Psych 3

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? - distortion - forgetting - imposition - intrusion

intrusion

Byron is touring new apartments to choose one for next school year. He would like to have an apartment close to campus and with a pool but he has a budget that he cannot exceed. When Byron makes his decision about an apartment, which decision making strategy is he likely to use? - heuristic - elimination by aspects - additive - intuition

elimination by aspects

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? - grammar - lexicon - morpheme - phoneme

lexicon

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. - effortless processing - encoding - an engram - relearning

relearning

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? - B.F. Skinner - Edward C. Tolman - Ivan Pavlov - John B. Watson

Edward C. Tolman

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who _____.

divided intelligence in to two components

A(n) _____________ is an example of a concept that a person has based on personal experiences. - exemplar - heuristic - concept - schematic image

exemplar

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? - Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. - Emotions can be a conditioned response. - Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. - One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect? - Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. - Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. - Encoding is an information processing system. - Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex.

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect? - He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. - He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. - He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. - His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson? - He is considered the founder of behaviorism. - He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. - He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. - He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? - Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. - Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. - Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. - Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

What is the main idea of the stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? - Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money - Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. - Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets - Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

According to recommendations to preserve memory, when eye witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator, they should: - be shown pictures of possible suspects one at a time. - be shown pictures of possible suspects all at the same time. - be shown pictures of possible suspects in a live line-up, never in pictures. - be asked to create a sketch rather than shown pictures or a live line-up of possible perpetrators.

be shown pictures of possible suspects one at a time.

Ryan was a passenger in a car accident when the roads were slippery after snow fell and now has a fear of driving when it is snowing. She seeks help from a psychologist who tells her treatment involves Ryan exposing herself to driving safely in snowy conditions. The psychologist is making use of the principles of ___________ to treat Ryan.

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. - conditioned response - conditioned stimulus - unconditioned response - unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. - anchoring - confirmation - hindsight - representational

confirmation bias

Aki's dorm roommate is very social and often interrupts his studying with chatting. As a result, Aki completes most of his studying in the dorm lounge. When Aki has a take-home exam in his psychology, he chooses to also complete it in the dorm lounge. Aki's performance on the exam will likely be boosted through what phenomenon related to memory? - context effect - state dependent memory effect - recency effect - recognition effect

context effect

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? - blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating - determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting - pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand - rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Jasmin is considering buying a bus pass rather than driving to campus because she could study or look at her smartphone while riding on the bus. She figures she could gain 30 minutes of time per day and decides to buy the pass. Then her roommate points out that time is only 1.5% of her time each week and Jasmin reconsiders her decision to buy the pass. In this example, Jasmin's decision making is being influenced by: - anchoring - loss aversion - heuritics - framing

framing

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. - egocentric - hindsight - stereotypical - transient

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________. - confirmation bias - functional fixedness - hindsight bias - mental set

mental set

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. - audio - morpheme - phoneme - syntax

phoneme

Blake hits her older brother when he won't play with her. Blake's parents want to change her behavior so she isn't hitting her brother. According to the material presented in class, what strategy should Blake's parents try that is likely to be most successful in changing her hitting behavior? - taking away Blake's favorite toy when she hits her brother - ignoring Blake's behavior - spanking Blake when she hits her brother - praising Blake when she doesn't hit her brother and finds an activity to do on her own

praising Blake when she doesn't hit her brother and finds an activity to do on her own

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Jamal is African American. On his way to take the SAT on the local college campus, he passes a flyer for a coming speaker on closing the achievement gap between African American and Caucasian students. Jamal's performance on the SAT might then be reduced as a result of what phenomenon?

stereotype threat

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? - anterograde amnesia - misinformation effect paradigm - reconstruction - suggestability

suggestability

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? - learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class - teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park - your brother refusing to play with you - your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? - fixed interval - fixed ratio - variable interval - variable ratio

variable ratio

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? - Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. - Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. - Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. - Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

The consistent improvement in IQ scores over time is known as the _____________.

Flynn effect

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? - Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. - Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. - Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. - Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. - direct - indirect - practical - Theoretical

indirect

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? - blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room - determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing - pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red - rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Sofia recently attended a funeral. When describing the funeral to a friend later, she incorrectly described that the family had worn black. In reality, the family wore green, the favorite color of the family member who had died. Sofia's incorrect memory is likely resulting from what phenomenon? - episodic memory - misattribution - suggestibility - schema

schema