psych 201 final

Why would a dopamine blocker be prescribed to someone with Tourette's syndrome or other involuntary behaviors? A. The dopamine blocker would block the rewarding aspects of involuntary behavior. B. The dopamine system also facilitates motor control. C. The dopamine blocker would block negative reinforcement feedback loops. D. The dopamine system is involved in speech production.

The dopamine system also facilitates motor control

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? A. The person is both awake and asleep at the same time. B. The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active. C. The person has no awareness of being asleep. D. The person is not really asleep.

The person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active

Why do monozygotic twins have different phenotypes? A. They have only minor phenotypic variation across a few physical traits but no differences in psychological traits. B. They have nonshared environments. C. They have the same environments but different genes. D. They have different genotypes.

They have nonshared environments

Why do scientists and researchers use statistical methods to determine whether their results are statistically significant? A. They want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance. B. They want to interrogate the external validity of their research. C. They want to report the mean, median, and mode of their data. D. They want to collect information on the reliability of the measures they used.

They want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance

Which of the following items would most likely be defined as a primary reinforcer? A. a bottle of water B. a new set of china dishes C. money D. a vacation

a bottle of water

To which food would you be more likely to show conditioned taste aversion? A. a highly familiar food, because it was unusual for this food to make you ill B. a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with your becoming ill C. a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with the food's safety D. a highly familiar food, because you have learned that this food is safe

a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with your becoming ill

A gene is: A. programmed to produce protein irrespective of the environment. B. the same as a chromosome. C. a segment of RNA that carries out specific cellular building tasks. D. a segment of DNA that is involved in producing proteins that carry out specific tasks.

a segment of DNA that is involved in producing proteins that carry out specific tasks

Adoption studies are an important tool of behavioral genetics because they: A. are so rare B. allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior C. show that environment overwhelms the effect of genes D. allow us to examine the effects of nonrelated mothering

allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior

Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical use for hypnosis? A. analgesia B. altering personality over a long time frame C. speeding surgical recovery D. relief from chronic pain

altering personality over a long time frame

Heritability refers to: A. the degree to which genes control a characteristic. B. an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation. C. the degree to which a mother's characteristics are passed on versus a father's characteristics. D. the degree to which shared environments account for a shared characteristic among siblings.

an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation

Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia? A. an older man B. an older woman C. a younger man D. a younger woman

an older woman

Students participating in a psychology experiment are asked to identify the emotions expressed by a number of different kinds of faces. On which type of face would they recognize the emotion most quickly? A. happy man B. happy woman C. angry man D. angry woman

angry man

Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychoactive drug? A. antibiotics B. alcohol C. a stimulant such a Ritalin D. cocaine

antibiotics

As Beatriz works outside in her yard, she works up a pretty good sweat. This is due in part to the functioning of her: A. automatic nervous system B. central nervous system C. somatic nervous system D. endocrine system

automatic nervous system

Duane studies the relationship between hormone levels and people's abilities to cope with stress. In which subfield of psychology does Duane conduct research? A. evolutionary B. biological C. social D. developmental

biological

The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to either ________ factors affecting human psychological development. A. formal or natural B. behavioral or environmental C. biological or behavioral D. biological or environmental

biological or environmental

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. A. peripheral B. sensory C. somatic D. central

central

After using a recreational drug at a party, Fawn became energetic, talkative, and lively. Which of the following drugs is mostly likely to produce these effects? A. cocaine B. alcohol C. heroin D. marijuana

cocaine

Colleen and LaVonne are playing darts. Colleen throws her dart into the center of the target, and LaVonne throws his dart into the outer ring. In an analogy to vision, Colleen would have been likely to hit a ________, and LaVonne would have been likely to hit a ________. A. cone; cone B. cone; rod C. rod; rod D. rod; cone

cone; rod

Which of the following is NOT generally part of meditation? A. repeating a mantra B. consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts C. focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one's breathing pattern D. listening to your inner voice without responding

consciously trying to stop your inner thoughts

What type of reward schedule extinguishes the fastest? A. variable ratio B. continuous reinforcement C. fixed interval D. partial reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

A group of policymakers are working to address issues of public safety in a residential neighborhood by increasing police presence. Which of the four primary goals of science are they addressing? A. control B. prediction C. explanation D. description

control

According to your text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called: A. critical thinking B. analytic argumentation C. scholarly inquiry D. nay-sayerism

critical thinking

A mother is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler. She is using exaggerated, slow movements to tie her shoes. She is: A. imitating B. mirroring C. demonstrating D. reinforcing

demonstrating

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the: A. axon terminal buttons B. dendrites C. cell body D. nerves

dendrites

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation? A. depression B. ADHD C. hypertension D. chronic insomnia

depression

Kim spent years studying children in a remote village. To understand how their behavior and mental processes change over time, she would like to study them over the course of their lifetimes. Kim is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A. cognitive B. personality C. school D. developmental

developmental

A lie and a false memory are: A. different in structure B. essentially the same thing C. different in intensity D. different in intentionality

different in intentionality

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a: A. clinical psychologist B. qualist C. dualist D. monist

dualist

Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is. This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of: A. encoding B. retrieval C. sensation D. rehearsal

encoding

Short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory via a process called: A. maintenance rehearsal B. transduction C. encoding D. attention

encoding

The idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called: A. concurrent storage B. equipotentiality C. connectivity D. equity of distribution

equipotentiality

"Brain death" is said to occur when activity stops: A. everywhere in the brain B. in the brain stem C. anywhere in the brain D. in the cortex

everywhere in the brain

Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a(n) ________ approach in his research. A. evolutionary B. structuralist C. functionalist D. cognitive

evolutionary

The director of the school cafeteria discovers that students like chocolate chip cookies much better than molasses cookies. To sell the molasses cookies, she prices them at 25 cents each and continues to charge one dollar for the chocolate chip cookies. When students keep buying far more chocolate chip cookies, they are violating ________ theory, which is a ________ model of human decision making. A. expected utility; descriptive B. expected utility; normative C. prospect; descriptive D. prospect; normative

expected utility; normative

A new, complex organism discovered by scientists can be severely injured by any exposure to hydrogen peroxide. What type of haptic receptor is this organism likely to have evolved that responds to hydrogen peroxide? A. slow-acting pain receptor B. fast-acting pain receptor C. kinesthetic receptors D. gate controlled receptors

fast-acting pain receptor

Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction ________ the motion detectors responsive to that direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be ________ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects. A. sensitizes; higher B. fatigues; higher C. fatigues; lower D. sensitizes; lower

fatigues; higher

Getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. variable interval D. fixed interval

fixed interval

Yolanda has a brain tumor. After the tumor grew to a certain size, she could no longer _____. Yolanda most likely has _____ amnesia. A. remember how to do certain tasks; retrograde B. form new memories; retrograde C. form new memories; anterograde D. remember how to do certain tasks; anterograde

form new memories; anterograde

The optic nerve is composed of axons of: A. ganglion cells B. bipolar cells C. foveal cells D. rods and cones

ganglion cells

What allows the movement of sodium and potassium ions to the inside and the outside of the neuron to cause firing? A. changes in the charge of the ions B. gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall C. refraction D. changes in the chemical structure of ions

gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall

You study Spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college but then take a Portuguese class your senior year. You are likely to _________ learning Portuguese because of all the Spanish you learned due to__________. A. have no trouble trouble; chunking B. have no trouble; persistence C. have trouble; proactive interference D. have trouble; retroactive interference

have trouble; proactive interference

Jafar conducted an experiment with student participants enrolled in his PSY 101 class. He investigated their reactions to advertisements that used humor. When analyzing his results, he should take into account that: A. by using random assignment of participants to groups, it is likely that he avoided selection bias. B. he has a convenience sample and may not be able to generalize his findings to the larger population of adults. C. self-report methods are not an accurate way to get authentic reactions to the advertisements. D. there are likely to be many confounds in his methodology, so his results may not be reliable.

he has a convenience sample and may not be able to generalize his findings to the larger population of adults.

Imagine a very tiny person is walking through the auditory tract, from the ear canal through to the auditory nerve. When that tiny person reaches the cochlea and walks along the basilar membrane, ________ frequency sounds will disturb their walk most at the base of the cochlea, and ________ frequency sounds will disturb their walk most at the tip of the cochlea. A. high; low B. low; high C. soft; loud D. loud; soft

high; low

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the: A. independent variable B. confounding variable C. dependent variable D. stimulus

independent variable

Ganglion cells that are excited by L cones are: A. inhibited by other blue colors B. inhibited by other L cones C. inhibited by both green and blue colors D. inhibited by only green colors

inhibited by only green colors

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability. She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep. What condition might your friend have? A. paradoxical sleep B. melatonin C. insomnia D. dementia

insomnia

Men and women have been shown to differ on all but which of the following? A. how they solve complex problems B. the size of the brain C. the degree to which they use language-related brain regions D. intelligence

intelligence

Your school requires you to change your email password every 3 months. Now, when you try to remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. This effect is most likely due to: A. interference B. anterograde amnesia C. retrograde amnesia D. transience

interference

Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings connected to the teddy bear. In this example, you are engaging in: A. introspection B. functionalism C. psychoanalysis D. free association

introspection

Meg is rehearsing the solo for her dance performance. In order to perform her solo well, Meg has to be aware of the position of her arms and legs in space. To do this, Meg relies on her ________ sense. A. visual B. motion C. olfactory D. kinesthetic

kinesthetic

In the brain of someone who suffers from Parkinson's disease, what is happening to the neurons involved with dopamine activity? A. they are dying off B. they are overproducing dopamine C. they are blocked for re-uptake D. they are rapidly multiplying

they are dying off

Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology? A. to move from experimentation and observation to speculation B. to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind C. to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body D. to move from speculation to observation and experimentation

to move from speculation to observation and experimentation

What is the primary purpose of cells in the olfactory bulb? A. to receive nerve impulses and pass them through the thalamus B. to receive odorants and pass them through the thalamus C. to receive nerve impulses and relay the signal to other brain areas D. to receive odorants and relay the signal to other brain areas

to receive nerve impulses and relay the signal to other brain areas

A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n): A. conscious thought that was verbally misleading. B. unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time. C. unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later. D. conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.

unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.

Which of the following alternatives is the closest meaning to the term serendipitous? A. significant B. unexpected C. erratic D. systematic

unexpected

According to your textbook, if you wanted to conduct observational research but were concerned that the people you observed would change their behaviors due to reactivity, you could: A. avoid debriefing them B. rule out alternative explanations C. conduct culturally sensitive research D. use a blinded study

use a blinded study

People usually remember how many days there are in the months of September, October, and May by using: A. episodic memory B. semantic memory C. verbal mnemonics D. elaborative retrieval

verbal mnemonics

When you recall a memory of your best friend's car, you are activating the cortical circuits in the _____ cortex involved in _____ her car. A. visual; perceiving B. spacial; storing C. visual; storing D. spatial; perceiving

visual; perceiving

________ states that the more intense the original stimulus, the greater the change in intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference. A. sensory adaptation B. weber's law C. matching law D. signal detection theory

weber's law

Research by Shepard Siegel and colleagues has shown that tolerance to a drug's effects is most likely to be greatest in which setting? A. tolerance is generally the same under all locations B. where the drug is most frequently used C. where the drug has not been used before D. where the most people are using the drug

where the drug is most frequently used

One of the four main goals of science is explanation. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to explain: A. the steps of the scientific method B. how data collection works C. why a researcher wants to study a behavior D. why a behavior occurs

why a behavior occurs

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish information. He is incorrect because: A. different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory. B. the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory. C. the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information. D. long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.

long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.

As discussed in the text, in the fear conditioning of Little Albert, John B. Watson used the following stimuli: unconditioned stimulus—________; conditioned stimulus—________. A. fear; rat B. loud sound; rat C. rat; loud sound D. loud sound; fear

loud sound; rat

After a group project, the teacher asks each group member to rate the contribution of everyone in the group. All the group members have given their highest ratings to themselves. The teacher will be less puzzled by this outcome if she understands the concept of: A. absentmindedness B. memory bias C. alcohol blocking D. confabulation

memory bias

Research has shown that some types of behavioral or psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among people with low levels of education. This pattern of data is best represented by: A. descriptive statistics B. negative correlations C. validity D. standard deviations

negative correlations

Which of the following is NOT part of the temporal lobe? A. nucleus accumbens B. fusiform face area C. primary auditory cortex D. specialized visual areas

nucleus accumbens

The precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: A. response accuracy B. operational definition C. stimulus judgment D. central tendency

operational definition

When a researcher joins a social group and talks to the members in order to study that group, the approach is referred to as: A. a self-report method B. experience sampling C. response performance D. participant observation

participant observation

The basal ganglia is a system of subcortical structures critical for: A. thinking B. planning and producing movement C. regulating emotions D. synthesizing incoming information

planning and producing movement

Students who study little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. If a researcher collected data on both amount of studying and test scores, he or she would likely spot a(n): A. negative correlation B. variable standard deviation C. positive correlation D. inferential statistic

positive correlation

The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is whether the stimulus is: A. likely to be repeated B. a sound C. novel D. potentially harmful or rewarding

potentially harmful or rewarding

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the more surprising the unconditional stimulus is, the greater the need for an organism to ________ it using a conditional stimulus. A. fear B. condition C. predict D. reinforce

predict

Jacob learned French in high school and is now learning Spanish in college. He finds that sometimes when he intends to write a Spanish word he instead writes a French word. Jacob's problem is due to: A. retroactive interference B. persistence C. proactive interference D. blocking

proactive interference

The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to: A. functionalism B. behaviorism C. psychoanalysis D. structuralism

psychoanalysis

"Why am I so depressed?" asked Phia. "Obviously," said Dr. Fox, "you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr. Fox takes a(n) ________ approach to psychology. A. Gestalt B. functionalist C. psychoanalytic D. evolutionary

psychoanalytic

Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, can affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of: A. a dependent variable B. selection bias C. random assignment D. a confound

random assignment

Which brain stem structure influences the sleep cycle, as well as general alertness? A. amygdala B. medulla C. cerebellum D. reticular formation

reticular formation

This type of amnesia results in a loss of past memories. A. retorgrade amnesia B. anterograde amnesia C. source amnesia D. none of the above

retorgrade amnesia

________ can lead to reinforcing racism or sexism. A. schemas B. reasoning C. cognition D. exemplars

schemas

A(n) ________ is a(n) ________ of a sequence of events. A. outline; procedure B. procedure; outline C. schema; script D. script; schema

script; schema

You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only when she puts them in the dishwasher. This process is an example of: A. punishing B. generalizing C. shaping D. chaining

shaping

Research has demonstrated that infants: A. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until they start to speak. B. cannot distinguish sounds from their own language and other languages until their vocabulary includes well over 1,000 words. C. show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are a week old. D. do not develop a preference for sounds from their own language until they are about 1 year old.

show a preference for sounds from their own language by the time they are a week old.

You wake up feeling disoriented after a long sleep. When you open your eyes, a scene emerges before you. You cannot tell if you are looking at a scene of toy cars driving around a miniature city or if you are on top of a building looking down at real cars driving around an actual city. This illusion occurs because of a lack of what? A. shape constancy B. color constancy C. size constancy D. lightness constancy

size constancy

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormones are: A. less important for the body's functioning B. unable to bind to target receptors C. chemically different D. slower to act and longer lasting

slower to act and longer lasting

An Ames room is constructed so that the two back corners seem to be equidistant from the front of the room, when the right corner is actually much farther away. Someone first sits in the left corner and then sits in the right corner. To an observer in the front of the room, that person will seem ________ when he is sitting in the right corner. A. farther away B. smaller C. bigger D. closer

smaller

You catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. She says that she likes to smoke because her friends smoke. You tell her she does it because she is addicted. Which of the following terms correspond to the stated levels of analysis for the smoking behavior? A. social; psychological B. cultural; biological C. social; biological D. cultural; psychological

social; biological

A black man and a white man with equal IQ scores are told that the test they are about to take will directly measure their intelligence. If ________ becomes a factor for the black man, he is likely to do ________ on the test than the white man will. A. stereotype threat; better B. defensive performance; better C. stereotype threat; worse D. defensive performance; worse

stereotype threat; worse

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as: A. split brain B. subliminal perception C. drifting off D. the smart unconscious

subliminal perception

The recent salted caramel fad most likely owes its popularity to the activation of which two taste receptors? A. sweet and salty B. salty and bitter C. umami and salty D. sweet and sour

sweet and sour

When two variables are correlated, it is not clear which one is a causal variable and which is an effect. This ambiguity reflects: A. the directionality problem B. random error C. the third variable problem D. selection bias

the directionality problem

What is the difference between a positive and a negative prediction error? A. A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association. B. A positive prediction error signals the presence of something unexpected, whereas a negative prediction error signals the absence of something unexpected. C. A positive prediction error signals a reward, whereas a negative prediction error signals a punishment. D. A positive prediction error follows an expected reward, whereas a negative prediction error follows an unexpected reward.

A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association

Regarding the factors potentially influencing behavior, which of the following statements is true? A. Behavior mainly stems from environmental causes. B . Behavior overwhelmingly reflects genetics. C. Behavior is generated mainly by the endocrine system. D. Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment.

Behavior reflects an interaction between genetics and the environment.

In what way are internal validity and external validity different? A. External validity relates to experimental control; internal validity relates to generalization. B. External validity relates to generalization; internal validity relates to experimental control. C. External validity relates to accuracy; internal validity relates to systematic error. D. External validity relates to systematic error; internal validity relates to accuracy.

External validity relates to generalization; internal validity relates to experimental control.

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution? A. BF Skinner B. Sigmund Freud C. William James D. George Miller

George Miller

Why was Little Albert not counterconditioned, or systematically desensitized, for his acquired fear of rats? A. His mother removed him from the study. B. The scientific community considered the experiment unethical and ended it abruptly. C. Once learned, a phobia is permanent. D. Systematic desensitization has been shown to be ineffective for treating fear.

His mother removed him from the study

Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the mind? A. John Stuart Mill B. Rene Descartes C. Hermann von Helmholtz D. John Locke

John Stuart Mill

What do we mean when we say that inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations? A. Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and mode are generalizations about data. B. Meta-analyses allow researchers to generalize findings from one study to many. C. Inferential statistics remove error/bias, so generalizations are easier to make. D. Knowing how likely findings are to occur indicates whether results reflect true differences in a population.

Knowing how likely findings are to occur indicates whether results reflect true differences in a population.

Which of the following concepts would Spearman agree with regarding intelligence? A. One intelligence factor operates in all intellectual tasks. B. Crystallized intelligence is more important than fluid intelligence. C. The main intelligence factor is composed of many small intelligence factors. D. One main intelligence factor is supplemented by smaller factors.

One intelligence factor operates in all intellectual tasks

Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem? A. Rene Descartes B. Hippocrates C. Leonardo da Vinci D. Sigmund Freud

Rene Descartes