PSYCH 2000 Test 2

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

what occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

in what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

NREM stage 2

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

which of the following does NOT enhance memory?

Staying awake all night to learn information

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

adaptive/ evolutionary

the ____ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

alpha

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?

amygdala

a theta wave is a type of ____-

brain wave that dominates stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes

. Which part of the brain is involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change "transitional" to "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

cognitive behaviorial

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What type of long-term memory do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.?

he lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occured prior to the surgery

which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?

less exposure to carcinogens

what hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

in operant conditioning, _____ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

in operant conditioning what process described ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

which of the following is NOT true of punishment?

punishment has no adverse effects or problems

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cognitive

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops.

stimulus discrimination

____________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

in classical conditioning, the _____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (ie the stimulus)

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school