Psych 201 Final

X chromosome

A girl with Turner Syndrome either has a missing or partial _____________ Z chromosome Y chromosome Either an X or Y chromosome X chromosome

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

A hypothesis is a: - statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research. - statement about something you are interested in. - formal definition of an independent variable. - frustrating state of existence.

heuristic

A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) ________. heuristic trial and error algorithm rare

startle in response to the sight of a balloon

A newborn infant displays the following reflexes EXCEPT which of the following? - stepping/walking reflex in response to having feet placed on a flat object - swimming reflex when placed in water - startle in response to the sight of a balloon - rooting/turning head in response to a stroke to their cheek

positively reinforced

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior of buying the child a toy has been _______. positively punished negative punishment positively reinforced negatively reinforced

Do something to hurt someone's feelings and not feel any regret for their actions

A person with antisocial personality disorder would exhibit which of the following behaviors? - Avoidance of social settings and people in general - Often be suspicious of others and think everyone is out to get them - Do something to hurt someone's feelings and not feel any regret for their actions - Seeking excessive reassurance and praise from those around them

trichromat

A person with normal color vision is labeled a ________. dichromat trichromat monochromat bichromat

sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______. narcolepsy insomnia leep apnea somnambulism

correlation coefficient

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables. non-varying constant independent variable dependent variable correlation coefficient

episodic memories

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _________ of the event. episodic memories semantic memories procedural memories prospective memories

global economy

According to Arnett, which of the following is not a contributing factor to the relatively new concept of emerging adulthood? sexual revolution global economy youth movement technology economy

it stands for rational ways of coping with frustration

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego? - It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration. - It demands instant gratification without consideration for other people. - It develops as one incorporates the moral standards of the members of the community. - It holds up models of an ideal self and helps handing out judgments of right and wrong.

resistance

According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? preoperational resistance exhaustion formal operational

not the same for everyone

According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is -the same for everyone. changeable depending on age and gender. Correct! not the same for everyone. dependent on context and mood of the invididual.

situational or environmental influences

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by __________. - mostly our genetics with a little influence by our situational influences - genetic influences - an equal contribution of genetic and environmental influences - situational or environmental influences

There is no other way to conduct the research to support the hypothesis and participants are debriefed afterward.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments? - Only if the names of participants are kept anonymous. - They collect stratified samples. - There is no other way to conduct the research to support the hypothesis and participants are debriefed afterward. - They believe the individuals might not be willing to participate.

the self

According to the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, he defines this as the center of experience: the ego identity the id the ego the self

reduced probability of aggressive behavior

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT: - Increased emotional arousal. - Observational learning might promote such behaviors. - Reduced probability of aggressive behavior. - Habituation to violence may occur.

of physical discomfort.

According to your text, older adults sleep less because - their sleep cycles become more efficient. - of physical discomfort. - they no longer require NREM sleep. - they no longer require REM sleep.

parasympathetic nervous system

After a long day teaching classes online, Alessio decides to relax and eat dinner on the couch. Which part of Alessio's nervous system helps restore energy? somatic nervous system central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system

chunking

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called ________. chunking serial positioning repressing screening

context dependent memory

After living in France for many years, Laura returned for a visit to the United States. As she walked around the small town she had grown-up in, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Laura's memories illustrate __________. state-dependent memory proactive memory context-dependent memory tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Sensory (positive) adaptation

After moving to Nebraska, Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the loud chirping of cicadas in her back yard. What is this an example of? Just noticeable difference Answer Sensory (positive) adaptation Subliminal stimulation Absolute threshold

retrieval cue failure

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________. proactive interference state-dependent retrieval retrieval cue failure retroactive interference

agoraphobia

Aki was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowed with shoppers. Aki most likely has symptoms of ________. claustrophobia acrophobia agoraphobia arachnophobia

hippocampus

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her ________. hippocampus somatosensory cortex hypothalamus medulla

the concept of the imaginary audience

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario? the concept of objective responsibility the concept of the imaginary audience the concept of cognitive scaffolding the concept of the personal fable

the serial-position effect

As she was listening to her psychology professor discuss ways to improve memory, Ebony thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. Later that day she was trying to recall the different techniques, but she could only recall the first couple. This reflects ___________. the serial-position effect the self-reference effect contextual cues clustering

lens

As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating? pupil cornea iris lens

infinite creativity

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating ________. regularization infinite creativity centration cognitive dissonance

pathogen

Barry contracted covid-19 from a party where no one wore face masks. The virus that attacked Barry would be classified as which of these? pathogen health hassle stress eustress

prospective memory

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory? Implicit memory. Semantic memory. Prospective memory. Episodic memory.

principles of conditioning and observational learning

Behavior therapists rely heavily on ________. - principles of conditioning and observational learning - practices that reject adaptive behavior patterns - methods that recover repressed childhood memories - the subjective analysis of the mind rather than on measurable behavior

having dyslexia

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of ________. having autism having dyslexia multiple sclerosis developing botulism

both positive and negative symptoms

Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits __________. - positive symptoms but not negative symptoms - negative symptoms but not positive symptoms - both positive and negative symptoms - neither positive nor negative symptoms

operant conditioning

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________. classical conditioning observational learning latent learning operant conditioning

unconditional positive regard

Bobbie spilled water accidentally on her father's computer, but contrary to Bobbie's expectations, they did not get grounded. Their father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobbie that he still loved her, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobbie's father's response is an example of _____. uncategorical positive aptitude uncategorical aptitude unconditional positive regard conditional positive regard

Her improvement gives them hope.

Branimira has been sober for 14 years. When she shares her story in her group therapy session, what advantage of group therapy benefits the other members? Her improvement gives them hope. She can help them work on social skills. She can enjoy their praise. They realize that they are not alone.

amygdala

Charles Whitman was called the Texas Tower murderer. He was a student who went to the University of Texas at Austin in the late 1960s. One day, for unexplained reasons, he climbed the tower in the middle of the campus and began randomly shooting people. He had to be killed. Upon autopsy, it was found that there was evidence of abnormal activity in his _____. occipital lobe medulla amygdala limbic system

general intelligence

Christopher is skilled at problem solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of ________. existential intelligence general intelligence spatial intelligence naturalist intelligence

true

Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve. True False

likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems

Cognitive therapy is ________. - likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems - likely to focus on past experiences that contribute to psychological disorders and not on present attitudes of people - unlikely to directly change maladaptive thoughts - unlikely to foster self-insight

bypassing damanged hair cells and directly stimulating the auditory nerve

Cohchlear implants help individuals "hear" by what process? - Bypassing the middle ear to transmit sound directly into the cochlea. - None of these. - bypassing damaged hair cells and directly stimulating the auditory nerve - It helps to amplify sounds so individuals can perceive sounds

extinction

Dasha developed an intense fear of flying ten years ago when she was in a plane crash. Now she can fly again without fear which indicates that her conditioned fear response has undergone____________. Generalization Orienting reflex Spontaneous recovery Extinction

delusions

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________. hallucinations waxy flexibility delusions catatonia

double-blind

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know.' This is an example of a _______ study. correlational double-blind blind case

token economy

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ________. token economy transference unconditional positive reward conditional positive reward

adverse childhood experiences

Dr. Nadine Burke Harris and her colleagues have studies how childhood stressors can lead to physical and psychological problems well into adulthood. The stressors are known as - adverse childhood stressors - adverse childhood experiences - childhood stressors - adverse childhood environmental experiences

habituation

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ______________ . disinhibition habituation observational learning modeling

cortisol

During a severe panic attack, the amount of this specific stress hormone found in saliva will increase. calcitonin cortisol thyroxin amylin

cerebellum

During a sobriety test, individuals are asked to walk a straight line. This test evaluates if alcohol has impaired the part of their brain associated with balance. This is the cerebellum frontal lobe amygdala brain stem

modeling

Dzianis has a client with a phobia of dogs. He shows his client how to safely interact with dogs in a controlled setting to help reduce his fear. Which method did Dzianis use? systematic desensitization modeling ego analysis free association

receptor site

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a ________. myelin sheath nucleus receptor site synapse

active coping

Eddie is a person with addiction. After eleven years sober, he became addicted to painkillers. He tried to hide it from his friends and family, but eventually he admitted his problem and took responsibility. Which process did Eddie use in this situation? passive coping active coping secondary appraisal primary appraisal

autobiographical memory

Episodic memory is also referred to as ________. autobiographical memory procedural memory nondeclarative memory prospective memory

sensorineural deafness

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ________. perichondritis conductive deafness tympanosclerosis sensorineural deafness

emotions

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as ________. incentives emotions drives instincts

major depressive disorder

Fila has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Fila with __________. delusional disorder conversion disorder major depressive disorder illness anxiety disorder

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely the __________. - postconscious, midconscious, and lateral conscious - ultraconscious, metaconscious, and superconscious - conscious, preconscious, and unconscious - metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic

bipolar disorder

George composed an entire symphony during three weeks of intense, creative energy. During that time, his speech was unusually rapid, he did not seem to need much sleep, and he thought his symphony would be one of the greatest ever written. This pattern of behavior suggests that George may suffer from ______. agoraphobia schizophrenia bipolar disorder dissociative disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Hoarding is most closely related to which disorder? depression obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder schizophrenia

one

How many pairings of the unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli are needed for taste aversion to occur? - one - It varies for each person, but it always have to be more than once for learning to occur. - five - It has to be over the course of years.

stimulating the output of endorphins

Humor helps people cope with stress by ________. - postponing making difficult decisions - positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions. - stimulating the output of endorphins - enhancing the functioning of the immune system

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model. - psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, argumentativeness, and openness - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and anxiousness - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

baby

If you encoded and properly stored the list of words Professor Schwiesow had you remember in class, they should now be in your long term memory you should be able to retrieve them. Identify a word that was NOT included in this list. startle Moro baby Skinner

internal

If you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers, where is your locus of control? low high external internal

procedural memories

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________. procedural memories episodic memories declarative memories semantic memories

individualistic

In America, it is common that people focus on their personal goals rather than a goal that would benefit the group. What type of perspective is exhibited here? collectivist individualistic acculturation evolutionary

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling? - Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed). - Whether the driver of the car was male or female. - Whether the researcher was friendly or rude. - Whether they had ever been an eyewitness to an auto accident.

projective test

In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) __________. projective test objective test valid reliable

self-actualization

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________. self-actualization self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept

aversive conditioning

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using? aversive conditioning virtual therapy modeling biofeedback training

hippocampus

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________. nephron hippocampus pineal gland hypothalamus

conservation

In the classic scenario, a child is presented with two glasses of the same size and each is filled with the same amount of water. The child says both glasses have the same amount of water. One of the glass's contents is then poured into a thinner, taller glass. The child then states that this new glass has more water in it than the other glass. The child lacks the concept of ________________. object permanence conservation egocentrism sensorimotor cognition

the superego

In the classic story of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket acts as Pinocchio's conscience. He helps tell him what he should and shouldn't do, guiding him in positive moral decisions. What part of the Freudian psyche does Jiminy Cricket represent? the superego the id the ego the alter ego

substance use disorder

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, which disorder is characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms? Impulse control disorder Paranoid personality disorder Oppositional defiant disorder Substance use disorder

reinforcement

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________. extinction reinforcement regularization punishment

People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement. - Retrograde amnesia impairs people's abilities to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express their own thoughts. - The right hemisphere of the brain contains language functions for nearly all right-handed people. - Broca's area responds mainly to auditory information. - People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

It relies on observational learning.

In the context of the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling? - It relies on observational learning. - It tends to focus on past events that lead to psychological disorders rather than on present behavior. - It tends to focus on what people think and feel rather than on what people do. - It is included under Gestalt therapy.

nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism? - kindness, trust, and warmth - nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli - organization, thoroughness, and reliability - talkativeness, assertiveness, and activity

pupil

In the context of the human eye (as well as little kitties), the size of the__________is activated by the sympathetic nervous system and is sensitive to emotions. retina cornea pupil optic nerve

antipsychotic

Jalal is a person with schizophrenia. If his doctor chooses a biological approach, which class of drugs will Jalal most likely be prescribed? antipsychotic antidepressant mood stabilizer anti-anxiety

forensic psychologist

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________. health psychologist forensic psychologist environmental psychologist industrial psychologist

client-centered therapy

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using ________. family therapy behavioral therapy client-centered therapy virtual therapy

anosmia, aguesia

Jeremiah is recovering from COVID and has temporarily lost his sense of smell and taste. These two conditions are known as ______ and ______. hypogeuisia, hypersmia hyposmia, hypogeusia anosmia, aguesia insomnia, hypogeusia

sandwich generation

Jiro is 54-years-old and is at a point in his life where he is trying to help take care of his aging parents while also assisting his own children. Jiro is part of the __________________. empty-nester club middle-age fray imaginary audience sandwich generation

the survey method

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information? the survey method the placebo method naturalistic observation the experimental method

eustress

Julio is a great athlete, he plays better when under the stress of a strong opponent. What is the term for the good stress that Julio uses? adaptation coping eustress pathogen

posttraumatic stress disorder

Kata and her family were involved in a road accident. Kata was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared dead. When Kata returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kata with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kata is most likely suffering from ________. body dysmorphic disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder somatoform disorder

crystallized intelligence

Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________. crystallized intelligence spatial intelligence fluid intelligence abstract intelligence

split-brain

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) ________ operation. gastric bypass split-brain osseous resective multiple subpial

convergent

Leonard and Sheldon were working on a physics problem from different points of view, but came to a common solution. This is an example of which kind of thinking? analytical practical divergent convergent

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Loredo is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Loredo demonstrates ____________. illness anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

sensorimotor

Lula is an infant and constantly explores her universe by putting everything into her mouth. What stage would Piaget say she is in? concrete operational sensorimotor formal operational preoperational

prototype

Marci would describe almost a perfect person whenever her friends would ask her who she thought was her ideal life partner. This "perfect" person would be a(n) ________. anagram prototype reinforcer heuristic

personal fable

Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this and forbid her from meeting the boy. Mariana fights with her parents because she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the ___________. personal fable imaginary audience moral dilemma personal fantasy

the strange situation

Mary Ainsworth used this infamous experiment to assess attachment styles between infants and caregivers: the strange situation the Heinz Dilemma Babinski reflex imprinting implications

cognitive scaffolding

Masha, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Masha's math teacher, shares with Masha a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using what concept to help the child? cognitive scaffolding artificialism proximal development animism

focus on the present

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to achieve spiritual goals. focus on the present. ruminate about problems. improve hypnotic suggestibility.

conditioned stimulus

Mirin would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ________. secondary reinforcer negative reinforcer conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus

conscientiousness

Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her materials and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high? conscientiousness choleric neuroticism extraversion

benzodiazepines

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as ________. benzodiazepines phenothiazine carboxylic acids thiodiphenylamine

inferred from behavior

Motives are ________. measured easily inherent dispositions inferred from behavior seen directly

eidetic imagery

Mr. Rupp's memory has always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________. subliminal perception nonconscious imagery echoic memory eidetic imagery

dopamine

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ________. norepinephrine acetylcholine amphetamine dopamine

unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person.

Obsessions are: - persistent, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. - false beliefs of persecution or grandeur. - periodic episodes of intense dread accompanied by frightening physical sensations. - unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person.

naturalistic observation

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of __________. naturalistic observation mass survey reinforcement introspection

sleep terror

One night when Denzel was four years old he was sleeping soundly in his bed when he started screaming and thrashing about. His parents rushed to his side but could never fully wake him up. The next day he had no recollection of the event. Denzel most likely experienced a(n) _____. sleep terror apnea sleep paralyses nightmare

mirror neurons

One of the possible explanations for why we yawn when we see others yawn is related to which of the following? Mirror neurons Catecholamines Interneurons Motor neurons

participants may inaccurately represent their true beliefs or behaviors

One of the problems associated with the accuracy of surveys is - participants may inaccurately represent their true beliefs or behaviors - participants will participate only if paid - participants tend to underestimate the time it takes to complete a survey and therefore don't finish in time - participants may not want to participate in such studies

intrinsic goal

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________. altruistic aim primary need intrinsic goal extrinsic goal

biological factors

Pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness are examples of which of the following? psychological factors environmental factors biological factors sociocultural factors

overregularization

Patricia, a three-year-old girl, is having dinner. She looks at her father and says, "I eated food." In this scenario, Patricia is exhibiting ________. overregularization cognitive dissonance counterconditioning divergent thinking

intrinsic

Pavel loves to play the violin. He feels best when he has played to the best of his ability. What kind of incentive makes Pavel practice so he can do his best? intrinsic extrinsic primary economic

learn more slowly

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - experience paradoxical sleep. - spend less time in REM sleep during subsequent sleep periods. - have fewer chances of experiencing REM rebound. - learn more slowly.

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.

People with mood disorders: - may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events. - insist that they are suffering from a serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of the illness can be found. - experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal. - are incapable of recalling important personal information.

fewer dreams than those awakened during REM sleep

People woken up during NREM are more likely to report which of the following? - fewer episodes of deep sleep than those awakened during REM sleep - fewer dreams than those awakened during REM sleep - more violent dreams than those awakened during REM sleep - more sexual dreams those those awakened during REM sleep

frontal lobotomy

Phineas Gage was injured when a metal pole he was using to tamp down explosives on a railroad construction project was driven through his eye and out the top of his skill when the explosive detonated. Gage survived a primitive form of which procedure? gamma knife surgery electroshock therapy frontal lobotomy laser ablation

assimilation

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of accommodation and _____________. sensitization catharsis assimilation habituation

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation? - The food is the conditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the conditioned response. - The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response. - The food is the conditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned stimulus. - The food is the unconditioned response; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned stimulus.

implicit memory

Professor Schwiesow ends up driving to Creighton without consciously remembering how she got there and on a day she doesn't teach! This may be due to which type of memory? psychomotor memory episodic memory semantic memory implicit memory

school psychologist

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following? humanist psychologist school psychologist counseling psychologist clinical psychologist

incubation

Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use? insight incubation judgement functional fixedness

object permanence

Rashon's caretaker is playing peek-a-boo with him. Every time the caretaker hides their face, Rashon loses interest but is surprised when their face reappears. Peek-a-boo is so entertaining because Rashon lacks _________. egocentrism object permanence conservation sensorimotor cognition

take him to see a psychiatrists since this is highly unusual behavior for a 5-year-old

Ray, a 5-year-old, wakes up at night saying that he saw monsters chasing him in his dreams. His parents should do all EXCEPT the following: - create a calming bedtime routine and limit his exposure to TV violence - understand that this is typical for his age and will likely get better over time - take him to see a psychiatrists since this is highly unusual behavior for a 5-year-old - provide comfort and reassurance to him

hoarding disorder

Riley is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. He pick up wrappers from the road and stacks them at his house. Over the years, these wrappers have piled up to such an extent that Riley is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of his house to his bedroom. Although Riley has been advised by many to get rid of the clutter, he refuses to do so. Riley is most likely suffering from __________. panic disorder hoarding disorder dissociative identity disorder posttraumatic stress disorder

approach-approach conflict

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n) ________. approach-approach conflict approach-avoidance conflict multiple approach-avoidance conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict

The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.

Samantha cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Samantha cries when she hears the song? - She has been operantly conditioned to cry to the song in the same way that "Little Albert" learned his fears. - The break-up of the relationship was a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response of crying. - She was positively reinforced with the song and now she is not receiving the reinforcers anymore. - The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.

medical model

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." Which model of psychological disorders is forwarded by this statement? biopsychosocial model diathesis-stress model demonological model medical model

transference

Sean's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what? transference free association wish fulfillment catharsis

biological

Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using? gestalt biological cognitive sociocultural

an antidepressant

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking? a vitamin an antidepressant a steroid an analgesic

taste

Silas is recovering from COVID which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected? taste depth perception vestibular sense vision

live in the community

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ________. live in asylums live in mental hospitals live in the community are in inpatient facilities

emotion-focused

Slàine and Angus make a point of taking a nature walk every day when they get home from their stressful jobs. Which type of coping are they using? problem-focused primary appraisal secondary appraisal emotion-focused

retrograde amnesia

Stephen was recently involved in a car accident in which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from ________. anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia dissociative amnesia infantile amnesia

depress the activity of the central nervous system

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will ________. - stop the production of norepinephrine - stop the production of dopamine - increase sympathetic activity - depress the activity of the central nervous system

ssociating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli

Systematic desensitization involves: - depriving a client access to an addictive drug. - associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences. - associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.

morally

The Heinz dilemma is used to determine what level of development you are in _________________. morally physically socially cognitively

optic nerve

The __________ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe. sclera lens optic nerve cornea

90 minutes

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about 30 minutes. 90 minutes. 1 hour. 2 hours.

It demonstrated the localization of various functions within the brain.

The case of Phineas Gage is important in understanding how the brain works for which of the following reasons? - It demonstrated that one can survive a significant brain injury. - It demonstrated the localization of various functions within the brain. - It demonstrated that the brain functions as a whole unit. - It contributed to the knowledge about how humans experience pain.

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be _________. - pervasive worrying about numerous stressors - indifference to physical symptoms of anxiety - specific phobias during childhood - irrational fears of specific objects or situations

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

The electroencephalograph is a method of ________. - using the Karvonen technique to monitor abnormal heartbeats in a person - detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp - brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles - detecting heartbeats by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed in one's hands

the fact that young children's taste buds are more plentiful and sensitive to tastes that fade over time.

The fact that a young child objects to certain tastes may be due to - the fact that young children's taste buds are more plentiful and sensitive to tastes that fade over time. - they have learned eating habits from observing others. - the fact that they are genetically predisposed to refuse food that might be harmful to them. - the fact that they are learning to be independent and exert their will with food.

When the olfactory receptor is constantly stimulated, it will begin to fatigue and accommodated to the odor.

The fact that you stopped smelling an essential oil at a given time is due to which of the following? -The essential oil only has a short life-span and therefore can no longer be detected by the olfactory bulb. - The cilia in the nose no longer fires in response to the odor. - When the olfactory receptor is constantely stimulated, it will begin to fatigue and accommodated to the odor. - The olfactory bulb has stopped working in response to this particular odor.

sense, perceive

The fact that you were able to smell an essential oil is because of your olfactory ________ while your ability to identify it as a lavender scent is due to your brain's ability to ____________ it as lavender. sense, perceive sense, distinquish bulbs, smell perceive, remember

iconic

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of __________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second. semantic echoic flashbulb iconic

decibels (dB)

The loudness of a sound is expressed in _____. hhertz (Hz) decibels (dB) volt (V) watts (W)

egocentrism

The personal fable and imaginary audience both stem from _______. ego identity pre-conventional morality concrete operational stage egocentrism

human behavior, thinking and emotion is based on what happens in the body

The phrase, "Everything psychological is biological" implies that - human emotions, thoughts and behavior are still not clearly understood - human behavior, thinking and emotion is based on what happens in the body - biology and psychology are essentially the same entity - biological processes are separate from psychological processes

raise one's IQ

The practice of mindfulness meditation has been shown to do all EXCEPT which of the following? increase immune responses to vaccination raise one's IQ lessen feelings of depression lower blood pressure

Alzheimer's disease

The progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other cognitive functions is indicative of __________________. crystallized intelligence Alzheimer's disease the climacteric stage normal processes of aging

map out the DNA sequences found in the human body

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to - map out the DNA sequences found in the human body - map out various pathways to dementia and motor disorders - identify the causes of mental health disorders - classify various genetic disorders not yet known to scientists

traits

The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called____________. ids creative selves traits fixations

personality

The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another is the definition of _______________. reaction formation personality self-actualization creative reciprocal determinism

selective optimization with compensation

The reshaping of one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment is known as ___________________. - selective optimization with compensation - "use it or lose it" - empty-nest syndrome - self-efficacy

perceptual speed

The speed with which one can compare figures and symbols is known as _______________. numeric ability crystallized intelligence perceptual speed fluid intelligence

generalization

Three-year old Esteban watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Esteban became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Esteban gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Esteban is displaying stimulus ___________. confusion discrimination generalization sprawl

maintenance rehearsal

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________. elaborative rehearsal repression maintenance rehearsal serial positioning

the means-end analysis

Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of ________. the depth-first search algorithm backtracking parallel processing the means-end analysis

polygenic

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ________. polygenic non-inherent vestigial monogenic

overregularization

Two-year old Paris got excited when "gooses" crossed the sidewalk in front of her family on a walk. Her effort to regularize the irregular plural of geese is an example of ________. overregularization means-end analysis holophrase availability heuristic

elaborative rehearsal

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _________. elaborative rehearsal maintenance rehearsal metamemory retrospective memory

cones

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of ____ in the region. cones rods peripheral cells bipolar cells

subliminal stimulation

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of ________. the difference threshold light adaptation subliminal stimulation dark adaptation

reinforcers

What are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior? Punishments Reinforcers Unpleasant stimuli Aversive stimuli

continuous reinforcement

What is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced? Partial reinforcement Variable-ratio reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Fixed-ratio reinforcement

physical and sexual abuse during childhood

What is often suggested as the root cause for the development of dissociative disorders? - genetic components - physical and sexual abuse during childhood - excess amounts of dopamine receptors in the brain - conditioned reactions when faced with stress

self-efficacy expectations

What is the term used to describe beliefs that we can accomplish certain things? self-esteem expectations self-actualization expectations self-efficacy expectations self-concept expectations

human faces

What kind of visual stimuli do two-month-olds have the largest preference for? human faces colorful, moving objects animals black and white shapes

100 percent

What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins? 100 percent 40 percent 20 percent 50 percent

placebos

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _______. placebos analgesics noceboes antidepressants

selective attention

When a person focuses their consciousness on a particular stimulus, they are utilizing selective attention. countertransference. repression. cognitive dissonance.

free association

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found __________ to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes. confirmation bias modeling free association aversive conditioning

All of these should be considered

When conducting research with children what procedural safeguards must be considered? -There must be no alternative to deception, and the benefits justify the harm. - Children must give their assent to participate, while their parents must give consent. - All of these should be considered. - Children must be allowed to withdraw from participation if they request to do so.

They heighten their confidence so they can face challenges without drinking.

When effective, Alcoholics Anonymous is characterized by which of the following? - Alcoholics remain in treatment for a few days. - Members engage in intense individual therapy. - They have an aggravation of feelings of depression. - They heighten their confidence so they can face challenges without drinking.

stage 1 sleep

When our brain waves slow down from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves, which stage of sleep have we entered? Stage 4 sleep Stage 3 sleep Stage 2 sleep Stage 1 sleep

behaviorist

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives? behaviorist cognitive biological functionalist

blind spot

When you moved an index card close to your eyes, one of the marks on the card appeared to disappear. This is due to what portion of your retina? aqueous humor blind spot lens insufficiency fovea centralis

"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence? - "There is strong evidence for the general factor (g) in intelligence." - "All abilities and factors are academically oriented." - "Intelligence is three-pronged—with analytical, creative, and practical components." - "There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."

computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan)

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems? - complete blood count test - magnetoencephalography scan - computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan) - radio frequency identification system

melatonin

Which hormone promotes sleep? Adrenaline Ghrelin Melatonin Progesterone

psychodynamic therapies

Which methods are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud? Gestalt therapies client-centered therapies psychodynamic therapies behavioral therapies

diathesis-stress model

Which model of psychological disorders accounts for biological differences in individuals and explains why some people develop certain types of psychological disorders under stress while others do not? biopsychosocial model diathesis-stress model demonological model medical model

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in depression and schizophrenia? prolactin dopamine thyroxin vasopressin

serotonin

Which neurotransmitter is most clearly implicated in depression? serotonin acetylcholine histamine acetylcholine

the age of possibilities

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them? the age of self-focus the age of feeling in-between the age of identity exploration the age of possibilities

practical intelligence

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"? analytical intelligence spatial intelligence practical intelligence emotional intelligence

life changes

Which of the following can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress? irrational beliefs avoidance-avoidance conflicts life changes daily hassles

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Which of the following causes Down syndrome? - The presence of only 22 pairs of chromosomes. - The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. - The presence of more than 23 pairs of chromosomes. - The presence of an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair.

noise

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles? job dissatisfaction terrorism noise shopping

It is pretty set by the time of birth

Which of the following is NOT true about an individual's sense of taste? - It can be influenced by culture and exposure to particular foods. - It can change with one's current health. - It is pretty set by the time of birth. - It changes with age.

The results cannot be generalized to a large population of people.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies? - Case studies are not descriptive and hence do not offer substantial information about participants. - The results cannot be generalized to a large population of people. - Interviewers are required to disclose personal information about clients. - Case studies do not collect information about small groups.

social relationships

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development? self-actualization rewards and punishment social relationships sexual development

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking? - Insist on evidence. - Oversimplify problems if necessary. - Avoid being skeptical. - Choose critical thinking over research ethics if required.

overeating

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease? Type B behavior low blood pressure overeating sunbathing

money

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? Pain Food Water Money

meditation

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness? Meditation Free association Centration Cognitive dissonance

Mina witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression? - Midge planned to go to a party, but her mother forced her to stay at home. - Manuel tells people he did not cheat in high school but knows it is untrue. - Malvolio wants to remember what he ate for lunch but is not sure whether it was tuna or hamburger. - Mina witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

the exhaustion stage

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome? the exhaustion stage the latency stage the stagnation stage the resilience stage

conflict

Which of the following is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives? self-actualization conflict self-efficacy homeostasis

People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

Which of the following is true of cancer? - People cannot inherit a disposition toward cancer. - People who are less prone to anger are more likely to develop cancer than others. - Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States. - People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

Which of the following is true of the immune system? - It is typically weakened by short-term stress. - It is made stronger by prolonged stress. - It cannot recognize pathogens in case of a reoccurring infection. - It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

genotype

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential? phenotype the action potential the resting potential genotype

vision

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings? Smell Hearing Touch Vision

Most people who die by suicide do give warnings about their intentions.

Which of the following statements about suicide is correct? - Most people who die by suicide do give warnings about their intentions. - Discussing suicide with a person who is depressed can prompt the person to attempt suicide. - People who are suicidal meet the definition of legally insane. - People who attempt suicide are seeking attention.

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference? - It is the interference of emotions with the capacity to retrieve semantic memory. - It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously. - It is the interference of flashbulb memories with the recollection of paired associates. - It is the interference of older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material.

It always involves reflexes and demonstrates that reflexes can be learned by association.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning? - It sometimes involved reflexes and demonstrates that reflexes cannot be unlearned. - It always involves reflexes and demonstrates that reflexes can be learned by association. - An unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning. - An unconditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus.

Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games? - Violent video games are connected with an increase in juvenile delinquency. - Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence. - Males are relatively less likely than females to act aggressively after playing violent video games. - Students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games.

It is designed to find solutions to "real life" personal or social problems.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research? - It is designed to find solutions to "real life" personal or social problems. - It is broad and nonspecific in its approach. - It is categorized as research for its own sake. - It has no immediate application to personal or social problems.

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts? - They involve several alternative courses to resolve conflicts, each with both positive and negative aspects. - Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable. - Both goals in these conflicts are negative. - They are the most stressful type of conflicts.

People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.

Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis? - People who resist the process of hypnosis are said to have hypnotic suggestibility. - People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility. - Hypnosis increases anxiety and aggression. - Hypnosis is an unaltered state of consciousness.

Language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another.

Which of the following statements is true of language? - Language takes away all the units of thinking. - With language, sounds or signs are not symbols for objects and actions. - Humans are known to have no semanticity or displacement in their language. - Language makes it possible for one person to communicate knowledge to another.

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold? - It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found. - It is used to measure the intensity of sensory input by using the sensory adaptation process. - It is used to represent the minimum difference in the magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart. - It is determined by measuring the rate at which a person becomes less sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and more sensitive to stimuli that remain the same.

Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning.

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development? - Numerous researchers suggest that language learning begins at 36 months. - Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning. - Vocabulary development is independent of intelligence. - Language acquisition is based solely on environmental influences.

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method? - Psychologists using the scientific method of research always confuse correlations—or associations—between research findings with cause and effect. - The scientific method is a strict set of guidelines that psychologists must adhere to when conducting research on human behavior. - Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method. - The scientific method of research begins by testing a hypothesis.

cocaine

Which of the following substances is a stimulant? Morphine Nembutal Seconal Cocaine

a visual illusion

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye? An absolute threshold Retinal disparity Depth perception A visual illusion

intelligence

Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience? semanticity intelligence memory instinct

incentive

Which of these is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or is desirable for its own sake? need motive drive incentive

mutation

Which of these is best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection? mutation natural selection classical conditioning adaptation

appraisal

Which of these is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing? emotional concern appraisal instrumental aid socializing

brain stem

Which part of the brain is responsible for involuntary functions of the body such as heart beat and breathing and if severely injured will likely result in death? brain stem cerebral cortex corpus callosum cerebrum

sympathetic nervous system

Which part of the nervous system activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome? sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

monozygotic twins raised together

Which set of twins will have the greatest correlation in their IQ scores? dizygotic twins raised together monozygotic twins raised apart dizygotic twins raised apart monozygotic twins raised together

iris

Which structure in the front of the eye dilates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye? iris cornea retina sclera

validity

Which term refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure? reliability objective tests projective tests validity

activation-synthesis model

Which theory related to dreams states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming? Role theory Psychodynamic model Activation-synthesis model Response set theory

operant conditioning

Which type of conditioning is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior? Pavlovian conditioning Respondent conditioning Operant conditioning Classical conditioning

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness? - Robert, who feels helpless at work. - Rufus, who believes that stability is normal. - Rose, who feels alienated from her co-workers. - Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.

Philippe Pinel

Who led humanitarian reforms in France to unchain patients in mental hospitals? Dorothea Dix William Tuke Philippe Pinel Wilhelm Wundt

all colors except either red or green

Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in ________. - all colors except either red or green - only blacks and whites - only those colors that fall below her absolute threshold - all colors, only with pale rather than "brilliant" saturation

echoic memory

_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli. Iconic memory Prospective memory Echoic memory Elaborative memory

Developmental psychologists

_________ study how humans grow and change from conception to death. - Developmental psychologists - Social psychologists - Human factors psychologists - Cognitive psychologists

critical thinking

__________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence. Introspection Conditioning Critical thinking Reinforcement

infantile amnesia

__________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so. Dissociative amnesia Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Infantile amnesia

process the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory

rofessor Schwiesow has her class engage in discussion, both in class and on-line, which encourages them to apply information and generate examples based on individual experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Professor Schwiesow is encouraging her students to: - counteract retrieval failures. - counteract prospective memory. - produce inaccurate memories. - process the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.