Psych 180 Final Part 1

Today, it takes a student 5-6 years to complete a 4-year Bachelor's degree. Why? 1._________ 2._________ 3._________

1. To pay for the expense, students will often get part time jobs and when midterm comes, they will likely drop the class work/ or class over work. Their world falls on them. 2. Tuition rates are 4 times higher today than the 1980's. 3. Shift from grants to loans. More loans now.

Today the US ranks 12th for number of college graduates. Why? 1. ? 2. ?

1. Way too expensive (schooling) in the U.S now 2. 30 years ago, many came from outside for college, however in those countries, they have now developed their own education system. So they stay there now.

Flow occurs most often when individuals: 1.__________ 2.__________ 3.__________ (on exam)

1. You will become absorbed in your work where you will lose track of time. 2. In a state where you are challenged but not too challenged. Need perfect balance. 3. Flow will occur once you develop a sense of mastery of whatever you're doing.

What kinds of jobs are U.S. adolescents working at today? About 21% of U.S. 12th-graders who work do so in _______ Another 23% work in __________

21% work in Restaurants: bussers, hostesses, servers. 23% work in Retail stores

Right now, college grads under 25 have a ____ chance of being under or unemployed. Why are apprenticeships going down in the US?

50% Because we are a capitalist society. -It costs a lot of money to put someone through college in the United States.

Russia has the largest percentage of 18- to 21-year-olds enrolled in college. What is it ___ %?

53.5%

Female undergraduate population?

58%

White students % black students % latino student % who enter college?

60% 55% 33.3%

By the year 2010, ___% of young people had not obtained a high school diploma by age 24.

8%, 24

Which year plan has the best results? (on exam)

8-4 year plan because it is healthy for students to get comfortable with their peers and teachers. 8 years in elementary, 4 HS. -The more you flip them up, the more students will struggle.

What is performance orientation? (on exam)

Adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than on achieving.

What is mastery orientation? (on exam)

Adolescents with this orientation are task oriented; instead of focusing on ability, they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome.

What is helpless orientation? (on exam)

Adolescents with this orientation seem trapped by the experience of difficulty; attribute their difficulty to lack of ability.

____________ is where an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession The German example: ____ % of all 16- to 18-year-olds are in that program.

Apprenticeship 60% are in apprenticeship programs.

One effective strategy for creating positive classroom environments is to use the _____________ strategy. • This strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring.

Authoritative strategy. (high in everything and low in punishment) • This strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring.

Why is common core unfair? 1. ________? 2. ________? (on exam)

Because 1. Parents teach/taught a lot of different ways, kids get a lot of different types of help on homework. 2. It assumes every kid in every school in the U.S. is on the same developmental path.

Additionally, 60% working of adolescents tend to engage in occupational deviance, such as falsely calling in sick and stealing things from work. Why? (on exam)

Because they don't care about the company, they know they won't be there for the rest of their lives.

__________ __________ most recent analysis of motivation for achievement stresses the importance of adolescents developing a __________, the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves. (on exam)

Carol Dweck's and developing a mindset.

What is massification?

Idea that college could benefit everyone (the masses) -U.S was the first country to endorse this I.D -Today, U.S ranks 12th for number of college graduates.

What is the Big Fish in a little pond effect?

If surrounded by in schools with lower achievement levels, adolescents have better academic self-concepts and expectations. -Even low-achieving adolescents with high-achieving friends are likely to have higher expectations and aspirations

What is a growth mindset? (on exam)

Individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

What is School Climate? (on exam)

It includes the quality of interactions between teachers and students in the classroom, expectations of standards, and methods used in the classroom. good school climate --> More likely to communicate with students and have happy students. Good environment.

What is a Constructivist approach? (On Exam)

It is a learner-centered approach -which emphasizes the importance of individual actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. (monetary school) - Given area and tools to do whatever they want (to kids). -Not to force them to sit down and learn something, -Want them to explore / building blocks / drawing and etc.

What is a fixed mindset? (on exam)

It is when individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change. - more likely to occur in females than males, e.g. they're bad at math, so they give up.

Too often parents attempt to protect children's and adolescents' self-esteem by setting low standards. Children and adolescents who are not challenged may develop ______ standards for themselves.

LOW standard for themselves.

An alternative to traditional college: Apprenticeship in the US How do they work in the US?

Large corporations go into high schools and community colleges and recruit that way (16-19 years old) -walk away with associates, if you're lucky, get a masters. Train to continue working.

What is a Comprehensive High School? (On Exam)

Students have classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational training. -It leads to a decline in math and science scores in the U.S -Started declining in the 1980's

Developmental psychologists _____________ and _______________ found that adolescents often show ______ distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances.

Valanne Henderson and Carol Dweck two

Do you think the more generations Asian American or Latino adolescent's family has been in the US, the better they do in school? Why or why not? (on exam)

Yes, the longer their families are here in the U.S, the worse adolescents do in every generation in school. Because motivation and effort dies, entrenched in American values (socializing and making friends, hanging out, and having part time jobs.

Asian Americans who enter college?

over 70%

What is extrinsic motivation? (on exam)

refers to doing a behavior to receive rewards from others.

In European countries, ____________________ programs are a basic part of the national government for adolescents and emerging adults In the U.S. there is no _____________ about the value of such programs.

school-to-work programs. political consensus

on average in high school, sophomore's work ____ hours a week while seniors work ____ hours a week

sophomore's worked 15 hours a week while seniors worked 20 hours a week

What are four characteristics of giftedness and what do they mean? (on exam)

1. Precocity- Whatever gift you have, it comes out at a very young age. 2. Independence- kids who are truly gifted get annoyed by working with others. They want to be independent. 3. Drive for mastery- Work on whatever that thing is for however long it takes. 4. Excellence in information processing- Standard IQ test, learn things very quickly with little effort. Make fewer errors.

What are at least two issues with the claims that working as an adolescent causes poor school performance? (on exam)

1. Self-selection: -those who already do not like school are more likely to get a job 2. Low socio economic status (LOW SES): -it's not that having the job makes you do worse in school, but things in your environment that bothers you that does.

What are common features of the apprenticeship programs?

-Entry at age 16 -Apprenticeship lasting 2-3 years -Continued part time schooling while apprenticing -School curriculum closely connected with training -Training that takes place in the workplace -Preparation for a career in a respected profession that provides an adequate income

What are some alternative dropout interventions?

1. Alternative school/ night school -good attention from staff -low student teacher ratios -Starting early - the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring. 2. IHAD- I Have A Dream by Eugene Lang -Local project administrators adopt a class where dropout rates are high. Help them along, and then pay for college.

What are four reasons why adolescents drop out?

1. Approximately 1/3 of girls drop out for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage. 2. Low SES. 3. Sensation seeking personalities which lead to school-related problems. 4. Parents or friends who dropped out, which is correlated with a host of other issues.

Best academic performance in order? 1. 2. 3. 4. What explains these differences? (on exam) 1. 2.

1. Asian Americans 2. Whites 3. African Americans 4. Latino's 1. Cultural Values -parenting styles explains these differences. -Asians: you can do it!! Effort prevails -Whites: you're gifted or not 2. Social economic status (SES) -school funding is lower,

What are the two types of self handicapping and what do they do? 1. 2. (on exam)

1. Behavioral- person actually creates impediments to performance (neglects to study) 2. Claimed- person CLAIMS something else impedes performance e.g. (didn't get enough sleep, had other exams in mind) Both these handicaps make you feel better.

Secondary Education in Industrialized Countries: European Countries: 1. College Preparatory: _______ attend 2. Vocational School: _____ attend 3. Professional School _____ attend -Europeans must decide on the type of schooling at a young age

1. College prep: ½ attend 2. Vocational school: ¼ attend. 3. Professional school: ¼ attend

College Life: What are the Four Subcultures?

1. Collegiate -Pursues fun 2. Vocational -Pursues a degree 3. Academic -Pursues knowledge 4. Rebel -Pursues an Identity

what are the five occupational development and who was it by?

1. Crystallization (age 14 to 18) - early adolescence areas where we figure out who we are and what we exactly want to do with our career ex: "I'm going to be famous or maybe I'll be a teacher" 2. Specification (age 18 to 21) - decided what you want to do, but now into specifics of goals ex: "how are you going to be a teacher, what are you going to exactly do, what level of students" 3. Implementation (age 21 to 24) - Age 21-24, college age, where you develop skills needed for your career. 4. Stabilization (age 25 to 35) - Suffering in first job, moves on to consolidation (realizing that it was all a fantasy of a perfect job), no matter what you chose you can't be instantly happy with it ex: bad principals in school 5. Consolidation (age 35 and up) - finished college, stabilizing their career Donald Super's Giannantonio & Hurley-Hanson,

Students are more motivated to learn when: 1. 2. 3.

1. Given choices on how you learn. Enjoy what they're doing, not extrinsic motivation. 2. Materials is appropriately challenging. 3. They're getting some kind of informational value.

Critics argue that the NCLB legislation is doing more HARM than good. 1. Teachers are "Teaching to the test" -----> ???? 2. Treating learning like an IQ test. --------> ????? 3. States setting up their own standards: Mississippi vs Massachusetts. ---> ????? (On Exam)

1. Instead of being good thinkers, we are now producing good memorizers. 2. Creativity, social skills, flexible thinking does not matter when you start teaching students like an IQ test. 3. Small/Low standards for reading VS Massachusetts. (Only half of the kids in Massachusetts can read VS in Mississippi where their standards for reading are lower).

What are two main of evidence that points to the main problems in American education lie "beyond the classroom"? (on exam) 1. _____ 2. _____

1. Parent's expectations for achievement 2. Parent's involvement in their adolescents child's education: -parenting styles have an impact

What is Common Core? (On Exam)

Common core was implemented in 2009 in order to implement more rigorous state guidelines for EDUCATING students. -Teach all the same way, not fair that one school gets more funding due to teaching differences. - A lot of criticism. -(in the US) It is a set of educational standards for teaching and testing English and mathematics between kindergarten and 12th grade. -"the Common Core outlines skills and knowledge that public school students should acquire in each grade"

What do Critics of the direct instruction say? (on Exam)

Critics of the direct instruction approach say that with the direct instruction TURNS people into poor thinkers into POOR thinkers and PASSIVE learners.

What is Direct Instruction? (On Exam)

Direct instruction approach is a structured, -teacher-centered approach that is characterized by: 1. Teacher direction and control. 2. High teacher expectations for student's progress. 3. Maximum time spent by students on academic tasks. 4. Efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.

What might happen if we begin to reward a behavior someone was already doing and enjoying? (on exam)

Extrinsic motivation will replace the intrinsic motivation.

In relation to school, the influence of friends is ______ than that of parents in some respects: -consistency of class attendance -time spent doing homework -how hard they try -grades

Greater -neighborhood does matter

School sizes matter: What do large school offer? ____ and small schools have less _____ and more likely to participate in what ______ ? (on exam)

Large schools offer MORE diverse courses and extracurricular activities. Small schools have lesser diversity in their offerings. - Less diverse courses and diversity -Students are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities. SMALL schools score higher in state mandated tests and emotional well-being scores. Also have better peer relations.

Accountability in the U.S: -Since the 1990s, the U.S. public and governments at every level have demanded increased accountability from schools. - This approach became a ________ policy in ________ when the No child left behind (NCLB) legislation was signed into law.

National policy and in 2002.

This strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. (not the bottom, for context) Permissive ________ leads to -----> in classroom ?

No classroom management, no consequences for anything! ♣Both (authoritarian) produce students who had a hard time with independence, so their use to being controlled or not controlled and it effects their ability to be motivated.

Recent high school graduate that enter college?

OVER 60%

Flow is used to describe ______ experiences in life.

Optimal experiences in life. Flow - Perceived levels of challenge and skill can result in different outcomes. Flow is most likely to occur in areas in which adolescents are challenged and perceive themselves as having a high degree of skill.

When college students are asked about their satisfaction with classes, the most common theme that emerges is whether or not _________ was achieved. (on exam)

Personal Growth

This strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. (not the bottom, for context) Authoritarian _______ leads to -----> in classroom ?

Punishing too much is not very effective. No matter if teacher is right or wrong, you're not allowed to have an opinion or talk back. -Leads to /goes by route memorization. ♣Both produce (permissive) students who had a hard time with independence, so their use to being controlled or not controlled and it effects their ability to be motivated.

The Classroom Experience- Large vs. small classes:?

Students report higher satisfaction with smaller classes. Small colleges rank highest in the positive measures -(e.g., "Professors make themselves accessible," and "Professors bring material to life." Large universities rank highest on the negative measures -(e.g., "Professors make themselves scarce," and "Professors suck all life from material." Large classes: • The professor is a speck on the stage • Class periods are heavily lecture-based

Todays there's too much emphasis on _______ control. And today's middle schools and junior high have LESS individual ________ between teachers and students.

Teacher Control and Less Individual Contact.

What is self-efficacy? (on exam)

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. -Critical factor in whether or not adolescents achieve. -has much in common with mastery motivation -high self-efficacy adolescents had higher academic aspirations, spent more time doing homework, and were more likely to associate learning activities with optimal experience than did their low self-efficacy counterparts.

What is self handicapping? (on exam)

The fragile self-confidence they develop from reaching these low expectations can be shattered the first time they encounter more challenging work and are held to higher standards, or they may begin self-handicapping. Self-handicapping refers to actions or statements we make that allow us to avoid effort or responsibility for potential failures that could damage our self-esteem. Managing how we perceive ourselves and/or how others perceive us when we fail at something • 2 Types of it.

Why is the dropout rate highest for Latinos? (on exam)

The language barriers, they value education but it gets in the way.

One study of 222 undergraduates compared the upper 10% of college students who were very happy with average and very unhappy college students. The very happy students were _____? (on exam)

The most social in college, tend to go to all campus events, have lots of friends, and romantic relationships in college.

What do Critics of the Constructivist approach say? (On Exam)

There's not enough attention given to consent. To things that we feel students should be learning.

Why do adolescents self-handicap? (on exam)

To feel better about themselves.

What is post formal thought? (on exam)

Understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary situationally. •Depends on several factors: oStatus (freshman, senior) oType of major - liberal arts vs. business ♣Whether or not you can think critically or not. Psychology majors can think better critically than business majors. oStyle of professor (Fact-based vs question based) oCourse materials (active learning activities/ paper writing)

Work and Psychological Functioning Up to 10 hours per week ? Beyond 10 hours per week ? Beyond 20 hours per week ?

Up to 10 hours- • Not related to any psychological symptoms • Little effect on adolescent development Beyond 10 hours- • Anxiety, Depression, Sleep per night declines • Disruptive to eating and exercise habits • More likely to use alcohol and smoke cigarettes Beyond 20 hours- • Problems become considerably worse • Likely using alcohol, drugs, and/or cigarettes • Vandalism, driving while intoxicated, getting in to physical fights

Self-efficacy is affected by the student's ______ about themselves.

belief about themselves. -How good they are in comparison to others. -How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities. How hard students work also depend on the value they place on the goal.

Adolescents benefit when both parents and teachers have ______ expectations for them and provide the necessary ______ for them to meet those expectations.

high expectations and provide necessary support for them.

Challenges in defining giftedness have implications for gifted education. In some schools, nearly half the students are "gifted" Problem with this?

if everyone is winning, so who is the winner? Who is truly gifted? Hard to know. Hard to put programs in place for the truly gifted students.

What is intrinsic motivation? (on exam)

it refers to the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake. The reward is internalized as a feeling of satisfaction.