Psych 265

The nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®) is a chemical precursor to which of the following drugs?

methamphetamine

The accepted medical application of opioid drugs is for the treatment of ________ pain.

moderate-to-severe

Which of the following people needs to beware of excessive consumption of ethanol?

a patient with a stomach ulcer, a diabetic patient taking a drug that lowers blood sugar levels, and a patient who is taking a sleep-inducing agent for insomnia

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of cannabidiol (CBD)?

a semi-synthetic derivative of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

According to the Hemp Farming Act of 2018, what is the legal level of the THC content that differentiates cannabis hemp from cannabis marijuana?

0.3%

Loss of memory in an Alzheimer's patient is primarily attributed to progressive degeneration of ________ neurons in the hippocampus of the brain.

acetylcholine

Which of the following substances is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine

Which of the following are opium alkaloids contained in the opium poppy?

morphine and codeine

How long does it take for smoked marijuana to produce noticeable effects in the body?

10 minutes

If a bottle of liquor contains 60% alcohol, what is the proof of the liquor in the bottle?

120-proof

Most clinical antidepressant drugs have a usual latency period of ________ before a clinical improvement in mood.

2-4 weeks

Which of the following endogenous substances is NOT an endogenous opioid peptide?

2-arachidonoylglycerol

Withdrawal from cannabis is mild and rarely life-threatening, generally lasting ________.

4-14 days

The psychedelic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are attributed to the activation of which of these brain receptors?

5HT2A

One week after being started on fluoxetine (Prozac®), a depressed patient is apprehended by police for threatening to jump from the tenth floor of an office building. What effect of fluoxetine is responsible for this increase in suicidality?

activating or energizing effect

Depressed patients being treated with a MAO inhibitor must avoid pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®) or else what might occur?

acute hypertensive crisis

The effects of caffeine are attributed to direct interaction with which of these target receptors?

adenosine

Reduced serotonin (5HT) neurotransmission in some parts of the limbic system is thought to be the cause of ________.

agitated depression

According to current Federal law, marijuana is classified as a ________ controlled substance.

A. Schedule 1

________ are activated by neurotransmitters to inhibit their own release from the presynaptic neuron.

Autoreceptors

The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord plus all the nerve fibers that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

false: By definition, the central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. All the nerve fibers that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord constitute the peripheral nervous system.

Classical or first-generation neuroleptics reduce both positive and negative signs of schizophrenia because they can block both D2 and 5HT2A receptors.

false: Classical neuroleptics reduce positive signs of schizophrenia by blocking D2 receptors. However, they are ineffective in reducing negative signs of schizophrenia because they do not block 5HT2A receptors.

Which of these drugs used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism eliminates the rewarding or pleasurable aspect of consuming alcohol?

naltrexone

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a ________ disorder.

neurodevelopmental

What is the molecular target of the antidementia drug memantine (Axura®)?

NMDA receptor

Which was the first state to legalize medical marijuana?

California

Which of the following warning labels is MOST likely to be federally required on a container of beer, wine, or distilled spirits?

Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may increase the risk of birth defects.

Which of the following descriptions of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is NOT correct?

regulation of immune function

Which of the following is NOT a sign of mal rouge?

respiratory depression

Ecstasy is thought to produce empathogenic or entactogenic feelings by activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors.

false: Ecstasy is a mixed stimulant-psychedelic drug that induces strong feelings of connectedness with another person. This effect results from inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake, not activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors.

The ED50 value for Drug A is 4.0 mg/kg and the ED50 value for Drug B is 2.0 mg/kg. This means that Drug A is more potent than Drug B.

false: If Drug B has an ED50 of 2.0 mg and Drug A has an ED50 of 4.0 mg, it requires less Drug B to produce a 50% response. This means that Drug B is more potent than Drug

Why does spice have more intense adverse effects than marijuana (D9-THC)?

D9-THC is only a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor, Synthetic cannabinoids have greater efficacy than D9-THC, and Synthetic cannabinoids lack cannabidiol, which reduces negative effect of D9-THC.

Ninety percent of alcohol abusers (i.e., problem drinkers) are alcohol-dependent.

false: Ninety percent of alcohol abusers are NOT dependent on alcohol.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as a controlled substance.

false: Nitrous oxide has practical uses in medicine and dentistry as well as many commercial and industrial uses. However, it is not regulated by the DEA.

Dose-response data were collected during preclinical testing of four new drugs. Which drug studied has the GREATEST potency?

Drug Red

Drugs of abuse hijack the brain. What does this phrase mean?

Drugs take over neuronal systems for natural rewards to drive addictive behaviors.

1. Methamphetamine, also known on the streets as "speed," is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance.

false: Since methamphetamine (Methedrine®) is approved by the FDA for ADHD and narcolepsy, it is classified as a schedule II controlled substance, not Schedule I.

The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) is an alternative pathway for oxidizing acetaldehyde to acetic acid.

false: The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is an alternate pathway of ethanol metabolism that occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of healthy liver cells. The MEOS catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, not acetaldehyde to acetic acid.

The Certain Safety Index (CSI) represents the amount of separation between the ________ and the ________ of a drug.

ED99, LD1

Elderly subjects can become infected with dementia if they spend much time associating with patients who suffer from Alzheimer's disease.

false: This is a false statement because Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and not an infectious disease.

The axon of a sending neuron can only synapse with the dendrite of the receiving neuron.

False: As evidenced by axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, and axo-axonal synapses, the axon of a sending neuron can synapse with any part of the receiving neuron.

Taking drugs to achieve a pleasurable state is negative reinforcement, while taking drugs to avoid withdrawal is positive reinforcement.

false: When one takes a drug to achieve a pleasurable, euphoric state, this is positive reinforcement. When one takes a drug to avoid the discomfort and stress of withdrawal, this is negative reinforcement.

After an evening of drinking with friends, what is the effect of drinking hot, black coffee on your body?

It doesn't alter your blood alcohol level but makes you feel more awake.

What property of loperamide (Imodium®) is appealing to opioid abusers?

It is a weak agonist at opioid receptors and can mitigate withdrawal.

What is meant by tolerance to alcohol?

It is the need for increasing amounts of alcohol before feeling any effect.

What is the role of the GABA interneuron in the reward center?

It tonically inhibits the neuronal release of dopamine.

What nation was the first to change its national drug policy to a health issue rather than a criminal justice problem?

Portugal

Women who take acetaminophen fregularly during pregnancy have a greater risk of having children who will eventually develop schizophrenia.

false: Women who take acetaminophen during pregnancy have a greater risk of their child having ADHD, not schizophrenia.

Which polymorphism scenario would result in the MOST severe alcoholic flush reaction?

fast ADH, slow ALDH

In the movies, cocaine abusers frequently snort lines of cocaine on a tabletop using a rolled-up dollar bill. Which of the following statements about this route of administration is CORRECT?

Snorting cocaine salt has a higher bioavailability than smoking crack cocaine.

Which of the following neurotransmitters can initiate pain signals to be delivered to the central nervous systems?

Substance P

What is the main difference between the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis and the THC in the pharmaceutical drug dronabinol (Marinol®)?

The THC in cannabis is a phytocannabinoid, but the THC in Marinol® is synthetic.

An elderly female patient needs an opioid drug to relieve her cancer pain. Why does the physician inject morphine into a vein rather than giving her a morphine pill to swallow?

The bioavailability of oral morphine is poor due to the first-pass effect.

Which of the following opiate drugs has 80-100x the analgesic potency of morphine?

fentanyl

After filing a drug patent with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), a pharmaceutical company has exclusive rights for manufacturing, marketing, and selling the new drug ________.

for 20 years

Which of the following are valid objections of NIDA to the use of joints as medical marijuana?

The joint is an unpurified plant containing numerous chemical compounds, Smoking joints impairs cognition, and Smoking is a known hazard to health.

The primary motor cortex, the major area for neurons that control voluntary movement, is in which of the following lobes of the cerebral cortex?

frontal

Why might someone experience stronger effects from alcohol if they drink on an empty stomach?

There is a faster transit of the alcohol through the digestive tract resulting in reduced metabolism of alcohol by enzymes in the stomach lining.

Why are bath salts often labeled "not for human consumption"?

They would not be tested like a medicine that is intended for human use.

Why does alcohol affect men and women differently?

Women's bodies generally have less body water, so alcohol concentrations are higher, Enzymes that break down alcohol can be found in the stomach lining of men, and The liver breaks down alcohol more quickly in men than women.

Apoptosis (or programmed cell death) is MOST closely associated with which of these neurotransmitters?

glutamate

The chemistry and pharmacology of synthetic cathinones most closely resemble that of ________.

amphetamine

Which part of the brain is associated with emotional responses such as fear and aggression?

amygdala

Senile plaques formed by _______ are found in the postmortem brains of Alzheimer's patients.

amyloid-beta protein

Following the development of drug tolerance, one can re-achieve the original intensity of the drug effect by taking ________.

an increased dose of the drug

An influx of chloride ions across the nerve membrane can cause ________.

an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Excessive consumption of OTC caffeine pills or caffeinated energy drinks like Red Bull can are potentially lethal in people who have ________.

an underlying cardiac condition

What is the proper name of the steroids that are abused by athletes and muscle-builders?

anabolic-androgenic steroids

Tricyclic antidepressants do NOT possess which of the following properties?

antagonism of dopamine receptors

In robo-tripping, what is the mechanism of action of the psychoactive ingredient?

antagonism of glutamate-sensitive NMDA receptors

Promotion of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the brain has been suggested as a mechanism of action of which of the following drug types?

antidepressant drugs

Which of the following opioid effects is NOT blocked by naloxone?

antitussive effect

Increased neuronal activity in the amygdala of the brain is associated with ________.

anxiety and fear

Which of the following is the MOST prevalent of the principal mental disorders?

anxiety disorder

1. Excessive serotonin (5HT) neurotransmission in the amygdala is thought to be the cause of ________.

anxiety disorders

A legend drug is the term for ________.

any drug that requires a prescription from a healthcare provider

Which of the following ADHD medications is NOT a CNS stimulant?

atomoxetine

Which of the following is the MOST common sign of withdrawal from caffeine?

headache

What is the molecular target of flumazenil (Romazicon®)?

benzodiazepine receptor

Which of the following anxiolytic medications carries with it a risk of developing physical dependence if used chronically?

benzodiazepines

Lithium salts are MOST useful in the treatment of which of the following disorders?

bipolar disorder

The local anesthetic action of cocaine is due to ________.

blockade of sodium ion channels in nerve membranes

Which of the following is a giveaway sign that an individual has been smoking marijuana?

bloodshot eyes

Which of the following drugs was the first to implicate dopamine in the regulation of mood?

bupropion

Which of the following is the proper sequence of phases with increasing amounts of cannabis?

buzz, high, stoned

How is cocaine freebase generally taken by coke addicts?

by smoking

Smoking a joint was touted as a remedy for relieving glaucoma pain in the ________.

eyeballs

What is the MOST common cause of death from excessive cigarette smoking?

heart disease

Pharmaceutics is the study of ________.

how a drug is formulated and dispensed

What is the primary cause of death from sudden sniffing death syndrome?

cardiac arrest

The oral bioavailability of a drug is always equal to the amount of drug administered.

false: An orally administered drug undergoes successive reduction by the acidity and enzymes in the stomach, enzymes within the stomach wall, then first-pass metabolism in the liver. Therefore, orally administered drugs always have a reduced bioavailability. In contrast, drugs injected in a vein, into a muscle, or under the skin enter the bloodstream and are distributed prior to hepatic metabolism.

An example of an afferent nerve fiber is the fiber that ________.

carries pain signals from a bad sunburn to the brain and conveys sensations of taste from the taste buds to the brain

Which of the following psychoactive substances is found in the khat plant?

cathinone

Bath salts generally consist of synthetic ________.

cathinones

Accelerated aging in the methamphetamine abuser is attributed to increased synthesis of ________.

ceramide

A knowledgeable individual can recreate what a drug looks like if given which of the following names of the drug?

chemical name

Which of the following drugs is considered the universal antidote for any drug-induced psychotic behavior?

chlorpromazine

The combination of ethanol with which of the following drugs produces an active byproduct that inhibits the neuronal reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine?

cocaine

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Wernicke's encephalopathy?

confabulation

Which of the following is NOT one of the three classic cardinal signs of opioid overdose?

constipation

Activation of parasympathetic nerve fibers does NOT cause which of the following responses?

contraction of voluntary muscles

A chronic alcoholic runs out of booze while on a camping trip and goes into delirium tremens (major alcohol withdrawal). He is NOT likely to exhibit which of the following signs?

convulsions

Extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS) does NOT include which of the following signs?

convulsions

Which of the following is NOT a sign of barbiturate-induced intoxication?

convulsions

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of drug dependence?

craving for the drug, loss of control over the use of the drug and continued use of the drug despite knowing its negative consequences

Which is the part of the brain that is primarily responsible for regulating sexual behavior, appetite, body temperature, and autonomic function?

hypothalamus

Amphetamine (Adderall®) can act as a cognitive enhancer under which of the following conditions?

if the person has ADHD

A significant decrease in the percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is MOST likely to occur following abrupt cessation of treatment following repeated barbiturate over several weeks.

false: Answer is B. 0926-2022 lecture; OER Chapter 10.2.3. Mechanisms of Action and Effects REM suppression occurs following long-term treatment with barbiturates, while REM rebound occurs following abrupt cessation of barbiturates following long-term treatment.

Buspirone (Buspar®) is a postsynaptic 5HT2A agonist that is used to relieve anxiety.

false: Buspirone is an agonist at presynaptic 5HT2A autoreceptors which when activated inhibit the neuronal release of serotonin into the synapse.

Seven-transmembrane-spanning G-protein-couple receptors are also known as ________.

metabotropic receptors

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of withdrawal from cocaine?

decrease in appetite

After smoking a cigarette, which of the following is NOT an acute pharmacological effect of nicotine?

decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of acetaldehyde?

decreased production in the presence of disulfiram

Which of the following DSM-V criteria is absolutely required for a positive diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

depressed mood

The process of how a drug is able to reach its potential sites of action in the body is called ________.

distribution

Drugs that produce the greatest elevation in brain ________ tend to be more addictive.

dopamine

The legal prescription form of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol is called ________.

dronabinol

Multiple organ failure is secondary to severe hyponatremia caused by which of these drugs?

ecstasy

The passage of a signal within a neuron is ________, while the passage of a signal from one neuron to another is ________.

electrical, chemical

The pharmacological effects of barbiturates are attributed to ________ in the brain.

enhancement of GABA inhibition

A deficiency of norepinephrine activity in the prefrontal cortex is thought to be related to ________.

inattentive ADHD

In a case of barbiturate intoxication, the goal of alkalinizing the urine with sodium bicarbonate is to ________.

increase ionization of the barbiturate to prevent its reabsorption in the kidney

Which of the following is NOT a sign of the cannabis withdrawal syndrome?

increased appetite

Which of the following central effects of amphetamine is NOT due to the activation of norepinephrine receptors by norepinephrine?

increased euphoria

What was the reason for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuing a black box warning for antidepressant drugs?

increased risk of suicidality in children, adolescents and young adults

Atypical neuroleptics are more likely to have which of the following adverse effects?

increased risk of weight gain and diabetes

Ethanol depresses CNS function by ________.

increasing GABA inhibition and decreasing glutamate excitation

Based on the graph above, which of the following routes of administration produces the fastest concentration of drug in the brain?

inhalation

What is the mechanism of action of atomoxetine (Straterra®) when used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake

Polyuria (excessive production of urine) is primarily due to which drug effect of ethanol?

inhibition of vasopressin release from the pituitary

Common side effects of anti-ADHD medications include ________.

insomnia and decreased appetite

The vulnerability of adolescents and young people to substance use disorder is attributed to which of the following?

insufficient myelination of nerve fibers in the prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is NOT a common method of abusing inhalants?

intravenous

Saltatory conduction describes the ________.

jumping of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to another

Which of the following statements about ingestion of cannabis-infused foodstuffs compared to smoking marijuana is NOT correct?

less time required for onset of psychoactive effect

Reduction in cellular levels of inositol has been implicated as a mechanism of action of which of the following medications?

lithium

Which of the following is NOT a sign of nicotine withdrawal?

loss of appetite

Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of caffeine?

low blood pressure

Which of the following are functions of the blood-brain barrier?

maintain a constant environment for the brain, protect the brain from peripheral neurotransmitters and hormones and protect the brain from foreign toxins in the blood

The first sign of Alzheimer's disease to appear is ________.

memory lapses

High doses of an SSRI may cause a serotonin syndrome characterized by all the following symptoms EXCEPT

mental depression

The post-synaptic action of serotonin is terminated by ________.

neuronal reuptake back into the nerve terminal that released it

Substance P represents what type of neurotransmitter?

neuropeptide

Lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking is attributed to ________ produced by combustion of components found in tobacco.

nitrosamine

A Schedule I controlled substance is characterized by which of the following?

no approved medical use and highest abuse potential

Which of the following neurotransmitters are classified as catecholamines?

norepinephrine and dopamine

A critical step in the reward circuit is the synaptic connection between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the ________.

nucleus accumbens

Normally, how long does it take the body to process or break down one standard drink?

one hour

Metabolites of marijuana can generally be detected in the body for ________ after smoking a joint.

one month

Which of the following drugs are prescription medications that are being diverted for drug abuse?

oxycodone and hydrocodone

Which of the following types of anxiety disorders is MOST associated with recurrent panic attacks with no identifiable stressor, chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

panic disorder

Which of the following psychedelics gave rise to the Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia?

phencyclidine

Repeated use of LSD is LEAST likely to produce which of the following effects?

physical dependence

Which of the following is NOT a sign of opioid withdrawal?

pinpoint pupils

Following repeated administration of morphine, tolerance does NOT develop to which of the following opioid drug effects?

pinpoint pupils and constipation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier?

prevent red blood cells from leaking out of the brain

Which of the following hallucinogens occurs naturally in magic mushrooms?

psilocybin

Which of the following is a non-pharmacological determinant of the drug experience?

psychological mindset of the drug user

Which of the following drug types is MOST likely to decrease activation of post-synaptic receptors?

receptor antagonist

Currently, the primary clinical use of buprenorphine is to ________.

reduce the intensity of opioid withdrawal

If a drug induces hepatic enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of prescription medication, how might this affect the patient's response to the medication?

reduced

An opioid addict buys a tablet of OxyContin®, crushes and dissolves it in water, injects it intravenously, and dies shortly after. What is the MOST likely cause of death?

respiratory failure from an excessive dose of oxycodone

What is the clinical use of flumazenil (Romazicon®)

reversal of benzodiazepine overdose

Which of the following barbiturates is a short-to-intermediate-acting drug used as a sedative-hypnotic?

secobarbital

Chronic MDMA use causes severe, long-lasting damage to which population of brain neurons?

serotonin

Excessive use of pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®) will NOT produce ________.

sleep attacks and cataplexy

Which of the following might be a characteristic of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

smaller-than-average size brain, low-normal-to-severe impairment of intellectual functioning, and difficulty controlling emotions and impulsivity

Influx of which of these chemical ions is responsible for depolarization?

sodium ion

The resting membrane potential is maintained by the ________.

sodium/potassium pump

What is the direct effect of ethanol in the reward center of the brain?

stimulate neuronal release of b-endorphin from opioid nerve terminals

Morphine decreases the production of urine by ________.

stimulating the secretion of vasopressin from the pituitary gland

Which of the following routes of administration does NOT involve the use of a syringe and needle?

sublingual

A combination of alcohol and heroin is MOST likely to cause ________.

synergistic CNS depressant effect

Which of the following is the MOST prevalent type of new psychoactive substance (NPS) appearing on the scene?

synthetic cathinones

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) recognizes ________ specific subtypes of substance use disorders?

ten

Which brain region is most notable as a relay center for ascending and descending nerve fibers?

thalamus

Which of the following legislations required accurate labeling of active ingredients be identified on drug packing and ensured that drugs met national standards for purity?

the Pure Food and Drug Act

The BAL is a measure of the _____.

the level of alcohol in the blood

The goal of a Phase 1 clinical trial is to determine ________.

the safety of low doses of a new drug

As defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), medical marijuana specifically refers to ________.

the whole unprocessed marijuana plant or its basic extracts

Which of the following is NOT a negative sign of schizophrenia?

thought disorder (e.g., word salad)

You typically drink one cup of coffee to get going at the start of the day. By the end of the semester, it takes two cups of coffee to get the same feeling that you experienced at the start of the semester. This represents the development of ________.

tolerance

For the past five decades, the national drug policy of the United States has been ________.

total prohibition of illicit drugs

Where does methadone come from?

totally synthetic in origin

Sodium-gamma-hydroxybutyrate (Xyrem®) is approved by FDA as a ________.

treatment for narcolepsy

1. What is the clinical use of zolpidem (Ambien®)?

treatment of insomnia

Over ⅔ of major depressive disorder (MDD) cases also meet the DSM criteria for anxiety disorder (agitated depression).

true: . This is the explanation of why mental depression is sometimes accompanied by anxiety and agitation.

Morphine is contraindicated in a patient suffering pain from a biliary colic (impacted gallstone) because it may exacerbate (worsen) the pain.

true: A biliary colic is pain in the right side of the abdomen when a gallstone blocks the bile duct that normally drains bile from the gall bladder to the small intestine. Giving morphine to relieve the pain is not a good idea because morphine can constrict the smooth muscle in the bile duct and increase pressure inside the duct. Hence, morphine can exacerbate (worsen) the pain from the impacted gallstone instead of relieving the pain.

What is a hypothesis is a proposed explanation to a problem that remains to be tested.

true: A hypothesis is a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), more than one-half of undergraduate students experience some degree of alcohol use disorder (mild, moderate, or severe).

true: According to NIDA, over 60% of undergraduate college students have AUD (13.5% mild AUD, 21.1% moderate AUD, and 27.1% severe AUD)

Affinity is the property of an endogenous ligand that allows it to bind to a specific receptor. true

true: Affinity allows a ligand to bind to a specific receptor, whereas efficacy allows the ligand-receptor complex to initiate a response.

The dextro-isomer of amphetamine is more centrally active than the levo-isomer of amphetamine.

true: Amphetamine is a chiral molecule, meaning it has dextro- and levo- enantiomers. Dextro- or D-amphetamine is more centrally active, while levo- or L-amphetamine is more peripherally active.

Smoking a joint made of Cannabis indica leaves only produces a sedating and relaxing effect that is good for the relief of pain.

true: Cannabis indica strains provide strong physiological effects which are good for relief of pain. On the other hand, Cannabis sativa strains provide strong "mind effects" that are good for relaxation and conditions that affect the mind.

Tardive dyskinesia is more likely to develop following long-term, high-dose therapy with classical or first-generation neuroleptics.

true: Classical neuroleptics produce a strong D2 antagonism that can leave to the development of supersensitive striatal dopamine receptors resulting in tardive dyskinesia.

The facial flushing caused by alcohol in people of Asian descent is caused by a rapid buildup in levels of acetaldehyde.

true: Due to polymorphisms of ADH and ALDH, there is a rapid accumulation of acetaldehyde in Asians resulting in the characteristic "Asian flush".

Ethanol interferes with the absorption of calcium, which can predispose heavy drinkers to osteoporosis.

true: Ethanol impairs production of Vitamin D in the kidneys. Vitamin D is necessary for absorption of dietary calcium ion from the digestive tract. Reduced Vitamin D means reduced calcium uptake, leading to reduced calcium in bones (osteoporosis).

Ionotropic receptors consist of protein subunits that make up the walls of the ion channel.

true: For example, the GABAA receptor chloride channel complex is comprised of five protein subunits that make up the walls of the ion channel.

Cannabidiol-infused food products are considered CBD-rich.

true: If a product is cannabidiol-rich, it has roughly equal amounts of CBD and THC. If a product is cannabidiol-dominant, this means that CBD is the predominant phytocannabinoid.

An indirect-acting agonist such as amphetamine does NOT have an affinity for post-synaptic receptors.

true: Indirect-agonists are indirect-action because they do not directly interact with post-synaptic receptors. Drugs like amphetamine and cocaine increase post-synaptic receptor activation by increasing the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse through stimulation of neuronal release and inhibition of neuronal reuptake, respectively.

A common prominent adverse effect of homemade desomorphine (krokodil) is extreme skin ulcerations, infections, and gangrene.

true: Intravenous injection of krokodil produces skin necrosis and a scaly, green-black skin discoloration due to the chemicals (hydrochloric acid, iodine, gasoline, paint thinner, etc.) used in the extraction of codeine from cough syrups and conversion to desomorphine.

Methadone is effective for mitigating the intensity of opioid withdrawal because it has a longer half-life than most other opioids.

true: Methadone has a longer half-life than most other opioid, which is advantageous in reducing opioid withdrawal because blood levels will be reduced very slowly which affords a longer duration of reducing withdrawal.

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are excitatory ionotropic receptors because they are located on sodium and calcium ion channels.

true: Nicotinic receptors on sodium and calcium channels would trigger entry of positively charged sodium and calcium ions into the cell, causing depolarization and excitatory responses in the tissues where the receptors are found.

Robotripping or chugging an entire bottle of dextromethorphan (Robotussin-DM®) can cause dissociative effects associated with the blockade of glutamate-sensitive NMDA receptors.

true: Robitussin-DM® contains dextromethorphan as the antitussive agent. At high doses, dextromethorphan produces euphoria and visual and auditory hallucinations. These effects are attributed to blockade of NMD receptor, an action shared by phencyclidine and ketamine.

Schwann cells are the glial cells that produce the myelin sheath that wraps around nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system.

true: Schwann cells are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath that wraps around nerve axons in the periphery. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath that wraps around nerve axons in the CNS.

Sexual dysfunction is one of the two most frequent reasons for non-compliance and discontinuation of SSRI therapy.

true: Sexual dysfunction and excessive weight gain are the two most frequent reasons for discontinuation of SSRI therapy.

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are very dangerous to use because these drugs are unregulated, untested for safety, and tend to be manufactured in clandestine laboratories.

true: Since NPS are illegally and secretly produced, there is little knowledge of their proper dose, their adverse effects, and their appropriate antidote.

An example of hallucinogen-induced synesthesia is to smell sound.

true: Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in the mind is so sensitized to sensory stimulation that activation of one sensory pathway leads to involuntary experiences in another unrelated sensory pathway. Examples include smelling sound, tasting colors, seeing music, etc.

1. It is a common misconception that legend drugs must be completely safe, otherwise they would not be prescribed to patients.

true: This is a common misconception of the public. Regardless of their use to treat pain, prescription opioid pain relievers are, nonetheless, have the same pharmacological properties as illicit opioid drugs.

When MDMA is purchased on the street, Ecstasy is the pill or tablet, while Molly is the capsule ostensibly containing molecular crystalline MDMA.

true: When MDMA first appeared on the streets, it was pressed into a pill called ecstasy. In time, a capsule containing ostensibly pure molecular crystalline MDMA was introduced as Molly.

In diagnosing persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) according to the DSM-V, the subject must actively exhibit diagnostic symptoms over what period of time?

two years

Administration of naloxone to an opioid-dependent individual will produce maximum signs of withdrawal ________.

within minutes

The body metabolizes ethanol at a constant rate regardless of how much ethanol is consumed. This is called ________ kinetics.

zero-order