psych 210

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers __________.

"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

When intelligence tests are standardized, the mean (average) IQ is set at __________

100

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at __________.

2 years; 6 months

A baby's first laugh will probably appear around __________

3 to 4 months

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop _____________

A categorical self

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur?

A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll—some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of ________________

Accommodation.

Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was ______________________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme

Assimilating

Which statement is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

B) During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

Which statement about basic emotions is true?

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

_______ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

Catch up

. A ________________________________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

Circular Reaction

According to the _______________________ theory of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action

Dynamic systems

_______ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex

Early experience

__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and by flexibly directing thought and behavior.

Executive function

Yolanda, age 2, is being raised in a single-parent American household. Although her mother works, she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy, active life. Yolanda is skinny and withdrawn. Yolanda most likely suffers from ___________________

Food Insecurity

_________ are responsible for myelination

Glial cells

__________ sustains the benefits of growing up in an economically advantaged family and can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life.

Good child care

involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Goodness of fit

The process of _____________________________________ coats the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath, which improves the efficiency of message transfer.

Myelination

Which statement about neurons is true?

Neurons store and transmit information.

Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called

Neurotransmitters

___________________________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Reactivity

__________ is more challenging than __________.

Recall; recognition

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a ___________

Reinforcer

When caregiver‒infant communication is seriously disrupted, infant __________ is common—a condition that impairs all aspects of development

Sadness

Expressions of _____________________ are less frequent than expressions of_______________________.

Sadness and anger

__________ is related to advanced play, language, and problem solving in toddlerhood and early childhood.

Scaffolding

In all societies studied, the most common attachment quality is the __________________________________ pattern

Secure attachment

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Ryan lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Ryan is expressing __________.

Shame

The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is

Skeletal age.

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

Social learning

When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing

Stranger anxiety

Which statement about synapses is true?

Synapses are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons.

Stimulation in an infant's brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses, many of which served identical functions. Neurons that were seldom stimulated lost their synapses in a process called _________.

Synaptic pruning

. Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to ______________________________.

Temperament

In the information-processing system, information first enters the ____________________________.

The sensory register

_____________________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.

Working memory

Habituation refers to __________.

a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

. In classical conditioning, __________.

a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require __________.

adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because:

adults cannot translate early nonverbal memories into language.

Herb and Nyla value make-believe as a developmentally beneficial activity. They would like to promote their 18-month-old daughter's play. You can tell them that toddlers' make-believe is more elaborate when __________.

adults participate

Cross-cultural research suggests that attachment security depends on __________

attentive caregiving

__________________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them

automatic processes

Two-year-old Eva's parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson's theory, Eva will develop __________ as a result.

autonomy

. Core knowledge theorists argue that __________

babies are born with core domains of thought that permit a ready grasp of information

. According to Piaget, adaptation involves __________.

building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to

categorize

According to the _______________________________________ trend, the head develops more rapidly during the prenatal period than the lower part of the body

cephalocaudal

The __________ is responsible for the highly developed intelligence of the human species

cerebral cortex

In left-handed people, the ________

cerebral cortex may be less clearly specialized

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for

complex thought

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development

continuity of caregiving

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________.

create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands

Matt is looking for child care for his 1-year-old daughter, Emmalyn. You can tell him to look for a __________.

daily schedule that includes times for active play, quiet play, naps, snacks, and meals

Research on maternal (mother's) depression shows that __________.

depressed mothers view their infants negatively, which contributes to their inept caregiving

In applying the __________ view, researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goals.

dynamic systems view

Liam can effectively focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion. Liam is high in __________.

effortful control

Newborn babies respond with __________ to changes in body temperature.

generalized distress

Which of the following is an example of a fine-motor skill?

grasping

Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use _____________________________, in which babies are exposed to a physical event until their looking declines.

habituation

Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can inform Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat" __________

helps her maintain a constant body temperature

During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile __________.

in response to seeing a human face

Research on child care in infancy has found that __________.

infants and toddlers who experience daily, nonparental child care are at risk for attachment insecurity

In the short-term memory store, __________

information is retained briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and often fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he alternately clings to her and hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment

insecure‒resistant

According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

internal working model

Self-conscious emotions __________.

involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.

joint activities with more mature members of their society

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it _______________.

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is known as ____

lateralization

Mental tests __________.

measure variations in developmental progress

On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his older brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

mental representation

Mia, age 2, is about to undergo a neurobiological exam. The doctor wishes to examine the functioning of Mia's cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism. The best method for the doctor to choose in Mia's case is

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________

object permanence

Experience-dependent brain growth _____

occurs throughout our lives

Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change through __________

organization

Young children often __________ deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word

overextend

In operant conditioning, punishment often involves __________.

pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response

Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria's mother later notices that each time Gloria is placed on the pillow, she makes sucking movements. In this example, _________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

placement on the pillow

According to Vygotsky, zone of proximal development refers to

problem-solving skills when assisted by an adult or a more capable peer

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the __________.

quality of caregiving

Emotional self-regulation __________.

requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions

Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Carmen's father helps her turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.

scaffolding

In the Strange Situation, infants with insecure-avoidant attachment __________.

seem unresponsive to the parent when the parent is present

According to (Piaget's) cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is

specific psychological structures—organized ways of making sense of experience

The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress

talk to infants and toddlers

Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes __________.

the social smile

. In a social referencing experiment, 18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she __________.

uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach