Psych 256

When very experienced drivers can carry a conversation while driving with no adverse effects on their driving, they are exhibiting a. Automaticity b. Lack of attention c. Lack of self-control d. Manual shifting

a. Automaticity

The problems with the serial-exhaustive model are: a. Homunculus problem and faster-than-expected lexical decision b. Homunculus problem and slower-than-expected lexical decision c. Cocktail party problem and faster-than-expected lexical decision d. Cocktail party problem and slower-than-expected lexical decision

a. Homunculus problem and faster-than-expected lexical decision

Michael Posner's letter matching task shows that the cognitive system uses a. Visual and auditory codes b. aA but not aa or AA codes c. aa and AA codes but not aA or Aa codes d. top-down processing

a. Visual and auditory codes

When it comes to depth of processing, which word order corresponds to shallow, deeper, deepest? a. Visual, auditory, semantic b. Semantic, auditory, visual c. Auditory, visual, semantic d. Visual, semantic, auditory

a. Visual, auditory, semantic

Tim recently fell off of his bike and suffered minor brain damage. A little while later his parents noticed he was unable to recognize complex objects around the house such as their pet cat. However, he was able to draw a picture of it. Tim is suffering from a. associative agnosia b. Broca's aphasia c. apperceptive agnosia d. Wernicke's aphasia

a. associative agnosia

Generally with eye fixations, people tend to look a. at the eyes and mouth b. at the chin only c. at the outside of the face d. everywhere on the face equally often

a. at the eyes and mouth

Bob realizes he is wearing his sneakers today but has no recollection of tying them. This is a result of a. automaticity b. short term memory c. memory loss d. ADD

a. automaticity

Suppose you are at a friend's birthday party. You are in a deep and interesting conversation with a close friend. Others at the party are also having conversations in small groups when another friend, in the midst of another conversation, mentions your name. Your ability to hear your name above everyone's conversation is called the a. cocktail party phenomenon b. single-mindedness phenomenon c. ego-mania effect d. lexical indecision effect

a. cocktail party phenomenon

Which theory explains why we are able to understand and read text even when written by different people and in different fonts? a. feature theory b. template theory c. "pop out" effect d. conjunction theory

a. feature theory

Samuel is presented with a list of 25 names of newly discovered bacteria in his Biology 110 class at a very fast rate while he is trying to finish a very complicated Calculus II homework that is due in an hour. He is concentrating hard on the calculus II homework. The combined effects of the fast presentation of the Bio terms and his concentration on the Calc homework would probably cause his serial position curve for the Bio terms to be a. flat b. vertical c. hyperbolic d. granular

a. flat

Johnny has remembers the word "RED: when it is presented in the color green as having been presented in the color red. The best explanation for this is a. he is making illusory conjunctions b. he is illiterate c. he doesn't have retinal stabilization d. he is color blind

a. he is making illusory conjunctions

Often, when you hear items in the same category (i.e. maple, oak, elm, pine), your chances of correctly recalling the items lowers as each item is said. The chances of correctly recalling a new item from a different category (e.g., cardiologist) tends to a. increase b. stay the same c. decrease d. none of the above

a. increase

In the test used by Michael Posner to study the effects of priming on visual detection, it was found that the reaction time was quickest when the arrow a. pointed to where the lit-up box would appear b. pointed in the opposite direction to where the lit-up box would appear c. pointed up toward the plus sign d. pointed in both directions

a. pointed to where the lit-up box would appear

Presentation rate affects the ___________ portion of the serial position curve. a. primacy b. recency c. recall d. recognition

a. primacy

Elaine recently suffered from damage to her temporal lobe. Ever since her injury, she has had difficulty recognizing other people's faces. What deficit is Elaine likely suffering from? a. prosopagnosia b. apperceptive agnosia c. associate agnosia d. face blindness

a. prosopagnosia

Which Gestalt principle would explain why it is harder to read iTh InKcO gNiT iVe PsY cHoL ogyI sFu N than to read I ThInK cOgNiTiVe PsYcHoLogy Is FuN? a. proximity b. closure c. good continuation d. none of the above

a. proximity

Which model of memory scanning says you check items one at a time and then report if a match was found without checking further? a. serial self-terminating search b. serial exhaustive search c. parallel search with unlimited capacity d. parallel search with limited capacity

a. serial self-terminating search

Which model says that we check every item in a memory set and quit once we find a match? a. serial self-terminating search b. serial exhaustive search c. parallel search with unlimited capacity d. parallel search with limited capacity

a. serial self-terminating search

You are shown a 4x4 grid of shapes that are evenly spaced along the horizontal axes and along the vertical axes. The first and third rows have triangles. The second and fourth rows have squares. You immediately see two rows of triangles alternating with two rows of squares. This illustrates which Gestalt principle of organization? a. similarity b. proximity c. closure d. good continuation

a. similarity

Jasmine is reading a book to Brandon and while she is reading, Brandon is repeating what Jasmine reads. While he is repeating, the professor is talking to Brandon on his other side. Brandon only consciously notices his name when it happens to be said by the professor. This is called a. the cocktail party phenomenon b. the cocktail get together c. attention d. single mindedness

a. the cocktail party phenomenon

Kelsey was just given her classmate's cell phone number in case she misses class and needs the notes. She repeats the number in her head to herself in hopes of remembering it better. Kelsey is behaving according to the idea that a. the more you rehearse, the greater the chance of something staying in your memory b. the more you rehearse, the lower the chance of something staying in your memory c. you should just use your cell phone because no one can remember telephone numbers d. unless you repeat the telephone number more than 5 times, you will not remember it

a. the more you rehearse, the greater the chance of something staying in your memory

The definition of repression is a. the unconscious exclusion of unwanted impulses, desires or fears from the conscious mind b. a return to a former or less developed state c. a type of forgetting that occurs when memory fades overtime d. one memory combines with another, thus boosting memory

a. the unconscious exclusion of unwanted impulses, desires or fears from the conscious mind

When given the sentence "Waht did the stdunets learn in congitive pycsholgoy toady?", we can process this easily because the first and last letters are in the correct order. This is an example of: a. top-down processing b. gestalts c. features d. templates

a. top-down processing

Natalie has suffered brain damage after a recent accident. She is unable to recognize the faces of her closest friends. However once she hears their voices, she instantly knows who she is talking to. Natalie most likely suffers from a. visual agnosia b. top down processing c. illusory conjunctions d. template matching deficiencies

a. visual agnosia

According to eye fixation research, a. when reading, people tend to focus their eyes and attention on more important parts of sentences. b. people tend to first look at the forehead of a person pictured, because looking at eyes is impolite in all cultures c. people cannot learn to fixate on the right areas when learning to drive safely because this ability is genetic d. people remember the content of a sentence best when they read the whole sentences in one single glance

a. when reading, people tend to focus their eyes and attention on more important parts of sentences.

When subjects are presented with one of two letters and are asked which letter they were shown, they are better at doing so when the letter was in a word than when the letter was in a nonword or even when the letter was presented all by itself. This is referred to as the ___________ effect, and requires, for its explanation, _______ processing. a. word superiority; top-down b. phoneme-restoration; top-down c. word superiority; bottom-up d. phoneme-restoration; bottom-up

a. word superiority; top-down

What is surprising about the serial position curve? a. you best remember what happened first b. you best remember what happened last c. you best remember both what happened first and last d. that breakfast food affects memory so much

a. you best remember what happened first

If there were complete top-down processing without any bottom-up processing, what would you predict about the perception of these two visually presented sentences: (i). Penn State lost against Michigan on Saturday and many fans were upset; (ii). Penn State lsot aganist Mcihiagn on Sartudya adn many fasn were uptse." a. (i) would be read more easily than (ii) b. (i) would be read less easily than (ii) c. (i) would be read as easily as (ii) d. Penn State wouldn't lose

c. (i) would be read as easily as (ii)

In class, presentation rate and primacy were discussed. Presentation rate has what effect on primacy? a. Faster rate, higher correctly recalled b. Slower rate, lower correctly recalled c. Faster rate, lower correctly recalled d. No relation between presentation rate and primacy

c. Faster rate, lower correctly recalled

James writes in his blog only when he feels inspired to do so. He rambles on about anything that comes into mind and does not allow any other thoughts to disrupt his train of thought. His blog is also dedicated to the idea that the mind can only dedicate itself to one particular task or idea in one moment. What theory of attention does he believe in most? a. Eye Fixations b. Inspiration c. Single-mindedness d. Doing two things at once

c. Single-mindedness

What illustrates the homunculus problem? a. Russian dolls nested in other Russian dolls b. The Cartesian theater c. a and b d. Ham omelets that can lead to heart attacks

c. a and b

You are on the phone with your mom. She tells you that you need to call your Aunt and thank her for the birthday gift she gave you. You ask your mom, if she could give you your Aunt's phone number. She tells you the number, but you do not have a pen to write it down. You being to use your "inner voice" to rehearse the verbal information. You rehearse the number over and over again until you call your Aunt. You are using the a. echoic loop b. phonological loop c. articulatory loop d. relatives loop

c. articulatory loop

According to the textbook, patients who suffer from apperceptive agnosia are unable to recognize simple shapes such as circles or triangles or to draw those shapes. Meanwhile, patients who suffer from associative agnosia are a. able to recognize simple shapes and successfully copy them b. but are unable to recognize complex objects. c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. both a and b

Mary asked for help when she was lost on the University Park campus of Penn State. She talked to an old man and asked for directions. Hours later she visited the library and asked for help from the same old man she talked to hours ago. He was able to recognize her, but she couldn't recognize him. She suffered from a. inattention effect b. blindness environment c. change blindness d. change superiority effect

c. change blindness

If you are at a loud party, and you all of a sudden hear someone say your name, this is the a. primacy effect. b. recency effect c. cocktail party effect c. fair hearing effect

c. cocktail party effect

In the serial position curve a. The last thing you learned is easily recalled b. The first thing you learned is easily recalled c. The middle thing you learn is not easily recalled d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Sally and her girlfriend Sam are at a bar and the crowd at the bar is loud. Sally and Sam are having a conversation. A man sitting next to them turns to Sally and says, "Hi, I'm Sam and I heard you say my name. Have we met before? Gee, you're pretty. Can I buy you a drink?" His behavior is an example of a. The Cartesian theater b. The homunculus problem c. The Pandemonium problem d. None of the above

d. None of the above

The Dalmatian dog picture shown in lecture was used to illustrate a. Short-term memory b. Bottom-up processing c. Gestalts d. Top-down processing

d. Top-down processing

Jenna gets in a terrible bicycle accident and damages her prefrontal cortex. What would Jenna most likely have trouble remembering when she woke up in the hospital? a. what she ate for lunch immediately before the accident. b. the trip her family took to the grand canyon 3 years ago c. what song she was listening to when she had her accident. d. a and c

d. a and c

After dichotic listening tasks, participants are usually able to tell the following about the "unattended" message. a. whether the unattended message voice was male or female b. the approximate age (very young or very old) of the unattended voice c. if the unattended voice was happy, sad, or angry d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mental representations can become active a. at different times b. at different levels c. with different durations d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Lacey can recognize objects by their feel, smell, or sound. She can also discern light intensity, color, and direction of movement. However, Lacey cannot recognize simple shapes, identify faces, or distinguish between letters. She is most likely suffering from a. associative agnosia b. aniculate agnosia c. anterograde agnosia d. apperceptive agnosia

d. apperceptive agnosia

According to _______________, the higher-level processes influence lower-level processes. What one knows or expects can have an effect on what goes on at the lower levels. a. Sternberg's memory scanning task b. top-down processing c. the interactive activation model of McClelland and Rumelhart d. both b and c

d. both b and c

A stranger outside the HUB handing out flyers is talking to Jane. A big group of football players run in between the two. As the football players pass through, the stranger leaves and another stranger takes their place. After the football players are gone, Jane does not notice that the stranger is a different person. This is known as a. pandemonium theory b. gestalts c. features d. change blindness

d. change blindness

Penn State University students are running an experiment. A research assistant is told to ask directions to the Creamery from a random student on campus. In the middle of obtaining the directions, two workers carry a large painting walk through the research assistant and the person giving the directions. While the door is passing through, the original research assistant switches places with another research assistant. When the door finished passing through, the person giving directions was speaking to an entirely new person. However, he didn't even notice because the change still matched the context (giving directions to a student). This is a demonstration of a. goal-directed attention b. recognition-by-components c. primal sketch d. change blindness

d. change blindness

Which of the following is the pathway of light as it enters the eye? a. pupil -> lens -> cornea -> retina b. retina -> lens-> pupil -> cornea c. cornea-> lens -> pupil -> retina d. cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina

d. cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina

Cell phone use leading to dangerous driving despite repeated messages can be attributed to what phenomenon? a. Stroop effect b. binding problem c. central bottleneck d. failure to heed good advice as well as c

d. failure to heed good advice as well as c

While most of us were very young at the time, we can recall with great accuracy where we were and what we were doing on September 11, 2001. This phenomenon is known as a. echoic memory b. long-term potentiation c. visual sensory store d. flashbulb memory

d. flashbulb memory

James sees a comb on a table and immediately picks up the comb and starts combing his hair, even though he had already combed it that morning. He then sees a pair of glasses and puts them on, only to realize that he already has glasses on his face. It appears that James is having deficits of executive control, which cause him to be driven by stimuli and to fail to control his behaviors according to his intentions. James most likely has damage to his brain's a. parietal cortex b. motor cortex c. extrastriate cortex d. prefrontal region

d. prefrontal region

Milly is at her high school graduation in 2014. She is in the middle of a conversation with one of her teachers when all of a sudden she stops because she hears President Abraham Lincoln calling her name, as he has been doing a lot lately. This is an example of a. the cocktail party phenomenon b. selective attention c. stream of consciousness d. schizophrenia

d. schizophrenia

What is a problem with the homunculus? a. it isn't real b. it's really messy c. there is no problem with it d. the Russian doll: Who checks the first little man's head and who checks that little man's head, and so on?

d. the Russian doll: Who checks the first little man's head and who checks that little man's head, and so on?

Recognition-by-components theory contends a. recognition only comes after interpretation of each individual parts separately without any subsequent re-combination of the components b. a person must know basic geometry to recognize objects c. people are likely to better recognize figures with sections erased than figures with no components erased. d. the brain breaks objects up into basic sub-object parts

d. the brain breaks objects up into basic sub-object parts

Which of the following is NOT a problem for the template theory of perception? a. ad hoc creation of new templates b. too many templates are needed c. people can visually parse large, unpredictable scenes d. the cocktail party phenomenon

d. the cocktail party phenomenon

The homunculus isn't a good explanation for how we process things because a. a man couldn't fit in our brain b. that homunculus would need another homunculus man to process things in his brain as well c. the homunculus has too many opinions d. the homunculus doesn't take enough time to consider all options

b. that homunculus would need another homunculus man to process things in his brain as well

Calli is shown a list of words, all printed in various colors of ink. She is told to simply state the color of the ink that each word is written in, regardless of what the word says. When Calli is told to state the color of the word "blue" she has difficulty because the word is written in yellow ink. She finds herself trying to say "blue" instead of what she is supposed to be saying ("yellow"). This phenomenon is known as: a. ignorance b. the Stroop effect c. automaticity d. object-based attention

b. the Stroop effect

Ashley is at a party and is talking to one of her friends when she hears her name mentioned in a conversation across the room. This situation exemplifies a. top-down processing b. the cocktail party phenomenon c. single-mindedness d. the gestalt principle of proximity

b. the cocktail party phenomenon

In the "Counting the F's" activity, readers often skip content words such as "of" because they rely on a. change blindness b. top-down processing c. word superiority effect d. pandemonium theory

b. top-down processing

When reading unfamiliar words in sentences, people often use "context clues" to first try to figure out the meaning of the sentence as a whole, which then helps them recognize and understand the unfamiliar word. This is an example of a. the Atkinson Shiffrin Model b. top-down processing c. serial exhaustive search d. memory scanning

b. top-down processing

According to Conrad and his research with codes, in what order are visually presented words processed? a. semantic, visual, auditory b. visual, auditory, semantic c. auditory, semantic, visual d. visual, semantic, auditory

b. visual, auditory, semantic

In Posner's letter matching task, we're shown the stimulus "a" followed by the stimulus "A" 100 ms later. We're slower and less accurate to recognize that they're the same letter than when the second letter is "a," but the difference goes away if the stimulus onset asynchrony is 600 ms. This is because a. after 100 ms the "a" hasn't entered short-term memory. b. when we have more time to convert the letter shape to auditory form, case no longer matters c. the memory has begun to decay after 100 ms d. one is lowercase and one is uppercase

b. when we have more time to convert the letter shape to auditory form, case no longer matters

Serena is given a four-letter word. Her professor then shows her two letters and asks her which letter out of the two was shown. In another condition, Serena is given one letter to remember and again her professor shows her two letters and asks her which letter was shown. According to the word superiority effect, she would do better in the a. letter condition b. word condition c. neither d. both

b. word condition

The term used to refer to the fact that most people are better able to identify a letter if it appeared in a word than if it appeared by itself is a. bottom-up processing b. word superiority effect c. homunculus problem d. letter knowledge

b. word superiority effect

According to the ______________ model, the average reaction time to indicate that a test stimulus is in a memorized list should not change with the number of items in the list. a. serial exhaustive search b. parallel unlimited-capacity search model c. serial self-terminating search d. parallel limited-capacity search model

b. parallel unlimited-capacity search model

When asked to recall the traumatic events that occurred on September 11th, 2001, many of us are able to remember exactly where they were and what we were doing with vivid detail. What is this known as? a. Short term memory b. Flashbulb memory c. Elaborative processing d. So long term memory

b. Flashbulb memory

Which principle applies to our tendency to perceptually organize objects into units? a. Unitarian principles of organization b. Gestalt principles of organization c. Principle of minimal attachment d. Principle of continuation organization

b. Gestalt principles of organization

Christina damaged her temporal lobe in a car accident. Now she is unable to recognize faces. Which type of deficit is she affected by? a. Fusiform gyrus b. Prosopagnosia c. Anterograde amnesia d. Phonemes

b. Prosopagnosia

Which of the following is NOT evidence for short term memory? a. memories held for only a short period of time b. Turing test c. retrograde amnesia d. serial position curves

b. Turing test

Vallar and Baddeley's exploration of the articulatory loop in 1982 suggests what about the relationship between word length and ease of recall? a. a series of long words of similar length is easiest to recall; a slow reading rate gives rehearsal processes enough time to function. b. a series of short words of similar length is easiest to recall; keeping information in working memory is easiest when the information itself is simple. c. a series of words of alternating length is easiest to recall; finding a pattern in a list can help the brain memorize items quicker. d. a series of rhyming words is easiest to recall; all these words can be accessed in the memory at the same time due to some shared phonetic attributes.

b. a series of short words of similar length is easiest to recall; keeping information in working memory is easiest when the information itself is simple.

Jeremy recently got hit by a CATA bus on his way to class on Wednesday. He is knocked unconscious and is admitted to the hospital. After two days, he is finally released on Friday and attends a birthday party for his best friend Jared that night. The next day Jared thanks Jeremy for coming to his birthday party, but Jeremy has no idea what he is talking about and says he did not attend any parties. Jeremy is demonstrating a long-term memory loss b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. the effects of alcohol on memory

b. anterograde amnesia

Patients with __________ are able to recognize simple shapes and can successfully copy drawings, even of complex objects. a. visual agnosia b. associative agnosia c. fovea d. auditory agnosia

b. associative agnosia

After cog psych class one day, Stephen decides to go home and study his sister. He shows her a slide and while she is looking at the slide, Stephen steps away and changes his hat. His sister does not notice the change in his appearance. This phenomenon is known as: a. attention deficit disorder b. change blindness d. single mindedness d. eye fixation paradox.

b. change blindness

When a scientist creates a theory and assumes what he or she predicts, but also predicts what he or she assumes, his or her theory is a. irregular b. circular c. useless d. plagiarized

b. circular

Kevin is worried about the exam he has to take tomorrow. He spends a lot of hours studying in his room. His mom tells him that what is important is how profoundly he concentrates, not how long he spends mentally rehearsing the study material. She is expressing her belief in a. memory span b. depth of processing c. time of processing d. the idea that Kevin was in way over his head

b. depth of processing

Professor McDonald is presenting a lecture in 104 Thomas on the psychology of attention. However, there are a group of students in the front row who keep talking about what they want to eat later. Professor McDonald is doing a good job of tuning out the students and continues to present her lecture, but then she suddenly gets distracted by the students and stops presenting. According to the Cocktail Party Effect, the girls most likely mentioned: a. how boring the lecture is b. eating at McDonald's after class c. a party later that night d. how much they love psychology

b. eating at McDonald's after class

In which instance are you more likely to remember a test letter, according to the word superiority effect? a. if you are first shown a set of scrambled letters that do not form a word b. if you are first shown a real word c. if you are first shown just one letter d. if you are not shown anything

b. if you are first shown a real word

According to the Atkinson Shiffrin Model, primacy reflects _____ and recency reflects ____. a. short term memory, long term memory b. long term memory, short term memory c. importance, insignificance d. insignificance, importance

b. long term memory, short term memory

Jennifer needs to remember a list of items that she must pack for her upcoming trip to Michigan. The list includes shoes, hat, gloves, and a hairbrush. She imagines her path from the library to her classroom in Thomas, associating each object on the list with a fixed location along her journey. For example, to associate shoes with the library, she imagines shoes lining the tall set of stairs up to the library entrance. To associate the hat with the Palmer Art Museum (the next location on the path), she imagines all of the artists wearing berets. What technique is Jennifer using to remember her list? a. image-name b. depth of processing c. method of loci d. spreading activation

c. method of loci

________ has a selective influence on primacy because fast input rate makes it hard to transfer info from STM to LTM. a. Atkinson-Shiffrin model b. the homunculus c. presentation rate d. perfect recall

c. presentation rate

Jerry is given a list of 10 items. When asked to recall the letters, he remembered the letters at the very beginning the best. This is an example of a. recency b. fragile state c. primacy d. working memory

c. primacy

Jack passes by a store that has eight signs hanging in the front. They are positioned in such a way that he perceives the signs as 4 pairs, rather than 8 separate signs. Jack is demonstrating... a. principle of similarity b. principle of continuation c. principle of proximity d. principle of closure

c. principle of proximity

The counting backwards procedure of Brown and Peterson, in which a person is asked to remember a number of stimuli and then is asked to count backwards by 3's, has a selective influence on which part of the serial position curve? a. primacy b. selectivity c. recency d. both primacy and recency

c. recency

Jessica got into a really bad car accident and hit the front of her head with the wheel of her car. When police arrived at the scene, Jessica couldn't remember what road she was driving on, how the accident happened, or anything leading up to the incident. This illustrates a. contusion b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. long term memory

c. retrograde amnesia

Melissa was in a car accident in which she hit her head. She can form many new memories and can recall what happened long before the accident, but she has great trouble recalling events right before the accident. Melissa has a. retrograde aphasia b. anterograde aphasia c. retrograde amnesia d. anterograde amnesia

c. retrograde amnesia

What type of drug is most helpful for calming down a patient with A.D.D.? a. depressant b. narcotic c. stimulant d. all of the above

c. stimulant

Which motor region of the brain also processes visual information? a. the anterior cingulate b. the pituitary gland c. the extrastriate cortex d. the motor cortex

c. the extrastriate cortex

When looking at a picture of a person's face, autistic people, in contrast to neuro-typical people, tend to look at a. the arms and legs b. the eyes and mouth c. there is not one specific area; their vision pattern is scattered d. the ears and hairline

c. there is not one specific area; their vision pattern is scattered

When looking at displays such as the Rubin figure (two faces or a wine goblet) or the young woman-old woman, a. everyone can see both image at the same time b. no one can see either image ever c. virtually everyone sees just one image at a time and percept switches back and fort d. a given person can only see one image ever

c. virtually everyone sees just one image at a time and percept switches back and fort

According to depth-of-processing theory, in what order does the brain process words shown on a screen or on a printed page? a. semantic->auditory->visual b. semantic->sensory->sensation c. visual->auditory->semantic d. visual->verbal->auditory

c. visual->auditory->semantic