PSYCH 220 - CHAPT 7
101)Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of A)self-awareness. B)effortful control. C)an internal working model. D)emotional self-regulation.
A
107)Dr. Kostelnik studies the early emergence of self-control by giving children a present and asking them to wait to open it until after she reads a story. Dr. Kostelnik is measuring A)delay of gratification. B)the categorical self. C)the internal working model. D)self-world differentiation.
A
22)Which of the following is true about social referencing? A)By the middle of the second year, it expands to include indirect emotional signals. B)A parent's use of a facial expression alone is a more effective social reference than the use of the voice. C)It does not allow young children to compare their own and others' assessments of events. D)In social referencing, toddlers simply react to others' emotional messages.
A
100)Which of the following is true about attachment and later development? A)A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity. B)A child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy maintains that style, regardless of caregiving. C)By the end of early childhood, nearly 90 percent of U.S. children are securely attached to a caregiver. D)An insecure attachment in infancy almost always leads to severe behavior problems in childhood.
A
47)Which of the following statements is supported by research on the stability of temperament? A)Long-term prediction from early temperament is best achieved after age three. B)Temperament does not develop as the child ages. C)Most irritable infants become difficult children as they age. D)Childhood temperament is a fairly good predictor of personality in adulthood.
A
58)Baby Matthew recognizes his own mother's smell, voice, and face. But Matthew does not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. In which of Bowlby's phases does Matthew best fit? A)preattachment B)"attachment in the making" C)"clear-cut" attachment D)formation of a reciprocal relationship
A
60)In which of Bowlby's phases do children use requests and persuasion to alter their caregiver's goals? A)formation of a reciprocal relationship B)"clear-cut" attachment C)"attachment in the making" D)preattachment
A
69) In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment. A)avoidant B)secure C)disorganized/disoriented D)resistant
A
73)Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is the most likely to display an avoidant attachment? A)Gretel from Germany B)Yuri from Japan C)Garrett from the United States D)Sascha from an Israeli kibbutz
A
40)According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in A)effortful control. B)self-concept. C)goodness of fit. D)interactional synchrony.
A
72)Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no __________ attachment. A)resistant B)avoidant C)secure D)disorganized/disoriented
B
" D)laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy"
D
52)Goodness of fit is A)only effective with sociable, securely attached children. B)rarely successful with difficult children. C)only effective with infants and toddlers. D) at the heart of infant-caregiver attachment.
D
1 63)Troy, age 3, understands that his father goes to work in the morning and picks Troy up from his babysitter's house after naptime. Troy seeks his father's comfort during times of stress. These examples show that Troy has developed A)effortful control. B)an internal working model. C)interactional synchrony. D)a categorical self.
B
1)One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its A)information regarding the channeling of biological drives. B)ability to capture the essence of personality development during each period of development. C)nearly exclusive focus on the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood. D)emphasis on quantitative and experimental research.
B
3)According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is A)autonomy versus shame and doubt. B)basic trust versus mistrust. C)initiative versus guilt. D)industry versus inferiority.
B
31)Effortful control A)requires adult instruction and modeling. B)is regarded as a major dimension of temperament. C)plays a limited role in mental and social development. D)is an ability that is present at birth.
B
36)According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child A)shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. B)is irregular in daily routines. C)shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics. D)displays no identifiable temperamental traits.
B
48)Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that A)heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality. B)identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures. C)only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup. D)heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.
B
76)Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that A)late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents. B)adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6. C)fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life. D)adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.
C
29)Emotional self-regulation requires A)adult instruction on when to use it. B)goodness of fit. C)social referencing. D)effortful control.
D
35)Baby Dak quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. Dak would be classified by Thomas and Chess as A)slow-to-warm-up. B)uninhibited. C)difficult. D)easy.
D
82)Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research? A)Mothers of resistant infants tend to be overstimulating and intrusive. B)Securely attached infants often receive inconsistent care. C)Persistently depressed mothers tend to promote an avoidant attachment classification. D)Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.
D
88)Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that A)most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached. B)full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. C)a history of higher-quality child care predicts poorer social skills. D)child care alone does not contribute to attachment insecurity.
D
11)Laughter A)reflects faster processing of information than smiling. B)appears around 6 to 8 months of age. C)first occurs in response to very gentle stimuli. D)occurs more often when babies are interacting with new people.
A
15)When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, the baby begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting A)stranger anxiety. B)avoidant attachment. C)insecure attachment. D)separation anxiety.
A
18)The rise in ______after 6 months of age keeps nearly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check. A)fear B)sadness C)anger D)emotional contagion
A
27)Cross-cultural research indicates that A)the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture. B)in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement. C)nonverbal expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture. D)in Western individualistic nations, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over individual achievement.
A
30)In the early months, infants A)have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress. B)are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress. C)are not very easily overwhelmed. D)rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.
A
32)Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation? A)Collectivist cultures usually discourage the expression of strong emotion in infants. B)Beginning in infancy, girls find it harder to regulate negative emotion than boys. C)By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves. D)Beginning in the first few months, mothers imitate their babies' negative feelings far more often than their positive ones.
A
34)Which of the following is true about the results of the longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess? A)Temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems. B)Because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children's emotional styles. C)Temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life. D)The psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.
A
37)Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Alice would be classified as A)slow-to-warm-up. B)uninhibited. C)difficult. D)easy.
A
4)In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents A)provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices. B)use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques. C)employ an authoritarian child-rearing style. D)employ a permissive child-rearing style.
A
44)Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy, inhibited children than in highly sociable, uninhibited children? A)a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life B)lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli C)lower levels of saliva concentration of cortisol D)a drop in blood pressure in response to novelty
A
5)Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development? A)Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion. B)The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision. C)Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression, but do not show other signs of fear. D)Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.
A
50)Studies on the cultural differences in temperament demonstrate that A)Japanese mothers usually say that babies come into the world as independent beings who must learn to rely on their parents through close physical contract. B)American mothers tend to interact gently, soothingly, and gesturally with their babies. C)Japanese mothers typically believe that they must wean babies away from dependency toward autonomy. D)American mothers tend to discourage babies from expressing strong emotion, which contributes to their infants' tranquility.
A
54)In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that A)the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction. B)the infant's characteristics play a larger role in the relationship than the caregiver's contributions. C)continuous, sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern. D)attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction.
A
64)In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers A)use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting. B)are just as comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent. C)combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time. D)do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.
A
81)Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care? A)Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented B)Sonya, whose attachment is secure C)Anthony, whose attachment is avoidant D)Riley, whose attachment is resistant
A
84)The heritability of attachment is A)virtually nil. B)moderately low. C)moderately high. D)very high.
A
89)Research on child care demonstrates that A)when caregiver-child ratios are generous and caregivers are educated about child development, children develop more favorably. B)the rate of insecurity is equivalent among infants in child care and those who stay at home with their mothers. C)mother-child interaction is not affected by the quality of child care or the time spent in child care. D)even children in high-quality child care have higher rates of insecurity than those who are informally cared for by friends, relatives, or babysitters.
A
92)Of the following, which is supported by research on fathers? A)In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups. B)In dual-earner families, mothers and fathers devote equal time to caregiving. C)In the United States, high-SES fathers devote more time to their children than low-SES fathers. D)Fathers in Japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the United States.
A
94)Which of the following is a true statement about grandparents who are primary caregivers? A)Warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under conditions of great hardship. B)Less than 1 percent of the U.S. child population live apart from parents and with their grandparents. C)Grandparents in Caucasian families are more likely to serve as children's primary caregivers than grandparents in other ethnic groups. D)Grandparent caregivers rarely forge secure attachment relationships with grandchildren in their care.
A
95)Cross-cultural research demonstrates that A)fathers' warmth contributes greatly to children's long-term favorable development. B)fathers who devote little time to physical caregiving do not express parental warmth. C)mothers' and fathers' emotional interactions with each other and with their children are not linked. D)fathers' warmth cannot protect children against emotional and behavioral problems.
A
10)The social smile first appears around ________ of age. A)1 to 5 weeks B)6 to 10 weeks C)3 to 4 months D)5 to 7 months
B
103)Which of the following children, when placed in front of a mirror, is the most likely to respond to the appearance of a red dot on his or her nose by touching or rubbing his or her nose? A)Reggie, a 10-month-old boy B)Benita, a 22-month-old girl C)Alan, a 14-month-old boy D)Swoosi, an 18-month-old girl
B
105)Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying A)an internal working model. B)empathy. C)a categorical self. D)social referencing.
B
13)Newborn babies respond with _______ to too much or too little stimulation. A)locked gazes B)generalized distress C)fear D)mouth-open smiles
B
16)Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim A)are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother. B)display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts. C)are passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety. D)show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.
B
19)In the first few months, babies A)master emotional self-regulation. B)match the feeling tone of the caregiver in face-to-face communication. C)look longer at an appropriate face-voice pairing than at an inappropriate one. D)display empathy in most social situations.
B
28)Evan covered his eyes when the witch appeared on the screen while he was watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan was using A)a secure base. B)emotional self-regulation. C)social referencing. D)self-soothing.
B
42)Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) ______ child. A)sociable B)shy C)easy D)uninhibited
B
55)The ethological theory of attachment A)suggests that the infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships. B)recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. C)emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds. D)suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner.
B
57)Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit? A)preattachment B)"attachment in the making" C)"clear-cut" attachment D)formation of a reciprocal relationship
B
66)In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes. When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying characteristics of ___________ attachment. A)avoidant B)secure C)disorganized/disoriented D)resistant
B
68)In the Strange Situation, George clings to his mother and refuses to explore the toys. When his mother leaves, George is distressed. When his mother returns, George continues to cry, yet clings to his mother. He also struggles against her and hits her. George is demonstrating ________ attachment. A)secure B)resistant C)avoidant D)disorganized/disoriented
B
80)________ babies tend to have mothers who overwhelm them with stimulation. A)Disorganized/disoriented B)Avoidant C)Resistant D)Secure
B
83)Research on attachment in at-risk infants reveals that A)preterm birth predicts insecure attachment, regardless of maternal characteristics or other caregiving experiences. B)at-risk infants whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security. C)infants with special needs rarely display secure attachment to any caregiver. D)mothers' experience of traumatic events is highly predictive of disorganized/disoriented attachment in preterm infants.
B
86)Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them. A)dismiss the importance of their early relationships B)discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance C)report only positive childhood experiences D)describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways
B
9)The social smile A)first appears during REM sleep. B)is evoked by parent-child interaction. C)emerges during the second week of life. D)first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.
B
91)Fathers A)are not as responsive as mothers to their infant's social needs. B)who provide sensitive caregiving and interactional synchrony with infants generally have more securely attached children. C)report feeling less anxiety than mothers about daily separations. D)more often than mothers provide toys and gently play conventional games with infants.
B
97)Today, about _____ percent of North American and European children grow up with at least one sibling. A)85 B)80 C)75 D)70
B
98)Peer sociability is A)not present in the first two years. B)promoted by warm parental relationships. C)extremely delayed in only children. D)delayed in children who spend time in child care.
B
102)Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an A)explicit sense of self-world differentiation. B)internal working model. C)implicit sense of self-world differentiation. D)external working model.
C
106)Marnie, age 2, carries her plate to the sink and announces, "I big girl!" This statement demonstrates that Marnie is beginning to develop A)an internal working model. B)self-conscious emotions. C)a categorical self. D)empathy.
C
12)Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a ________ smile for a friendly stranger. A)brief, fleeting B)broad, "cheek-raised" C)reserved, muted D)"mouth-open"
C
14)Expressions of ______ are less common than those of ________. A)anger; fear B)anger; sadness C)sadness; anger D)happiness; sadness
C
17)Sevan, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Sevan ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Sevan is A)engaging in effortful control. B)exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety. C)using his mother as a secure base. D)displaying avoidance rather than approach.
C
2)According to Erikson's theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the A)quantity of food offered. B)amount of oral stimulation provided. C)quality of caregiving. D)availability of self-soothing.
C
20)Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her caregiver. If her caregiver looks concerned, Emma cries. If her caregiver smiles, Emma tries again. Emma is using A)a secure base. B)emotional self-regulation. C)social referencing. D)effortful control.
C
24)________ are examples of self-conscious emotions. A)Anger and guilt B)Happiness and pride C)Shame and embarrassment D)Envy and sadness
C
25)Self-conscious emotions appear A)in the middle of the first year. B)at the end of the first year. C)in the middle of the second year. D)at the end of the second year.
C
33)Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to the children's A)ability to use effortful control. B)ability to use self-soothing. C)temperaments. D)level of reactivity.
C
38)In Thomas and Chess's research, ____ percent of children showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics and could not be classified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up. A)10 B)25 C)35 D)50
C
39)In Mary Rothbart's model of temperament, A)distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. B)persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. C)fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration. D)the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions.
C
43)Results of Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that A)about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty. B)nearly all of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles over time. C)most children's dispositions became less extreme over time. D)as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable.
C
45)Compared to shy infants and preschoolers, highly sociable children show A)greater EEG activity in the right frontal lobe. B)greater generalized activation of the cerebral cortex. C)lower levels of fMRI activity in the amygdala. D)higher saliva concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol.
C
46) The overall stability of temperament is A)high in infancy. B)low from the preschool years on. C)low in infancy and toddlerhood. D)high from the preschool years on.
C
49)Research on sex differences in temperament shows that A)girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. B)boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. C)girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. D)boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.
C
56)Babies in John Bowlby's _______ phase display separation anxiety. A)preattachment B)"attachment in the making" C)"clear-cut" attachment D)formation of a reciprocal relationship
C
62)According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children A)learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that caregivers cannot be relied upon to provide support during times of stress. B)move from secure attachment to insure attachment and back again. C)construct enduring affectionate ties to their caregivers that they can use as a secure base in the caregivers' absence. D)develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles.
C
65)During the Strange Situation, the parent leaves the room in order to assess ________, and returns again to assess the infant's ________. A)separation anxiety; use of a secure base B)use of a secure base; reaction to the reunion C)separation anxiety; reaction to the reunion D)secure base; separation anxiety
C
67)In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of ________ attachment. A)avoidant B)secure C)disorganized/disoriented D)resistant
C
7)Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states? A)happiness and sadness B)fullness and hunger C)attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli D)happiness and fear
C
70)The Attachment Q-Sort A)is a quicker and more efficient method of assessing attachment than the Strange Situation. B)takes place in a specially designed laboratory. C)taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation. D)differentiates between the types of insecurity.
C
74)Japanese infants' reactions in the Strange Situation frequently show _________ attachment, but this reaction may not represent the true attachment pattern. A)disorganized/disoriented B)avoidant C)resistant D)secure
C
77)Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n) A)resistant attachment. B)avoidant attachment. C)secure attachment. D)difficult temperament.
C
79)__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment security. A)Loose B)Tight C)Moderate D)Variable
C
8)Emotional expressions are well-organized and specific A)at birth. B)by 3 months of age. C)by the middle of the first year. D)only after the start of the second year.
C
85)Job loss, a failing marriage, and financial difficulties A)show little correlation with attachment security. B)are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy. C)can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity. D)tend to have indirect, but not direct, effects on attachment security.
C
87)Which of the following is true about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care? A)In the United States, the rate of insecurity is equal among child-care and non-child-care infants. B)Infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems. C)The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. D)All investigations report that babies in child care differ in attachment quality from those cared for solely by parents.
C
93)Highly involved fathers A)tend to lose their arousing play style as their children get older. B)tend to have fathers who were not involved in rearing them. C)are less gender-stereotyped in their beliefs than fathers who spend little time with their children. D)are warmer and more sensitive than working mothers.
C
99)Mounting evidence indicates that _______ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development. A)child temperament B)heredity C)continuity of caregiving D)family size
C
104)When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying A)effortful control. B)an implicit sense of self-world differentiation. C)a categorical self. D)an explicit body self-awareness.
D
21)According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner's mom is the most likely to encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk? A)a concerned look B)a cautious smile C)speaking the words "oh, no' D)laughter combined with saying "oopsie-daisy"
D
23)Self-conscious emotions A)are present at birth. B)are universal and basic. C)include happiness, fear, anger, and sadness. D)involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
D
26)Self-conscious emotions A)involve distinct facial expressions. B)do not require self-awareness. C)are universally experienced in response to the same types of situations. D)require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.
D
41)Which of the following is true about measuring temperament? A)Parental reports provide little information about the way parents view and respond to their babies. B)Parental reports have a low correlation to researchers' observations of children's behavior. C)Researchers can better control children's experiences in the home setting as opposed to the laboratory. D)Most neurophysiological research focuses on the positive-affect and fearful-distress dimensions of temperament.
D
51)In families with several children, A)parents tend to look for similarities between siblings. B)parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do. C)both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age. D)parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their child-rearing practices.
D
53)An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it A)underemphasizes the importance of the mother-infant bond. B)overemphasizes the role of the quality of the parent-child relationship. C)ignores the internal representation of the attachment figure. D)overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.
D
59)Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying A)an internal working model. B)interactional synchrony. C)social referencing. D)separation anxiety.
D
6)Basic emotions A)are not evident in nonhuman primates. B)are all present at birth. C)have no evolutionary history of promoting survival. D)are universal in humans.
D
61)Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases? A)preattachment B)"attachment in the making" C)"clear-cut" attachment D)formation of a reciprocal relationship
D
71)Research on the stability of attachment indicates that A)insecurely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than secure babies. B)attachment generally moves toward security in low-SES families with many daily stressors. C)quality of attachment is most stable for low-SES babies experiencing unfavorable family conditions. D)the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern is as stable as attachment security.
D
75)Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that A)it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life. B)late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems. C)late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted. D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.
D
78)Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, "Ball" Ashley's father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, "That's right, Ball!" In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in A)attachment in the making. B)social referencing. C)goodness of fit. D)interactional synchrony.
D
90)When caring for their babies, mothers devote more time to ________ and fathers devote more time to ________. A)playful interactions; feeding and diaper changes B)feeding and diaper changes; emotional closeness C)playful interactions; emotional closeness D)physical care; playful interactions
D
96)Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father-infant relationship is A)related to the strong division of male and female duties in the tribe. B)unrelated to the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers. C)unrelated to the father's expressions of caring and affection. D)due in great part to an exceptionally cooperative and intimate marital relationship.
D
