PSYCH 3

Which of the following statements about temperament is true?

It is largely inborn.

Which of the following working conditions should pregnant women avoid?

Jobs that require long working hours

What is the most commonly used recreational drug during pregnancy?

Marijuana

_____ is the term for vitamins or minerals that are needed only in small quantities, but if absent from the diet altogether can have profound negative effect. Multiple choice question.

Micronutrients

The combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce complex traits is known as ___ ___

Multifactorial Transmission

_____refers to a range of potential expressoins of a hereditary trait.

Reaction range

refers to a range of potential expressoins of a hereditary trait.

Reaction range

Which of the following are possible effects of moderate regular exercise for pregnant women?

Reduced constipation Reduced risk of gestational diabetes

Which statement is true of Rubella (German measles) and prenatal development?

Rubella has the greatest impact during the first trimester.

Environmental influences include which of the following?

Schooling Parenting Neighborhood

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

Spontaneous abortion Small head size Impaired neurological development

which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

Antibiotics Acne medications Hormones

Opioid use by pregnant women has been associated with which of the following?

Aspiration of meconium Preterm labor Small babies Fetal death

Children of mothers who were depressed during pregnancy were more likely to experience which of the following?

Be born premature Show elevated levels of violent and antisocial behaviors in adolescence Be developmentally delayed as toddler

How is obesity measured?

Body mass index

In some instances, heredity restricts the range of development for certain traits. This is known as .

Canalization

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, a zygote is created. What is the entire process called?

Conception, or fertilization

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

Embryonic

is a procedure in which a tiny viewing scope is used to look at the embryo directly.

Embryoscopy

Which of the following negatively effects the quality of sperm?

Exposure to radiation Exposure to toxins

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy is not associated with harm to the fetus.

False

true or false: Research has concluded that the offspring of diabetic mothers do not have an increased risk of disease.

False

what term describes how individuals' genes may influence the types of environment to which they are exposed?

Genotype-environment correlations

usually refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals.

Genotype-environment interaction

Current guidelines for caffeine consumption by pregnant women is to restrict it to 200 milligrams or less, which is roughly equivalent to how much coffee?

1 cup

can influence whether a reaction range is wide or narrow.

Heredity

Several large-scale reviews have indicated that caffeine intake under _____ milligrams per day is not associate with increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.

300

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?

37 to 41

The span between conception and birth usually lasts 37 to weeks.

41

_____is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn for analysis.

Amniocentesis

______ is what psychologists call babies' unique and characteristic ways of approaching and reacting to environmental stimuli.

Temperament

When is fetal risk from maternal drug intake at is greatest?

The first few months

The effects of teratogens vary based on which of the following?

Timing of exposure Dose

Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting what disease?

Toxoplasmosis

True or false: A virus is an example of a teratogen.

True

_____involves sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produces a visual representation of the fetus.

Ultrasound

involves sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produces a visual representation of the fetus.

Ultrasound

(German measles), if contracted before the 11th week of pregnancy, is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in offspring.

Underweight babies Premature birth

Which of the following groups in the United States tend not to have early prenatal care and are, therefore, at increased risk of low-birth-weight babies? Select all that apply.

Unmarried women Teenage women Women with little education

What is recommended for mothers-to-be with diabetes?

Work closely with their medical provider to control blood sugar.

Obesity is

a multifactorial condition.

A spontaneous ____ (also known as a miscarriage) is the natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.

abortion

Mothers with moderate levels of both positive and negative stress during pregnancy had children who had

accelerated neurological development.

Prenatal is the most common cause of intellectual disability and the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the United States.

alcohol exposure

Delight is two weeks away from her due date. She has gained 32 pounds over the course of her pregnancy. Compared to women who gain less than 16 pounds or more than 40 pounds, Delight is less likely to have .

birth complications

Drugs ingested by a pregnant women make their way to the fetus

by crossing the placenta.

The sex of a baby depends on whether the child receives an X or Y

chromosom

Coils of DNA that carry the genes are called

chromosomes.

In one study, high prenatal exposure was associated with childhood behavior problems, independent of the effects of alcohol and tobacco.

cocaine

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid cell

division.

Twins that are often called fraternal twins are also known as twins.

dizygotic

The most frequently occurring twin type is

dizygotic.

When a trait is not fully expressed, it is identified as incomplete

dominance.

Which of following are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?

during gestation across the placenta postpartum through breast feeding during delivery

Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is called a(n)

embryo.

Melinda is three weeks pregnant. The developing organism is in the ______ stage.

embryonic

The inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems, is called the

endoderm

is an example of a highly canalized trait.

eye color

he process by which an ovum and sperm are combined is called

fertilization

Marlene is at the 7th month of her pregnancy. The developing organism is in the ______ stage. Multiple choice question.

fetal

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _____ stage.

fetal

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called

folic acid

the cephalocaudal principle dictates that fetal development

from the head to the lower part of the trunk.

Genotype-environment correlations is when an individuals ____' may influence the types of environment to which they are exposed.

genes

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA? Multiple choice question.

genes

Mary and Zak have a family history of autism. They plan to seek _______ to determine their risks of bearing a child with autism.

genetic counseling

can help prospective parents assess their risk of bearing children with genetic or chromosomal defects.

genetic counseling

The study of ____ is the science of traits inherited from one's biological parents.

genetics

Genetically similar children often develop differently depending on their home environment. This is an example of ______ -environment interaction.

genotype

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the

germinal period.

Behavioral genetics seeks to discover how much ______ and environment influence human development.

heredity

When alleles are different, the person is

heterozygous.

A trait that is characterized by two identical alleles is

homozygous.

The pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait is called _____ dominance.

incomplete

The influence of heredity on intelligence _____ with age.

increases sharply

Marijuana exposure during pregnancy

is not associated with birth defects. has been implicated in subtle deficits in problem-solving skills.

In one study, heavy smoking during pregnancy was linked to (high/low) -birth-weight babies.

low

Sex-linked disorders are more common in _____ than _____.

males, females

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the

mesoderm.

Environmental experience that modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits in a phenomenon is called

multifactorial transmission.

Babies born to opioid-addicted mothers may be addicted themselves, resulting in _____, a condition that includes tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, and diarrhea (among other symptoms).

neonate abstinence syndrome

A child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, are called _____ environmental effects.

non shared

Marcus has dimples. The dimples evident in his cheeks are part of Marcus's

phenotype

are observable characteristics, such as skin or eye color.

phenotypes

There is no "intelligence" gene that determines whether or not you are smart. Instead, a large number of genes work together. This is known as ______ inheritance.

polygenic

A trait that forms through the interaction of several genes is called

polygenic inheritance.

The pair of chromosomes that consist of X or Y are the

sex chromosomes.

Josh has red-green color blindness. This is an example of a(n) ______ disorder.

sex-linked

Sudden infant death syndrome is more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked cigarettes

Macy's pregnancy ended at the second month when the fetus did not continue to grow. Macy experienced a(n)

spontaneous abortion.

What best describes heredity's influence on general intelligence?

strong

The danger of maternal use of medical drugs was illustrated in the 1960s when it was discovered that the drug _____ caused babies to be born with stunted or missing limbs, severe facial deformities, and defective organs.

thalidomide

Heredity studies

the inborn factors in development.

a woman contracts ______ from cat feces, she can have a child with brain damage and blindness. Multiple choice question.

toxoplasmosis

True or false: Behavioral genetics is a quantitative approach to determining how much heredity and environment influence particular traits.

true

The embryonic period occurs from____ to eight weeks after conception.

two

the germinal period of prenatal development takes place in the first ____ weeks after conception.

two

An expectant mother who is deficient in _____ may have a child with weak or soft bones.

vitamin D

Research shows that ______ women receive the highest quality of prenatal care.

white

Methamphetamine-exposed children have less _____ _____ in their brains, a finding that has implications for the developmental delays commonly found in such children

white matter