psych 215

Which of the following statements is true about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have an average IQ of 68.

In the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for ________ percent of all deaths.

35

Approximately ________ deaths occur in the United States each year due to smoking-related illness.

480,000

Research suggests that ________ is not a predictor of therapy outcome, but may affect client's preferences and ________.

ethnic matching of therapist and client; attendance

The ________ plays a central role in regulating eating.

hypothalamus

A psychologist would find the Bender-Gestalt Test most useful for:

identifying people with brain damage

Oppositional defiant disorder:

is common among most children who develop conduct disorder at a later age.

Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with

methadone

Compared to individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to have:

more general concerns with order

Women with low sexual desire are:

more likely than men to report anxiety, depression, and life stress.

It is probable that ________ percent of people who commit suicide had been suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder.

more than 90

Which of the following brain abnormalities did Alois Alzheimer observe during an autopsy of a 51-year-old patient who had displayed severe memory loss and disorientation in the four years prior to her death?

neurofibrillary tangles

People with avoidant personality disorder:

tend to have more severe and generalized anxiety about social situations than people with social anxiety disorder.

________ is present when a person experiences less effect from the same dose of a substance and needs more and more of it to achieve intoxication.

tolerance

The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as

trephination

The personality factor traditionally linked to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the ________ behavior pattern.

type A

The core characteristic of bulimia nervosa is:

uncontrolled eating

Most U.S. states consider a person to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood-alcohol level is ________ or above.

.08

As many as ________ percent of people who experience a first episode of depression will experience subsequent episodes.

75

Which of the following statements is true about the diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders?

A biological, psychological, or social vulnerability combines with a biological, psychological, or social trigger, causing a disorder to manifest.

Which of the following best defines a theory?

A theory is a set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon.

Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural and gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms?

African Americans have higher rates of PTSD compared to Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

Which of the following statements is true of sex reassignment surgery for individuals with gender dysphoria?

Before undergoing sex reassignment surgery, individuals spend up to a year or more living fulltime in the gender role they seek.

Which of the following statements is true about the different treatments for mood disorders?

Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and drug therapies appear to be about equally effective in treating most people with depression.

Rajesh has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He was taking his medication regularly until recently. Since discontinuing his medication, he is experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms and a rebound of anxiety symptoms. Which medication was Rajesh most likely taking?

Benzodiazepines

Certain drugs can be used in conjunction with antidepressants to reduce their sexual side effects. One drug that has proven helpful in this regard is

Bupropion

Which of the following is an example of an obsession?

Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contamination

________ are ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible.

Delusions

Which of the following is a treatment goal for dissociative identity disorder?

Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality

factitious disorders are also referred to as

Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality

Which of the following makes cocaine more likely than most substances to lead to a stimulant use disorder?

Its rapid, strong effects on the brain's reward centers

Which of the following is true of organic amnesia?

Organic amnesia is caused by brain injury.

Which of the following applies to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.

Which of the following statements is true of psychotherapy for anorexia? a. Hospitalization and forced feeding are hardly ever used for treating patients with anorexia nervosa. b. People with anorexia nervosa highly value their thinness and can be resistant to therapists' attempts to change their behaviors or attitudes. c. Psychotherapy for patients with anorexia nervosa tends to be short-term, as the relapse rate is usually low. d. Most people with anorexia nervosa proactively seek treatment for themselves, as they realize the dangers associated with their behaviors.

People with anorexia nervosa highly value their thinness and can be resistant to therapists' attempts to change their behaviors or attitudes.

Which of the following statements is true of the difference between the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? a. People with the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa continue to be substantially below a healthy body weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa typically are at normal weight or somewhat overweight. b. People with the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa engage in binges in which large amounts of food are eaten, whereas binges in bulimia nervosa consist of smaller amounts of food. c. Women with bulimia nervosa have amenorrhea, whereas women with binge/purge anorexia usually do not. d. Anorexia nervosa affects both men and women, whereas bulimia nervosa is prevalent among men only.

People with the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa continue to be substantially below a healthy body weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa typically are at normal weight or somewhat overweight.

Which of the following is the most common type of delusion?

Persecutory delusions

Which of the following is true about factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia?

Prenatal and birth difficulties have been implicated as factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia.

Which of the following is true of the various professions within abnormal psychology?

Psychiatric nurses have privileges to write prescriptions for psychotherapeutic drugs in some states.

Which of the following is one of the "Wyatt Standards"?

Psychiatric patients must have a humane psychological and physical environment.

When people first begin taking a(n) ________, they sometimes report feeling "jittery" or having a feeling of "crawling out of one's skin."

SSRI

Which of the following disorders may appear similar in their presentation?

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

________ is a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use.

Substance withdrawal

Which of the following statements is true about the biological factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

The catecholamine neurotransmitters, which include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, appear to function abnormally in individuals with ADHD.

Which of the following statements is true about the treatment of borderline personality disorder?

The first-line treatment for borderline personality disorder is psychotherapy.

Neuroimaging has found that a. The hippocampus part of the brain shrinks in traumatic stress situations. b. The hippocampus is unaffected by potentially traumatic stress situations. c. The prefrontal cortex takes over when the amygdala shuts down due to stress. d. The amygdala ceases functioning during potentially traumatic stress situations.

The hippocampus part of the brain shrinks in traumatic stress situations.

What are the two branches of the human immune system?

The innate immune system and the specific immune system

Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders?

The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect.

What are the two types of anorexia nervosa recognized by the DSM-5?

The restricting type and the binge/purge type

Which of the following is true about a widespread response to individuals who were considered insane in ancient times?

The state could take rights away from people declared insane and could award the property of insane people to their relatives.

Which of the following is understood as a subtype of a narcissist?

Vulnerable narcissist

Which of the following individuals opened an asylum in England called The Retreat

William Tuke

Which of the following statements is true about gender and neurocognitive disorder?

Women live longer and are therefore more prone to developing age-related neurocognitive disorder.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of PTSD?

anhedonia

Which of the following cases established a patient's right to treatment?

Wyatt v. Stickney (1971)

Amenorrhea refers to:

absence of menstrual periods

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder tend to seek

admiration

In the United States, which of the followings groups is overdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia?

african americans

Ruth is afraid of being in large open spaces. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing

agoraphobia

When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body. What is this condition known as?

allostatic load

________ is the most common type of major neurocognitive disorder (NCD) and accounts for ________ of all types of neurocognitive disorders.

alzheimers disease, 2/3s

Children with oppositional defiant disorder show abnormalities in the

amygdala

The effects of overactivity in the ________ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information.

amygdala

People with ________ starve themselves, subsisting on little or no food for very long periods of time, yet they remain convinced that they need to lose more weight.

anorexia nervosa

Claudia finds that she reaches the sexual excitement phase of the sexual response cycle but has difficulty moving past that stage. She is most likely experiencing

anorgasmia

According to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms:

are used by the ego to disguise or transform unconscious wishes.

The process of gathering information about an individual's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms is referred to as

assessment

Children who find it difficult to pay attention, control their impulses, and organize their behaviors are most likely exhibiting symptoms of ________ disorder.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Which of the following is the most common hallucination?

auditory

Disorders characterized by impairment in two key areas of development including deficits in social interactions, communication with others, and repetitive patterns of behavior are called

autism spectrum disorder

In the treatment of somatic symptom disorder, ________ therapies attempt to determine and eliminate the reinforcements individuals receive for their symptoms, while increasing positive rewards for healthy behavior.

behavioral

Health psychology is also referred to as:

behavioral medicine

Which of the following therapies, used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), typically engage parents and teachers in changing rewards and punishments in every aspect of the child's life?

behavioral therapies

Which of the following is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States?

cannabis

A lack of responsiveness to the outside world is referred to as ________ in patients with schizophrenia.

catatonia

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks held that a woman's uterus

caused psychological abnormalities by dislodging and wangering inside the body.

Which of the following has been linked by research to somatic symptom disorder?

childhood physical and sexual abuse

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it ________.

depressant; slows the central nervous system

A frequent complain with the DSM-IV-TR was that most people who were diagnosed with one disorder also met the criteria for another disorder. This overlap among disorders is known as _______.

comorbidity

Which behavioral disorder among adolescents and children is characterized by a chronic pattern of unconcern for the basic rights of others?

conduct disorder

Mark takes a test to measure his general level of anxiety. After taking the test, Mark realizes that the test contains questions only on the physical symptoms of anxiety and no questions on the cognitive symptoms, which are equally important aspects of the phenomenon of anxiety. In this case, the test mostly lacks

content validity

Tracy always seemed to "forget" to do her weekly chores, despite many reminders by her mom and dad. Her parents decided to pay her $2 for each chore she completed by Sunday night each week. On which type of operant conditioning schedule did Tracy's parents put her?

continuous reinforcement schedule

There appears to be increasing evidence that there is no "dividing line" between normal and abnormal behavior. What is the name for this psychological perspective?

continuum model of abnormality

Which of the following somatic symptom disorders is considered to be the most dramatic due to symptoms like blindness, seizures, loss of hearing, and mutism?

conversion disorder/functional neurological symptom disorder

African Americans have higher rates of PTSD compared to Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

cortisol

By 1960, as part of the patients' rights movement, patients' rights advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community, with the support of community-based treatment facilities - a process known as

deinstitutionalizaton

What type of cognitive disorders consists of disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of attention?

delirium

Which of the following is true of the link between depression and the risk of recurrent heart attacks and mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

depression doubles the risk

It is difficult to understand what Carter is saying because he tends to slip from one topic to a seemingly unrelated topic with little coherent transition. Carter is exhibiting

derailment

Cognitive theorists have argued that some people with narcissistic personality disorder:

develop the belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection.

One the most common biological contributors to sexual dysfunction is

diabetes

Which of the following is a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together?

diagnosis

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors belong to a general category called:

disorders of arousal

The recurrent inability of a man to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity is referred to as

erectile disorder

Critics of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) argue that it:

does not clearly differentiate between depressive symptoms and general distress related to other disorders.

Binge-eating disorder differs from bulimia nervosa in that the person with binge-eating disorder:

does not regularly engage in purging or excessive exercise.

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of brain cells that produce the neurotransmitter

dopamine

the most common specific learning disorder is...

dyslexia

A key communication issue autistic children experience is the tendency to repeat words they have heard, a condition known as

echolalia

Learned helplessness theory suggests that:

frequent stressful events can make people believe their situation is uncontrollable.

The broad beliefs we have about ourselves, our relationships, and the world, can be either positive and helpful to us, or negative and destructive. These broad beliefs are called

global assumptions

Rosenhan's study enlightened the mental health community on the dangers of:

potential abuses of power by those who label people as normal or abnormal.

Tourette's disorder, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder respond well to a behavioral therapy called:

habit reversal therapy

A person being considered for involuntary commitment:

has the right to call and confront witnesses

According to research, people with feeding and eating disorders:

have a dichotomous thinking style

Many children with antisocial tendencies:

have experienced harsh and inconsistent parenting and physical abuse.

A myocardial infarction is commonly known as a:

heart attack

People in high-stress jobs are at increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly if their jobs are:

highly demanding but provide them little control.

A test that is consistent in measuring what it is supposed to measure is considered to have

reliability

When committing an individual to a psychiatric facility against his or her will, most states require that the danger the individual poses to themselves or others be ________, in other words, if they are not immediately incarcerated,they or someone else will likely be harmed in the very near future.

imminent

Erectile disorder is sometimes referred to as

impotence

In dialectical behavior therapy, clients with borderline personality disorder may learn how to control their ________ behaviors by monitoring situations most likely to lead to such behaviors and learning alternative ways to handle those situations.

impulsive

Spectatoring involves:

individuals anxiously attending to reactions and performance during sex as if they were spectators.

Today, pyschosurgery...

is only used for severe disorders that do not respond to other treatments.

Which of the following is true of the effects of sleep deprivation?

it is cumulative in nature

A problem associated with the M'Naghten rule is that:

it requires that a person not know right from wrong at the time of the crime in order to be judged not guilty by reason of insanity.

If a person experiences a loss of interest in usual activities and at least four other depressive symptoms chronically for at least two weeks, and these symptoms are severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in everyday life, the person meets the criteria for

major depressive disorder

A person filled with grandiose self-esteem, displaying rapid speech and impulsive behaviors, and showing an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week is exhibiting symptoms of

mania

The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:

many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered them.

The nineteenth-century reformation movement that included rest, relaxation, and prayer in the treatment of mental illnesses was called the:

mental hygiene movement

The DSM-5 states that in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, an individual must show two or more symptoms of the psychosis consistently for at least

one month

The insanity defense:

only requires that the client be judged insane at the time of committing the illegal act.

Which diagnosis is most likely when panic attacks that are not usually provoked by any particular situation become a common occurrence, leading one to begin to worry about having the attacks and change behaviors as a result?

panic disorder

The need for treatment alone is no longer sufficient legal cause for civil commitment in most states in the UnitedStates. This change came about as part of the ________ of the 1960s.

patients' rights movement

If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years he or she has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with

persistent depressive disorder

A(n) ________ trait is a complex pattern of behavior, thought, and feeling that is stable across time and across many situations.

personality

In positron-emission tomography (PET) scans, a radioactive isotope, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), emits subatomic particles called ________ as it decays.

positrons

a disorder that has high comorbidity with DID is

post traumatic stress disorder

The most common form of orgasmic disorder in men is

premature ejaculation

The study of abnormal psychology is the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain. This is also referred to as:

psychopathology

Incompetency to stand trial differs from insanity in legal terms in that it:

refers to the inability of the defendant to understand the charges against him.

In Roger's client-centered therapy, ________ is a method of response in which the therapist attempts to understand what the client is experiencing by restating those experiences.

reflection

When the initial neuron releasing a neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter and thereby decreases the amount of neurotransmitter left in the synapse, the process is called

reuptake

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was originally introduced to treat which mental disorder?

schizophrenia

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people face stressors that can affect their sexual health arising from continued

stigma and discrimination

Which of the following drugs is known to reduce disruptive behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

stimulants

Antisocial personality disorder tends to have high comorbidity with

substance abuse

________ is a set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system.

substance intoxiation

Children with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder sometimes are prescribed atypical antipsychotics, which seem to

suppress aggressive behavior.

What phenomenon, seen in Italy in the fourteenth century, was attributed to a tarantula bite, causing people to jump around, dance wildly, tear at their clothes, and beat each other with whips?

tarantism

The term "schizophrenogenic mother" refers to:

the idea that a mother is both overprotective of and rejecting toward her child, and this relationship creates schizophrenia in the child.

Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous alter found in dissociative identity disorder?

the persecutor

O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) established:

the unconstitutionality of confining a nondangerous individual.

The diagnosis of depression in older adults is complicated because:

their symptoms often occur in the context of medical illnesses.

Cultural relativists argue that...

there are no universal standards or rules that exist for labeling behaviors as normal

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of borderline personality disorder?

unstable relatioships

Psychosis refers to knowing the difference between:

what is real and what is not real

________ are most likely to suffer neurocognitive disorder due to brain injury because they take more risks associated with brain injuries than do other groups.

young men