Psych 21A Ch. 3 Review Questions

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____. A. 20; 27 B. 26; 20 C. 30; 27 D. 20; 20

A. 20; 27

What may explain the results from the studies that have relocated adolescents from poor neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods? A. Adolescents may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhood. B. Parents of adolescents in more advantaged neighborhoods may monitor their children more vigilantly. C. Adolescents who moved to a new neighborhood may end up feeling less disadvantaged. D. More advantaged neighborhoods allow access to more resources than the poor neighborhoods do.

A. Adolescents may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhood.

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult? A. Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals. B. It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty. C. These laws have been in place for 100s of years and they are difficult to change. D. Most adolescents look older than they feel.

A. Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals

Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood? A. It is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth. B. Not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile. C. It is positively associated with economic pressures to support a family. D. It exists in all cultures.

A. It is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth.

In general, according to the textbook, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents? A. No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes. B. Yes, Americanization appears to be associated with better outcomes. C. The textbook indicates that Americanization is associated with both better and worse outcomes. D. Yes, Americanization has been associated with less likelihood of drug and alcohol use

A. No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old? A. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial. B. The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her ability as a mentally ill adult. C. Both adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent. D. The results from the Grisso study cannot be used to predict whether a 15- or 13-year-old would be competent to stand trial.

A. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial.

In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over: A. a relatively long period of time. B. a few days. C. a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females. D. a relatively short period of time.

A. a relatively long period of time

According to the textbook, all of the following statements about female circumcision are true except: A. although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents. B. female circumcision carries zero health benefits. C. female circumcision can cause infection and chronic pain during urination, menstruation, and sexual intercourse. D. after circumcision, it is virtually impossible for a woman to achieve an orgasm during sex.

A. although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents

One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescence is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescents to obtain _____. A. cigarettes; contraceptives B. vulgar magazines; contraceptives C. contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines D. vulgar magazines; cigarettes

A. cigarettes; contraceptives

Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as: A. cohorts. B. age groups. C. longitudinal groups. D. quincea-era groups.

A. cohorts.

Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following: A. earlier onset of puberty. B. later entry into adult work roles. C. later entry into adult family roles. D. later development of emotional maturity.

A. earlier onset of puberty

Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony? A. graduating from high school B. a quincea-era C. a Bas Mitzvah D. obtaining a driver's license

A. graduating from high school

Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth? A. increased materialism among college students B. a growing college population C. a rise in student activism D. changes in attitudes and values among college students

A. increased materialism among college students

Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests: A. it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people. B. it is a time of increasing stress caused by financial instability. C. it is a time of decreasing mental health for most people. D. no research has yet examined this question with emerging adults.

A. it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people

Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future. A. less, more B. less; less C. more; less D. more; more

A. less, more

The transition into adulthood 50 or 60 years ago was characterized by _____ prior preparation for family roles and _____ prior preparation for work roles. A. more; less B. more; more C. less; more D. less; less

A. more; less

Which of the following is not associated with transition difficulties in adolescence? A. spending a lot of time with peers B. being a member of a minority group C. living in poverty D. the absence of affluent neighbors

A. spending a lot of time with peers

The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of: A. the Industrial Revolution. B. increases in scientific knowledge. C. political changes resulting from the Civil War. D. the advent of technical careers.

A. the Industrial Revolution.

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except: A. the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent. B. there are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood. C. once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently. D.in some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it may be associated with harsher treatment.

A. the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent.

Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households and survive on welfare. Tamika, however, lives in a better neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant? A. Tamika B. Theresa C. both Tamika and Theresa have an equal chance D. unable to determine

B. Theresa

Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who: A. develops new products aimed predominantly at the adolescent population. B. argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention. C. believes that many of the problems in adolescence are merely invented by the popular press. D. believes that adolescents need to be kept away from the labor force for their own safety.

B. argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention

The current transition into adult occupations in America is considered a: A. functional transition. B. discontinuous transition. C. continuous transition. D. consonant transition.

B. discontinuous transition.

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager? A. industrialization B. economic freedom C. higher education D. student activism

B. economic freedom

Charles feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities except: A. spending more time with opposite-sex peers. B. greater achievement in school. C. feel more autonomous. D. engage in problem behavior.

B. greater achievement in school.

The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called: A. collective efficacy. B. social redefinition. C. social specification. D. self-image stability

B. social redefinition.

The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of: A. extrusion. B. the accentuation of male and female differences. C. cohorts. D. counterculture.

B. the accentuation of male and female differences

The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are: A. full of sexual innuendos. B. unclear and inconsistent. C. outdated. D. inappropriate for young people.

B. unclear and inconsistent.

Adolescents who live in neighborhoods with high rates of teenage childbearing are exposed to large numbers of peers who are relatively more tolerant of this behavior, which affects their own attitudes toward premarital childbearing. C. Both statements A and B support the hypothesis. D. Neither of these statements supports the hypothesis.

C. Both statements A and B support the hypothesis.

Which of the following research findings supports the hypothesis that, "under conditions of low collective efficacy, social problems are contagious"? A. Adolescents who associate with delinquent peers are more likely to be drawn into criminal and delinquent activity. B. Adolescents who live in neighborhoods with high rates of teenage childbearing are exposed to large numbers of peers who are relatively more tolerant of this behavior, which affects their own attitudes toward premarital childbearing. C. Both statements A and B support the hypothesis. D. Neither of these statements supports the hypothesis.

C. Both statements A and B support the hypothesis.

Black, Hispanic, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which race(s)? A. White youth only B. Asian youth only C. White and Asian youth D. None of the above is the correct answer.

C. White and Asian youth

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is ________; among Inuit adolescents in the Canadian Arctic, the most important is ________: A. getting married; accepting responsibility for oneself. B. moving in with a prospective mate; supporting oneself financially. C. accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship. D. being able to support oneself financially; becoming a parent

C. accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship

The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought. A. Revolutionary B. Piagetian C. child protectionist D. inventionist

C. child protectionist

Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence? A. biological B. social C. conceptual D. cognitive

C. conceptual

The Bas Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quincea-era are all examples of: A. graduations. B. inventionism. C. initiation ceremonies. D. universal rights of passage.

C. initiation ceremonies.

Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the: A. Piagetian perspective. B. psychometric perspective. C. inventionist perspective. D. contextual perspective.

C. inventionist perspective.

Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is: A. short and smooth. B. short and rocky. C. long and disorderly. D. long and smooth.

C. long and disorderly.

The term adolescent became widely used at what time? A. since the 15th century B. since the 18th century C. since the 19th century D. during the 20th century

C. since the 19th century

According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until: A. the publication of Seventeen magazine. B. the creation of child labor laws. C. the industrial revolution. D. It has always been recognized as a distinct part of development

C. the industrial revolution

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following? A. functioning as an independent person B. exploring possible identities before making permanent choices C. the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity D. the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

C. the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

Evaluations of mentoring programs have indicated that: A. mentoring is a sufficient program to meet the needs of at-risk youth. B. the success of mentoring depends on the amount of financial support for the program. C.the success of the mentoring program depends on characteristics of the mentor, the mentee, and the relationship between the two. D. mentoring tends to be more successful when the mentor involves the adolescent in 1 to 2 specific activities.

C.the success of the mentoring program depends on characteristics of the mentor, the mentee, and the relationship between the two.

According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescent will be non-White. A. 45%; 1/3 B. 10%; 2/3 C. 10%; 1/3 D. 45%; 2/3

D. 45%; 2/3

Social scientists believe that the transition from adolescence into adulthood in contemporary society is: A. too rocky. B. too vague. C. too long. D. All of the above responses are true.

D. All of the above responses are true.

Changes in social definition also bring changes in: A. adolescents' identities. B. responsibilities. C. changes in relationships with others. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are: A. more likely to understand their rights. B. less likely to confess to a crime than remain silent. C. more likely to discuss disagreements with their attorney. D. None of the above is true.

D. None of the above is true.

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition? A. attenuated B. longitudinal C. discontinuous D. continuous

D. continuous

Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system. A. child; adult B. status; majority C. criminal; adult D. juvenile; criminal

D. juvenile; criminal

Research described in the textbook indicates all of the following except: A. juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police. B. juvenile are more likely than adults to confess to a crime than remain silent. C. juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. D. nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

D. nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to: A. epiphysis. B. extrusion. C. voodoo. D. scarification

D. scarification

What might explain why adolescence has been elongated? A. the delayed onset of puberty B. recent brain imaging studies that have indicated that the prefrontal cortex is still developing until the age of 25 C. the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships D. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

D. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles