disorder

Increasing the taxation on cigarettes is primarily directed at reducing cigarette consumption for which group of smokers? a. Individuals that are below the legal smoking age b. Individuals that have low socioeconomic status c. Individuals that are not heavy smokers d. Individuals with dual diagnoses

b. Individuals that have low socioeconomic status

Which of the following is a weakness of clinical observation as evidence for addiction treatments? a. It can only falsify treatments, not support them b. It is vulnerable to bias c. All of the other answers are weaknesses of clinical observation as evidence for addiction treatments d. It is time consuming e. The strength of association from clinical observations is typically weak

b. It is vulnerable to bias

Rachel's goes to her doctor who asks her about her smoking behavior and advises her on the risks and consequences of smoking. What type of intervention is this? a. Contingency management b. Minimal contact intervention c. Cognitive behavioral therapy d. Motivational interviewing intervention

b. Minimal contact intervention

Which psychological intervention has the most evidence-based support as a treatment for tobacco use disorder? a. Minimal Contact Intervention b. Motivational Interviewing c. Contingency Management d. Twelve-step program

b. Motivational Interviewing - pharmacologically = Varenicline

What is nicotine's target receptor in the brain? a. Nicotinic glutamate receptor b. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor c. Nicotinic dopamine receptor d. Nicotinic gaba receptor

b. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Ulysses used to drink a lot at the bar down the street from his apartment. He is now recovering, but he can no longer go to the bar because it makes him crave a drink. Which model of addiction explains why this might happen? a. Incentive sensitization theory b. Pathology of motivation and choice theory c. Allostasis theory d. Psychostimulant theory

b. Pathology of motivation and choice theory

Dr. Frizzle is developing a new treatment for alcohol use disorders. She procures funds to purchase ant farms for all of her patients to take care of and observes that in all cases, the patients recover. Dr. Frizzle tells a colleague, Dr. Liz, about her success, and Dr. Liz observes the same results in her own study with her own patients. Which criteria to evaluate the causal impact of a treatment on a given outcome is/are missing from this scenario? a. All of the other answers are missing from this scenario b. Plausibility c. Strength of association d. Consistency e. Temporality

b. Plausibility

What is one challenge present in behavioral therapy research that is not an issue in pharmacological research? a. The standardization of participant recruitment b. The standardization of a placebo condition c. Therapeutic model d. The standardization of drinking outcomes e. The standardization of sample sizes

b. The standardization of a placebo condition pharmacology = placebo is comparison group psychotherapy/ behavioral = placebo is hard to achieve

What is true of a treatment that is shown to be efficacious only? a. The treatment works in both controlled and real-world settings b. The treatment only works in controlled settings c. The treatment only works in real-world settings d. The treatment is not supported by carefully controlled experimentation

b. The treatment only works in controlled settings efficacious = controlled effectiveness = real world

What is one strength of brief interventions? a. They pair well with medications to support abstinence b. They are flexible with respect to patients' goals regarding substance use c. They are based on the principles of operant conditioning d. They are particularly effective for non-alcohol drugs of abuse

b. They are flexible with respect to patients' goals regarding substance use

Which of the following is not a use of the alcohol breathalyzer in a research context? a. To evaluate if a participant is abstinent over the past 12 hours. b. To determine if a participant had a drink in the past week. c. To determine if a participant is sober to complete a study visit. d. To evaluate the subjective effects of alcohol at different breath alcohol levels.

b. To determine if a participant had a drink in the past week.

What is the goal of methadone maintenance therapy? a. To stop any use of opiates b. To reach an optimal dose balancing opiate withdrawal and craving c. To reduce opioid tolerance d. To reduce chronic pain

b. To reach an optimal dose balancing opiate withdrawal and craving

If you were trying to convince someone that evidence-based practices can be implemented on a system-wide level, which of the following ideas would best make your case? a. A clinician's extremely detailed account of administering an evidence-based practice in their clinic b. Updating treatment practices in the VA using the QUERI example c. A new treatment practice that is supported by highly controlled experimentation d. Support for a new treatment from an open-label study

b. Updating treatment practices in the VA using the QUERI example

What is the general theory regarding the use of vaccines as a potential treatment for stimulant use disorder? a. Vaccines can be long acting agents to prevent tolerance and block stimulant effects in the body b. Vaccines can be long acting agents to prevent relapse and block stimulant effects in the brain c. Vaccines can be short acting agents to prevent withdrawal and block stimulant effects in the brain

b. Vaccines can be long acting agents to prevent relapse and block stimulant effects in the brain

What is cocaine's method of action within the brain? a. cocaine blocks DA release causing a decrease of DA in synapse b. cocaine blocks DA transporter causing increase of DA in synapse c. cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake causing an increase of DA in synapse d. coke releases DA directly into the synapse

b. cocaine blocks DA transporter causing increase of DA in synapse

The high from using ___ lasts 2-4 hours and the high from using __ lasts up to 8-10 hours a. methamphetamine/ coke b. coke/ methamphetamine c. methylphenidate/ methamphetamine d. methamphetamine/ methylphenidate

b. coke/ methamphetamine

According to the data reviewed in class, what conclusion can we draw about e-cigarette use in adolescents and young-adults? a. e-cigarette use is not associated with an increased risk of cigarette smoking initiation. b. e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of cigarette smoking initiation in the future. c. We don't have enough information to draw a conclusion about e-cigarette use in adolescents and young-adults. d. e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of cigarette smoking cessation in the future.

b. e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of cigarette smoking initiation in the future.

Which medication was developed to improve patient adherence to medication regimens? a. disulfiram b. extended-release naltrexone c. oral naltrexone d. acamprosate

b. extended-release naltrexone

Paolo goes to a clinic to receive a dose of methadone each day. What kind of treatment is Paolo receiving? a. Abstinence training b. Harm reduction c. Contingency management d. Exposure treatment

b. harm reduction

If multiple researchers test a new treatment in separate labs and observe similar results, what can we say about this new treatment? a. it is effective b. it is consistent c. it is plausible

b. it is consistent

The meta analysis of cannabis use and neurocognitive effects demonstrates that neurocognitive function __ after period of extended abstinence. a. does not recover b. may recover c. worsens

b. may recover

what is one of the common gender differences seen in gambling disorder? a. women are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while men tend to report non strategic types of gambling b. men are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while women end to report non strategic types of gambling c. men and women report equal rates of strategic and non strategic types of gambling

b. men are more likely to report strategic types of gambling, while women end to report non strategic types of gambling

Nabilone decreased cannabis __ and __ in the inpatient laboratory model a. tolerance; withdrawal b. self administration; withdrawal c. self administration; tolerance d. craving; tolerance

b. self administration; withdrawal

Nabilone decreased cannabis ______________ and ____________ in the inpatient laboratory model. a. self-administration; tolerance b. self-administration; withdrawal c. tolerance; withdrawal d. craving; tolerance

b. self-administration; withdrawal

ralph has chronic pain and is seeking treatment for his opioid use disorder? what is a recommendation for his treatment? a. weekly dosing of methadone b. split dosing of methadone c. weekly dosing of suboxone d. naltrexone injection

b. split dosing of methadone

Dr. Shepherd is developing a new behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorder. He has a small group of patients, all of whom know that they are receiving an experimental treatment. Which stage of development is his treatment currently in? a. Stage III b. Stage I c. Stage II

b. stage I stage 1 = pilot/ feasibility testing stage 2 = efficacy testing stage 3 = transportability + dissemination

When evaluating the quality of a treatment for addiction, what should you pay most attention to? a. how plausible the treatment sounds b. the strength of the evidence supporting the treatment c. how much the treatment has been used

b. the strength of the evidence supporting the treatment

which is not true about theories of addiction? a. theories of addiction articulate the important processes and mechanisms of addiction b. theories of addiction are a list of symptoms c. theories of addiction can inform clinical practice d. theories of addiction are grounded in empirical observations

b. theories of addiction are a list of symptoms

What is the past-month prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use? a) 52%, 50%, 20% b) 15%, 30%, 30% c) 23%, 52%, 7% d) 30%, 52%, 30%

c) 23%, 52%, 7%

Which of the following behavioral interventions for addiction is predicated on operant conditioning models? a)Cognitive Behavioral Therapy b)Motivational Interviewing c)Contingency Management d)Exposure Treatment

c) Contingency Management

How does California compare to the rest of the US in terms of smoking prevalence? a) Same as the rest of the country b) Smoking is more prevalent in California c) Smoking is less prevalent in California d) It used to be less prevalent but that has changed over the past 10 years

c) Smoking is less prevalent in California

Which of the following statement is TRUE of Motivational Interviewing? a)It is a stand alone treatment b)It always successfully addresses ambivalence c)It is often used as a lead-in to CBT d)It is predicated on operant conditioning models

c)It is often used as a lead-in to CBT

Which of the following individuals would benefit most from family therapy during recovery from a cannabis use disorder? a. Cory, a 24 year old man b. Beverly, a 24 year old woman c. Aiden, a 16 year old boy d. Devin, a 32 year old woman

c. Aiden, a 16 year old boy

Which of the following is/are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings? a. Learning to deliver new treatments is time-consuming for clinicians b. Clinicians may be reluctant to change their current habits c. All of the other answers are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings d. Many clinicians feel that research into new treatments is too abstract and does not apply to their specific patients

c. All of the other answers are problems with implementing evidence-based treatments in real-world settings

Which pharmacotherapy may be especially efficacious for individuals that have a dual diagnosis of depression and nicotine dependence? a. Varenicline b. Naltrexone c. Bupropion d. Nicotine patch

c. Bupropion

Betsy is attending a psychosocial therapy where she is asked to identify what happened before she used opiates and what happened after she used opiates. Betsy is most likely participating in what type of therapy? a. Contingency management b. Motivational interviewing c. Cognitive behavioral therapy d. Mutual help group

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy - CBT approaches, including relapse prevention, are grounded in social learning theories and principles of operant conditioning Defining features: - Emphasis on functional analysis - Skills training Skills training involves teaching patients - Recognize situations or states in which he/she is more vulnerable - Avoid high risk situations when possible - Use a range of behavioral and cognitive strategies to cope effectively with high risk situations

What would you look for in the brain if you wanted to show that eating cheese is addictive using psychostimulant theory? a. Looking at pictures of cheese causes a release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens b. Over time, eating cheese causes dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex c. Eating cheese causes a release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system d. Initially, eating cheese causes increases in mood but over time, individuals eat cheese just to feel normal

c. Eating cheese causes a release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine system

Elias takes the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol measure, and reports that when he first began drinking alcohol, it took only one drink for him to begin to feel the effects. Based on this information, why is Elias at a lower risk for developing an alcohol use disorder? a. Elias does not expect that alcohol will make him feel good b. Elias is a low responder to alcohol c. Elias does not have an innate tolerance to alcohol d. Elias has a higher than average innate tolerance to alcohol

c. Elias does not have an innate tolerance to alcohol - elias = high responder --> needs less alcohol to get drunk --> less likely to have AUD - low responder --> needs more alcohol to get drunk --> more likely to have AUD

Magda has an alcohol use disorder, but she does not have an abstinence goal -- she just wants to reduce her consumption. What treatment would you recommend for Magda? a. Contingency management b. Exposure treatment c. Harm reduction d. Alcoholics Anonymous

c. Harm reduction

Which medication does NOT show promise as treatments for gambling disorder? a. N-acetyl cysteine b. Nalmefene c. Lithium d. Naltrexone

c. Lithium

Dr. Smith shows his patient Joe a graph of his weekly reductions in drinking. This is an example of: a. Medical Model b. Identifying a gap in evidence-based practice c. Measurement-based practice d. Contextual Model

c. Measurement-based practice

Cannabis use is higher in _________ and highest among the ___________ age group a. Men vs. women, 12-17 year old b. Women vs. men, 12-17 year old c. Men vs. women; 18-29 year old d. Women vs. men, 18-29 year old

c. Men vs. women; 18-29 year old

Genetic linkage studies have been successful in which type of disorders? a. complex b. association c. mendelian d. high

c. Mendelian

Which of the following treatment methods works in part by providing a sober social outlet for the patients? a. Motivational interviewing b. Brief intervention c. Mutual help group d. Harm reduction

c. Mutual help group

Buster is trying to quit smoking, but he is struggling with withdrawal symptoms and cravings continuously throughout the day. What pharmacotherapy treatment would you recommend Buster try? a. Nicotine gum b. Bupropion c. Nicotine patch d. Naltrexone

c. Nicotine patch

The extended-release injectable naltrexone study that was discussed in section demonstrated that extended-release injectable naltrexone reduced which of the following over the course of the study? a. Co-use of opioids and alcohol b. Opioid withdrawal c. Opioid craving d. Opioid tolerance

c. Opioid craving naltrexone = opioid antagonist --> blocks high

Which of the following patient groups will benefit the MOST from pharmacotherapy? a. Patients who are non-adherent b. Patients with mild alcohol use disorders c. Patients with dual diagnoses d. Patients who are not reward drinkers

c. Patients with dual diagnoses

Why are the majority of states filing lawsuits against Purdue Pharma? a. Violating the CA: AB 1753 law b. Violating the federal SUPPORT act c. Repeatedly making false and deceptive claims that opiates, including OxyContin, were safe for a wide range of patients seeking to reduce pain d. Illegally giving an excessive amount of prescription opiates to physicians

c. Repeatedly making false and deceptive claims that opiates, including OxyContin, were safe for a wide range of patients seeking to reduce pain

Which compound is responsible for the psychoactive effects of marijuana? a. CBD b. Both THC and CBD c. THC d. Sativa e. Anandamide

c. THC

Which element(s) of cigarettes is/are carcinogenic? a. Nicotine b. Both tar and nicotine c. Tar

c. Tar

Which of the following is an FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for cannabis use disorder? a. Oxytocin b. Nabilone c. There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD d. Gabapentin e. Dronabinol

c. There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for CUD

Which of the following summarizes the empirical support for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? a. Most drinkers that have quit drinking used AA when quitting b. Recovery rates are not dependent upon whether or not an individual becomes affiliated with AA, just that the individual attends meetings c. There is a positive relationship between AA attendance and recovery d. There is little empirical support for AA

c. There is a positive relationship between AA attendance and recovery

Which of the following does NOT influence how alcohol is metabolized by the body? a. Rate of drinking b. Type of alcohol consumed c. Tolerance to alcohol d. Amount of food in the stomach

c. Tolerance to alcohol

Which pharmacological treatment is the most effective for smoking cessation? a. Bupropion b. Naltrexone c. Varenicline d. Nicotine replacement therapy

c. Varenicline

Which of the following is true about cocaine withdrawal? a. Withdrawal from cocaine is associated with increases in stimulation b. Withdrawal from cocaine requires immediate medical treatment c. Withdrawal from cocaine is non-physiological d. Withdrawal from cocaine is life-threatening

c. Withdrawal from cocaine is non-physiological

Brief motivational interventions are best for individuals with ________ use problems and a goal of _______? a. It is flexible in accommodating non-abstinence goals b. substance; reducing use c. alcohol; reducing use d. alcohol; complete abstinence e. substance; complete abstinence

c. alcohol; reducing use

naloxone, an opioid __ can __ an accidental opioid overdose. a. agonist; induce b. agonist; block c. antagonist; block d. antagonist; induce

c. antagonist; block

which of the following is NOT a CNS depressant? a. barbiturates b. benzodiazepenes c. coke d. opioids

c. coke

__ studies provide the initial evidence of heritability of a disorder, while __ studies provide heritability estimates. a. family; adoption b. association; family c. family; twin d. twin; family

c. family; twin

Both Genna and Miles are asked what they expect will happen if they drink alcohol. Genna expects alcohol to make her more social and stimulated. Miles expects that alcohol will make him feel sick and anxious. Who is more vulnerable to develop an alcohol problem based on these expectancies? a. Both are equally likely to develop an alcohol problem. b. Miles c. Genna

c. genna

According to the incentive sensitization theory, as individuals progress into compulsive drug taking, _______ decreases, while ________ increases. a. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement b. craving; intoxication c. liking; wanting d. preoccupation; withdrawal

c. liking; wanting

Patrick sees his hip friend, Sandy, using cocaine at a party and decides to try it too. What kind of peer influence is this? a. social norm b. overt offer c. modeling d. permissive social network

c. modeling

What is the most effective FDA approved medication for stimulant use disorder? a. naltrexone b. bupropion c. none of the other answers are FDA approved medications for stimulant use disorder d. antipsychotics e. methylphenidate

c. none of the other answers are FDA approved medications for stimulant use disorder

what is the gold standard of pharmacological treatment for opioid addiction? a. naltrexone b. contingency management c. opioid substitution therapy d. naloxone

c. opioid substitution therapy

Phase 1A studies investigate ________ in _________; while Phase 1B studies investigate _________ in _________. a. efficacy, healthy controls; efficacy, patient populations b. safety, patient population; efficacy; patient population c. safety, healthy controls; safety, patient populations d. safety, healthy controls; efficacy, healthy controls

c. safety, healthy controls; safety, patient populations

what is the underlying reasoning behind opioid substitution therapy? a. the danger of overdose is so significant that individuals need a substitute so that they do not overdose and risk death b. the acute effects of opiates are so powerful that individuals need a substitute to function normally c. the neuroadaptation due to opiates is so significant that individuals may never be able to function normally without opiates in their system the withdrawal from opiate use is so dangerous that individuals need substitutes to get relief

c. the neuroadaptation due to opiates is so significant that individuals may never be able to function normally without opiates in their system

Treatment of stimulant use disorder would be incomplete without which of the following components? a. contingency management b. pharmacological intervention c. urine toxicology screening d. talk therapy

c. urine toxicology screening

which of following is NOT an endogenous opioid peptide? a. enkaphlin b. endorphin c. zyklophin d. dynorphin

c. zyklophin

Which of the following is NOT a standard drink? a) 12 oz. on beer b) 5 oz. of wine c) 8-9 oz. of malt liquor d) 2 oz. of spirits e) 3 - 4 oz. of fortified wine

d) 2 oz. of spirits 12 = beer 8-9 = malt liquor 5 = table wine 3-4 = fortified wine 2-3 = codial liquor/aperitif 1.5 = brandy 1.5 = 80 proof spirits/ hard liquor

According to attribution theory and the familiarity hypothesis, what would be the most effective vignette to reduce UCLA students' negative stigma surrounding individuals with substance use disorders? a. A story about Viola, a young adult who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to find work as a screenwriter b. A story about Louis, a middle aged man who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to hold down a job and support his two children c. A story about Stacy, a middle aged woman who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is going through a tough divorce as a result d. A story about Miguel, a young adult college student who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to keep up with his classwork

d. A story about Miguel, a young adult college student who suffers from an alcohol use disorder and is struggling to keep up with his classwork

What is the 6-month abstention rate after receiving the best available treatment for nicotine use disorder? a. About 50% b. About 10% c. About 70% d. About 30%

d. About 30% Varenicline (chantix) - Partial nicotinic receptor antagonist, stimulating α4β2 and α3β4 receptors to provide withdrawal relief while inhibiting the rewarding effects of smoking - More effective than NRT and Bupropion with abstinence rates at 6 month follow up → 20-30% - Side effect profile is not as favorable: cardiovascular and psychiatric side effects

Which of the following strategies is NOT a recommended solution to the opioid crisis? a. Educating clinicians regarding optimal prescribing practices b. Changing public perception of the harms and risks of opioid use c. Bolster regulatory policies d. Banning all opioid medications

d. Banning all opioid medications

Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the allostatic theory of addiction? a. Carl continues using cannabis because the prefrontal regions of his brain have undergone adaptions which limit their ability to exert control over behavior. b. Sheila uses cocaine because it causes dopamine release in her brain. She continues to take cocaine because of its rewarding effects. c. Alex walks past the park where she used to use heroin. Now she has a strong desire to use heroin. d. Bob started drinking because he liked the way it made him feel. Now he drinks to feel normal and relieve his withdrawal symptoms.

d. Bob started drinking because he liked the way it made him feel. Now he drinks to feel normal and relieve his withdrawal symptoms. a --> pathology of motivation + choice b --> psychostimulant c --> incentive sensitization d --> allostasis

what should be the first line of treatment for an individual with gambling disorder? a. family therapy b. gamblers anonymous c. motivational interviewing d. CBT

d. CBT

What psychosocial interventions does the matrix model integrate? a. 12 step facilitation, family education and motivational interviewing b. CBT, contingency management, 12 step facilitation c. contingency management, 12 step facilitation, and family education d. CBT, 12 step facilitation and family education

d. CBT, 12 step facilitation and family education

Which of the following is not a criterion that is used to determine if there is a causal impact of a treatment on an outcome? a. Consistency b. Temporality c. Plausability d. Clinical observation

d. Clinical observation Criteria: 1. Strength of association 2. Temporality 3. Specificity 4. Consistency 5. Plausibility

Based on current evidence, which psychosocial treatment, or combination of psychosocial treatments is most effective for cannabis use disorder? a. Combination of twelve-step facilitation and cognitive behavioral therapy b. Contingency management alone c. Combination of family therapy and contingency management d. Combination of motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and contingency management

d. Combination of motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and contingency management

Noah receives a voucher for showing up to treatment visits with a negative urine toxicology screen. What type of psychosocial treatment is Noah participating in? a. Cognitive behavioral therapy b. Harm reduction c. Motivational interviewing d. Contingency management

d. Contingency management

Mark smokes e-cigarettes instead of traditional cigarettes. What biomarker should researchers use to evaluate if he has been smoking? a. Carbon monoxide level in urine b. Carbon monoxide level in breath c. Cotinine level in breath d. Cotinine level in urine

d. Cotinine level in urine

Which of the following scenarios would be characterized as the best example of incentive sensitization theory? a. At first, Vince started using opiates for the high they made him feel, but now he uses them just to feel normal b. Rats that have been exposed to cocaine will self-administer the drug when they are given the opportunity to do so c. Ronald, who has a cannabis use disorder, knows that his use is problematic but has a very hard time exerting executive control to resist use d. Delmy can't go to her favorite pub any more because the atmosphere triggers a strong craving to use alcohol

d. Delmy can't go to her favorite pub any more because the atmosphere triggers a strong craving to use alcohol

Pharmacotherapies address which two broad objectives? a. Reducing use and establishing abstinence b. Reducing use and preventing relapse c. Establishing initial abstinence and addressing sensitization in the brain d. Establishing initial abstinence and preventing relapse

d. Establishing initial abstinence and preventing relapse

What is not a symptom of cannabis withdrawal? a. lack of energy b. Loss of appetite c. Dysphoria d. Euphoria

d. Euphoria

What type of CBT treatment is recommended for opiate use disorder? a. Standard, 12-week CBT b. CBT is not a recommended treatment for OUD c. Single-session CBT d. High-intensity, 6-month CBT

d. High-intensity, 6-month CBT

Why is alcohol called a "dirty drug"? a. It can cause overdose and death b. It causes disinhibition and poor decision-making c. It increases breath alcohol content d. It has no specific receptor that it activates in the brain

d. It has no specific receptor that it activates in the brain

Dr. Jones uses the Outcome Questionnaire to evaluate psychological symptoms in her patients over the course of therapy. What type of practice/model is Dr. Jones following? a. Implementation model b. Empirically supported treatment c. Medical model d. Measurement-based practice

d. Measurement-based practice

Why might talk therapy be a suboptimal treatment for methamphetamine dependent individuals? a. Methamphetamine dependent indiviudals do not typically have dual diagnoses b. The long term effectiveness of talk therapy is questionable for methamphetamine dependent individuals c. Methamphetamine dependent individuals typically get aggressive when questioned about their use d. Prolonged methamphetamine use damages the areas of the brain that are responsible for maintaining thoughts and recalling words

d. Prolonged methamphetamine use damages the areas of the brain that are responsible for maintaining thoughts and recalling words

Which of the following is not a major goal of cannabis use disorder medication development? a. Reducing the rewarding effects of cannabis b. Reducing cannabis withdrawal symptoms c. Reducing cravings for cannabis d. Reducing tolerance to cannabis

d. Reducing tolerance to cannabis

What is the primary outcome of the COMBINE trial? a. Supported prescribing acamprosate in the context of primary care b. Supported prescribing naltrexone combined with CBT c. Supported prescribing acamprosate combined with CBT d. Supported prescribing naltrexone in the context of primary care

d. Supported prescribing naltrexone in the context of primary care

Which of the following most accurately describes the current state of evidence-based psychosocial treatments in the US? a. Evidence-based treatment programs have been adopted in most inpatient programs, which are common in the US today b. Most available treatment programs are evidence-based c. While there used to be few evidence-based programs available, now most treatment programs are evidence-based d. There are few evidence-based treatment programs available

d. There are few evidence-based treatment programs available

Benjamin has a stimulant use disorder and wishes he could see a therapist multiple times a day, even though his therapist is so busy that he can only see Benjamin once a week. What would you recommend to Benjamin to address this specific problem? a. Motivational interviewing b. Contingency management c. Cognitive behavioral therapy d. Twelve-step program

d. Twelve-step program

Compared to other drugs of abuse, methamphetamine use is associated with higher rates of __ a. fine motor defects b. relapse c. gross motor deficits d. cognitive deficits

d. cognitive deficits

Addiction is a __ disorder attributed to the interaction between __ and __ factors. a. complex; environmental; endophenotypic b. single gene; phenotypic; environmental c. mendelian; genetic; phenotypic d. complex; genetic; environmental

d. complex; genetic; environmental

Which are the top two evidence based interventions for psychostimulant use disorder? a. family therapy and CBT b. 12 step facilitation and CBT c. motivational interviewing and contingency management d. contingency management and CBT

d. contingency management and CBT

The incentive sensitization theory places a particular focus on: a. Desensitization of the reward system b. Negative reinforcement c. Prefrontal cortex d. Drug cues

d. drug cues

When people pour their own drinks; most people pour _______ than a standard drink, which leads them to ________ their alcohol consumption. a. less; overestimate b. less; underestimate c. more; overestimate d. more; underestimate

d. more; underestimate

What is the biggest weakness of contingency management? a. contingency management requires experienced, trained therapists b. patients are not interested in receiving contingency management c. contingency management is too expensive to deliver widely d. outcomes are not sustained beyond the end of treatment delivery

d. outcomes are not sustained beyond the end of treatment delivery

Nicole has a severe alcohol use disorder and is in the end-stage of addiction, the pathology of motivation and choice theory suggests that glutamatergic projections from the _____ to the ______ have been impacted. a. nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex b. prefrontal cortex; amygdala c. amygdala, prefrontal cortex d. prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens

d. prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens

Behavioral economics is an example of what type of psychosocial addiction model? a. Variability in acute drug effects model b. Personality factors model c. Cognitive Processes model d. Reinforcement-based model

d. reinforcement- based model

Mona, a young adult college student, has an alcohol use disorder. Most of her friends drink heavily. This example is supported by which model of addiction? a. Social influences and mechanisms b. Personality factors c. Sociocultural influences d. Social networks e. Developmental psychopathology

d. social networks

Which of the following is TRUE of anhedonia in addiction? a)It represents a threat to recovery b)It can be treated in CBT c)It represents a normal process of brain recovery from repeated substance use d)A & C e)All of the above

e)All of the above

What is the main cause of death directly due to chronic alcohol use? a. Cardiomyopathy b. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome c. Suffocating on vomit d. Automobile accident e. Liver cirrhosis

e. Liver cirrhosis

Gary, a smoker, goes to his primary care physician. When he tells his primary care physician that he is a smoker, what kind of treatment will the physician likely offer? a. Recommendation for light cigarettes b. Contingency management c. The physician cannot offer any treatment d. Smoking cessation specialist treatment e. Minimal contact intervention

e. Minimal contact intervention

Which of the following medications for alcohol use disorder works by dampening the rewarding effects of alcohol? a. Acamprosate b. Suboxone c. Bupropion d. Disulfiram e. Naltrexone

e. Naltrexone

currently which opioid drug is associated with the majority of opioid overdoses? oxycodone fentanyl methadone suboxone

fentanyl

Compared to cannabis sold in state legal dispensaries, federally produced cannabis contains __ percentage of THC and CBD.

lower

Compared to cannabis sold in state-legal dispensaries, federally produced cannabis contains ___________ percentages of THC and CBD. higher lower equivalent

lower

The meta-analysis of cannabis use and neurocognitive effects demonstrates that neurocognitive function _________________ after periods of extended abstinence. does not recover worsens may recover

may recover

Neuroplasticity in which brain region is responsible for the assignment of salience to drug related cues? a. nucleus accumbens b. anterior cingulate cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. ventral tegmental area

nucleus accumbens

Which phase of the treatment implementation and development model does the VA QUERI program best fit into?

phase 4

Allostasis theory suggests that when someone begins using drugs, they begin using because of ________ reinforcement. Over time, once they have become addicted, they continue use drugs because of _________ reinforcement.

positive/ negative