PSYCH #2 Test Chapter 12

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.

Dispositionism

Which example best exemplifies homophily?

Laura and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by their social situations

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

Social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is least true?

Stereotyping is only related to racial discrimination.

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following best exemplifies situation that might influence behavior?

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.

bystander effect

In persuasive messages, the careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing?

central

Sheila believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Sheila encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Sheila ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

conformity

Asch is to _______ as Milgram is to ______.

conformity; obedience

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot in the door

Which of the following is a best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Generalizing from research, we can predict that the presence of others will _____ performance on well-learned tasks and _____ performance on novel or challenging tasks.

increase; decrease

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

If people view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, then they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.

informational

Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information?

informational

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

As it relates to social psychology, a script is a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________.

reciprocity

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study?

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most incorrect?

Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.

Which statement about groupthink is most correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which of the following is the best example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard-working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Who became famous for electrical-shocking people as part of a psychology experiment?

Milgram

People use a central route of processing information when

People are analytical

Which of the following statements is most incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.

The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior.

The word "Asch" should be replaced with "Zimbardo"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.

The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.

If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?

Yale attitude change

Which of the following is a best example of actor-observer bias?

Zhang believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo did not use a control group.

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

Billy is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up too many important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger and more capable people.

ageist

Which of the following is a best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is a best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Discrimination and prejudice ______.

are related concepts, but are different.

Stereotyping and prejudice ______.

are related concepts, but are different.

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

central route

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is best called ________.

companionate

Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?

compliance with the commands of authority figures

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

confederate

Groupthink is group decision-making on the basis of reaching a(an) _______ within the group rather than a critical evaluation of the issues which sometimes can lead to wrong decisions when groups fail to objectively weigh the facts at hand.

consensus

Cognitive dissonance may be reduced by changing one's behavior to be _____with one's attitudes or beliefs; changing one's attitudes or beliefs to fit one's _____, attempting to _____ any inconsistency between behaviors and attitudes or beliefs, or simply _____any discrepancies.

consistent, behavior, rationalize, ignore

Ashley and James share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.

consummate

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is best an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

easier to persuade

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is best called ________.

empty

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is best called ___.

fatuous

Chi-en canvasses for her favorite politicians. She has discovered that asking someone to do a small favor makes it easier to convince that person to do a larger favor that supports her candidate. Which technique of persuasion has Shiloh discovered?

foot in the door

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following best exemplifies an example of interpersonal behavior?

group processes

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

groupthink

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of __.

instrumental aggression

What do each of the following social psychology principles have most in common? Social loafing, diffusion of responsibility, bystander effect

lack of action

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Both prejudice and discrimination are ________.

morally wrong.

Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are

more likely to show a fundamental attribution error

People should ______discriminate against others on the basis of skin color.

never

A main point of the Milgram experiment was to show _______.

normal people can behave poorly if not personally accountable. [Text pp. 424-425]

Cognitive dissonance results when

one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?

peripheral route

Which of the following least describes an element impacting persuasion?

political preference

Heather and Mark share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________.

reciprocity

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is best called ________.

romantic

A held expectation that alters one's behavior in ways that tend to make it true is called ____.

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This best is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

Dale thinks that women never deserve to make money and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

sexist

Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill.

situationist

David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory.

social exchange

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called ___________.

social loafing.

Who was Stanley Milgram?

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Joan generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Joan may be applying ________ (negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group).

stereotypes

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Which of the following is a best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.

the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother