Psych 21A - Chapter 8

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:

All of the above; conduct problems, depression, and lower achievement

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their ethnic group typically:

are more sensitive to racial cues

According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one's identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development:

A and B are both true; it may make adolescents more sensitive to discrimination and it may help adolescents cope better with discrimination

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state?

Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

All of the above; Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children, Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves, and The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations

Someone who is more likely to engage in excessive false-self behavior is most likely:

All of the above; to report less emotional support from parents and peers, to have lower self-esteem, and to report depressive symptoms

Recent identity research has debunked which of the following myths about identity development in adolescence?

All of these ideas about identity development in adolescence are myths that have been debunked in research studies; There is an identity crisis that is resolved during adolescence, There is a clear, systematic order in which all individuals must pass through the stages of identity development, and Identity achievement is the final state of identity development for all individuals

According to the textbook, because _____ girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

Black; negatively; higher

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence?

Boys' gender-role socialization does not intensify during adolescence as much as it does for girls because boys' gender-role socialization is very intense from childhood

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity moratorium state?

Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

Based on findings from research studies, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8- to 11-year-olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents' self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false?

Early adolescents experience a sharp increase in self-esteem'

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?

Gender Intensification

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

High achievement in school boosts self-esteem

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?

Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

Whose research supports Erikson's theory on identity development?

Phinney

When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean?

Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hidesubstantial differences between people

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally will be starting her senior year of high school in the fall. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

Rose

Tony and Jeff, both Black adolescents, attend different schools. Tony attends a school where his ethnic group is in the majority and Jeff attends a predominately White school. What do studies predict about Tony and/or Jeff's self-perception?

Tony will have fewer self-image problems than Jeff

Dewayne's parents are worried that as he enters adolescence, his self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Dewayne's parents expect the most fluctuations in his self-image?

When he is 12-14 years old

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?

White females

Bruce, a second-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in:

a state of psychosocial moratorium

Ethnic identity may be sped up if parents teach their children:

about dealing with racism

According to the textbook, which identity status is associated with a coherent sense of identity?

achievement

Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience all of the following except:

are not aware of racism

Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?

because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for a long-time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:

better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:

blaming other people for one's problems

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:

both A and B are correct; globally and along several distinct dimensions

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

establishing a coherent sense of identity

Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

future orientation

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporary increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls,is called the _______ hypothesis.

gender intensification

Positive mental health is associated with:

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:

identity diffusion

Jessica is 15 years old and spends most of her energy wondering who she is and what kind of person she will become. Erikson would describe her as facing the crisis called:

identity versus identity diffusion

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be:

impulsive

A sense of identity is typically crystallized:

in late adolescence to the early 20s

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with close friends.

inauthentically; false self behavior

Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes?

intolerance of the majority culture

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood,individuals become:

more emotionally stable and more extraverted

Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents.

multiethnic

Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as:

negative identities

James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing:

negative identity

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

physical appearance self-esteem

Since Ignacio became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Ignacio's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:

psychosocial moratorium

According to the textbook, which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?

religious affiliation

Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

self-conception

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

self-esteem

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:

self-regulation

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among minorities. This model is called:

the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI)

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

to be depressed