Psych 211 Exam 4 Applied Questions

Is it possible for a statistical analysis to yield three main effects in a 2 x 2 factorial study? No, because there are only two independent variables. No, because there are only two cells in such a design. Yes, but only if the test for an interaction is significant. Yes, but only if the test for an interaction is not significant.

No, because there are only two independent variables

"Whereas men produced more assertions than women did, women produced more affirmations than men did." Your text would refer to this statement as a... Comparison and Contrast Ladder Progression Template Expression Parallel Construction

Parallel Construction

In addition to summarizing requirements for specific portions of a research paper such as "Introduction" and "Results," the checklist for writing an empirical research paper also includes a section called "Paper as a whole," which includes points such as "Coherence" and ______. Citations Abstract APA-style Predictability

Predictability

What is replication? Repeating research to test whether the results are the same Using a representative sample of participants instead of a narrow one Using large samples to determine statistical significance Conducting multiple observations within a single study

Repeating research to test whether the results are the same

A researcher uses the same hypothesis, the same materials and procedure, and the same type of participants as a previous study. The new researcher's study would be considered a... conceptual replication total replication exact replication non-replication

exact replication

Maurice conducted a 2 x 2 completely within-subjects experiment. He counterbalanced all of his within-subjects conditions by making use of 24 different orders. If he used 24 different orders, which form of counterbalancing must he have used? reverse counterbalancing an ideal Latin square randomized comprehensive counterbalancing complete counterbalancing

complete counterbalancing

A study finds that people holding warm drinks are seen as being "warmer" during conversations. A second researcher tests the same hypothesis by using gloves with hand warmers in them instead of warm drinks. This would be considered a... Conceptual replication partial replication exact replication non-replication

conceptual replication

Simple effect tests are conducted to ______. figure out the exact nature of a significant interaction determine whether an apparent interaction is statistically significant find out if an interaction replicates in a subset of a larger sample determine if a lack of an interaction is due to a lack of statistical power

figure out the exact nature of a significant interaction

In the introduction to an empirical research paper, one should ______. open broadly, become specific, and then become broad again open specifically, become broad, and then become more specific again include periodic reminders of your specific research hypothesis gradually become more specific as you build your argument

gradually become more specific as you build your argument

A design that incorporates both within-subjects and between-subjects enactments of independent variables is known as a ______. Latin square mixed-model design pseudo-experiment counterbalancing technique

mixed-model design

If you plotted the results of a factorial study using lines whose slopes represent mean differences across different experimental conditions, the presence of a statistical interaction would show up in the form of ______. lines that are separated by a statistically significant distance lines that generally slope upward lines that generally slope downward nonparallel lines

nonparallel lines

According to the text, what should writers do to produce concise research papers? avoid ever saying the same thing twice make use of abbreviations omit needless words all of these

omit needless words

A Latin square is one specific example of ______. ideal counterbalancing partial counterbalancing complete counterbalancing reverse counterbalancing

partial counterbalancing

How many cells (i.e., how many unique experimental conditions) are there in a 2 x 2 x 3 completely between-subjects factorial experiment? 6 7 12 There is no way to tell without knowing more about the design.

12

Which of the following is one of the pieces of advice Gilbert offers for giving a good research talk? Be Original Be Professional Have a Backup Plan End at the End

End at the end

According to the hourglass approach, which part(s) of an empirical research paper should be highly detailed and specific? The introduction The conclusion All parts of the paper The methods and results sections

The methods and results sections

What would a researcher attempting to conduct a conceptual replication of a past study do? The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same. The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way. The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants.

The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way.

How have new resources such as the Center for Open Science and psychfiledrawer.org helped to solve the replication crisis?

They have created outlets where the results of replication attempts can be made available.

What do reviewers primarily focus on in order to determine whether a study should be published? They look for reasonable methodology and statistical evidence They look for an intuitive basis for the research They look for novel counter-intuitive findings They look for authors of the paper who are well-known and well-respected in their fields of study

They look for reasonable methodology and statistical evidence

Yesica has found that saying "Do you believe in love at first sight?" is a very effective way to get attractive strangers to give her their phone numbers. Her sister, Yaneli, decided to try it but instead says "I lost my phone number. Can I have yours?" In terms of psychological research, what is Yaneli doing? Yaneli is serving as Yesica's confederate. Yaneli is conducting a direct replication of Yesica's study. Yaneli is conducting a conceptual replication of Yesica's study.

Yaneli is conducting a conceptual replication of Yesica's study

In the Gilbert et al. (1988) study of causal attribution discussed in the text, the researchers independently manipulated cognitive load (low vs. high) and discussion topics (anxiety-provoking vs. relaxing). Thus, the design of this study was ______. a one-way, four-groups design a Latin square factorial a mixed-model design a 2 x 2 factorial design

a 2x2 factorial design

A disordinal interaction is the same as ______.

a crossover interaction

Which of the following is included (under the "Discussion" category) in the checklist of concerns for empirical research papers? a discussion of the scope of the research a discussion of how the work fits with findings from "sister fields" such as sociology or medicine a discussion of the theoretical implications of the research a discussion of the external validity of the research

a discussion of the theoretical implications of the research

If you overheard a researcher say that "each of the three possible main effects in my study was significant," you could conclude that the analysis the researcher had conducted was ______. a one-way, three-groups ANOVA a two-way ANOVA a three-way ANOVA a planned comparison

a three-way ANOVA

The simplest possible kind of true experiment is ______. a one-group design a two-groups design a one-way design a 2 X 2 factorial design

a two-groups design

According to Gilbert, being redundant in a talk is a good way to ______. bore your audience run over your allotted speaking time be as clear as possible look like you haven't planned your talk well

be as clear as possible

Authors who overuse quotations violate the rule of good writing known as ______. being original having a voice looking forward being assertive

being assertive

Results revealed that the sociologists (M = 4.34, SD = 1.51) were lower than the psychologists (M = 5.29, SD = 1.57) in terms of self-esteem, t(119) = -14.84, p < .001. What rule of good writing does this sentence violate? being coherent being correct being concise being easy on the eyes

being easy on the eyes

Consider the findings of the hypothetical study of plant growth summarized below (and in your text): Amount of Sunlight Received Amount of Water Received Low High Row Means Low 22.4 25.6 24.0 High 10.8 37.2 24.0 Column Means 16.6 31.4 This study appears to have yielded ______. only a main effect of sunlight only a main effect of water both a main effect of sunlight and a sunlight x water interaction both a main effect of water and a sunlight x water interaction

both a main effect of sunlight and a sunlight x water interaction

When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable, the observed pattern is referred to as a ______. crossover interaction spreading interaction simple main effect factorial

crossover interaction

Gilbert's eight-step plan for a good talk begins with reviewing "some background about the area of research" and ends with discussing "implications for the 'big picture'." Steps 4 and 5 are much more detail-oriented (e.g., provide details of your procedures). On the whole, Gilbert's plan for giving a good talk strongly resembles the ______. hourglass model foundational model top to bottom model triangulation model

hourglass model

The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at one ______ at a time. independent variable dependent variable control group treatment condition

independent variable

Which of the following is true regarding labeling research hypotheses with numbers? It does not add clarity. It is advisable since it omits unnecessary words. Readers usually appreciate the labels.

it does not add clarity

According to the text, writers can often increase the clarity of their writing by ______. avoiding the use of parallel constructions making use of parallel constructions avoiding the use of split infinitives making use of split infinitives

make use of parallel constructions

All of the following are possible reasons for non-replication except... popularity of the effect small sample size poorly designed replication falsified data

popularity of the effect

According to the text, good scientific writing differs from good fiction or poetry in that good scientific writing needs to be highly ______. accessible technical concise predictable

predictable

A well-written Method section provides all the necessary information that would allow readers to ______ a study. statistically analyze criticize accept replicate

replicate

The advice to be cautious in writing research reports refers to ______. replicating your results to be sure they are reliable before trying to publish being careful about the conclusions you draw from your research findings sticking very close to the research methods used by others to study a topic reporting only results that prove to be statistically significant

replicating your results to be sure they are reliable before trying to publish

What counterbalancing technique uses only two orders -- while also guaranteeing that the average serial position of any given condition in a study is exactly the same for all the unique conditions? reverse counterbalancing partial counterbalancing structured debriefing serial position counterbalancing

reverse counterbalancing

Gilbert's paper on giving a good talk suggests that handouts ______. should be used because they help the audience follow your story line should be used because they give the audience a written record of your talk should be avoided because they often distract the audience from your speech should be avoided because they reduce the feeling that your talk is spontaneous

should be avoided because the often distract the audience from your speech

Gilbert emphasizes the idea that a good talk ______. should have one and only one central theme should be equally interesting to experts and nonexperts alike should fill the allotted time exactly should focus heavily on a set of specific research findings without delving too deeply into their theoretical implications

should have one and only one central theme

To find out whether participants figured out what was being manipulated in an experiment, an experimenter is most likely to use a ______ immediately after participants have completed the study. post-manipulation interview feedback protocol manipulation check structured debriefing

structured debriefing

The hourglass approach to writing research papers is a technique for ______. determining how much time to spend on different parts of a manuscript avoiding writer's block by giving yourself deadlines in bits and pieces quickly generating a first draft of a paper before making subsequent revisions structuring and organizing an empirical research paper

structuring and organizing an empirical research paper

Which of the following is most appropriate to include in the Results section of a research paper? citations of the source of any dependent measures used in the research a detailed justification of what happened to participants in all conditions of the study the results of specific statistical tests all of these should be included in one's Results section

the results of specific statistical tests

In comparison with purely between-subjects experimental designs, one drawback of purely within-subjects experimental designs is that ______. they usually do not do as good a job of controlling for individual differences they require the use of matching, which is very difficult to perform effectively they open the door to problems such as sequence effects or carryover effects they are usually more costly and time-consuming than between-subjects designs

they open doors to problems such as sequence or carryover effects

Cathryn conducted an experiment that involved administering an antianxiety drug to people with a history of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Participants received 0 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg of the drug. Which participants probably received a placebo? those in the 50 mg condition those in the 100 mg condition those in the 0 mg condition no groups; with more than two groups there is no need for a placebo condition

those in the 0 mg condition

In a 2 x 2 factorial study, what is the maximum number of main effects that you could possibly observe? one two three four

two

According to the text, carry-over effects are best controlled by ______. reducing the number of conditions making experimental tasks as brief as possible varying the order of presentation of conditions avoiding tasks that interfere with performance on a subsequent task

varying the order of presentation of conditions

One of the most important functions of an abstract in an empirical research paper is to let readers know ______. what the primary research hypothesis was what should come next in a line of research where a study fits in the history of a research problem the methodological details of a study (e.g., the sample size, specific measures used)

what the primary research hypothesis was

A good way to be gender neutral in scientific writing is to ______. write in the pluperfect write in the plural use gender neutral phrases such as "he/she" or "him or her" use hypotheticals

write in the plural