Psych 302 final exam

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Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims?

"Fifty-nine percent of college athletes feel that playing professionally is an attainable goal."

Which of the following is an association claim?

"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Which of the following phrases in a popular media article suggests that multiple regression was used?

"controlled for"

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make?

"the data provided support my theory"

The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is:

-In both cluster sampling and stratified sampling, the population is divided into groups -In stratified sampling, a simple random sample is chosen from each group. -In cluster sampling, a random sample of groups is chosen, and every member of the chosen groups is sampled.

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many interactions will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

200

How many possible orders for full counterbalancing are there in a study with four conditions?

If an experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest, which of the following events should happen?

A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead.

Which of the following is NOT possible?

A measure is valid but not reliable

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?

A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

Which of the following is an example of transnational research?

A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance

As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it with what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone and Neale (1984). Assuming that the article is written in accordance with APA style guidelines, what is the correct order of sections Gilbert should expect to find in this article

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article?

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, after a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment?

All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m., those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon, and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m.

Research suggests that the time a student spends studying for an exam is positively related to the grade that student receives on the exam. However, last week, you took an exam without studying and got an A on the exam. What should you conclude about the relationship between study time and exam scores?

Although your experience with one exam is an exception, the research findings explain a certain proportion of the many possible cases.

Which of the following is a reason to trust the advice of authorities?

Authorities systematically and objectively compare different conditions.

What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic?

Conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases.

What is one way to avoid being misled by journalism reports on scientific research?

Consult the source of the article (i.e., the original scientific findings).

Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following?

Control for several variables at once

Nesta is making a scatterplot of the digit spans (how many numbers you can remember and repeat back) for his psychology class, with the memory for digits the students hear on one axis and the memory for digits the students read on the other. The association is strong, but he notices one student has a visual digit memory that is twice as long as anyone else. Which statistical validity question is he raising?

Could outliers be affecting the relationship?

Which of the following can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs?

Cross-sectional correlation`

Daniel's teacher tells him that his theory about dating is not strong because it is not falsifiable. What does she mean by this?

Daniel's theory cannot be disproven.

In their examination of 100 studies, the Open Science Collaboration (OSC) found that only 39% of the studies clearly replicated. Many researchers proposed a variety of reasons for why these replication attempts failed. Which of the following is NOT a proposed reason for the failed replications?

Data and materials from the original study were shared freely online.

Which of the following claims is an association claim?

Depression in the elderly may predict dementia.

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes

Which of the following is true of small-N experiments?

Each person in a small-N design is treated as a separate experiment

Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. Doing this would help Dr. Fletcher address all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT:

Experimenter bias

Which of the following statements is TRUE of external validity?

External validity is based on how the sample is obtained rather than the size of the sample.

In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is:

Factor

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign-language anxiety as a predictor of foreign-language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables, including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found β = −.39 for foreign-language anxiety and .29 for academic achievement. Which of the following explains what this means?

Foreign-language anxiety has a greater effect than academic achievement does on foreign-language achievement.

Dimitri is interested in understanding the effects of sleep deprivation on short-term memory. Which of the following is an empirical approach Dimitri could take to answer this question?

He could design and execute a study that measures short-term memory function following different amounts of sleep.

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

He must manipulate all of his variables.

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique?

He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants.

Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). If Dr. Fletcher is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern, why doesn't he conduct a true experiment?

He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority

There is a strong positive association between years of education and income. The mean income for American adults in 2005 was $32,000 and the average number of years of education was 12. If Mr. Lopez has 16 years of education, which would you predict about his income?

His income is probably higher than $32,000.

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

Michelle found a positive association between hours of sleeping and well-being. She looked to see whether this association was the same for teenagers (ages 16-19) and young adults (ages 20-24). Which of the following would most likely suggest this association between hours of sleep and well-being is a spurious association? You Answered

Hours of sleep and well-being are positively associated because, overall, teenagers report sleeping more and having greater well-being than young adults.

Which of the following questions addresses construct validity?

How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Which of the following is a question one could ask to assess the construct validity of this association?

How well was delay of gratification measured?

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?

Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate.

Which of the following is an example of a causal claim?

Ice applied to a twisted ankle prevents swelling

In understanding "controlling for" a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept?

Identifying subgroups

In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff?

Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why basing one's conclusions on research is superior to basing one's conclusions on intuition?

Intuition always leads you to a conclusion that is incorrect.

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

It can be determined by investigating marginal means.

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction?

It depends

Which of the following is true of theory-testing mode?

It is related to the theory-data cycle.

Which of the following is true of probability sampling?

It is the best way to obtain a representative sample

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and extra credit points earned in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds r = .28 and p < .001. Which of the following correctly explains what this means?

It is very unlikely this association was found in the sample when, in the full population, there is really no association.

Which of the following is true of cultural psychology?

It starts with the assumption that theories apply to all humans, regardless of culture.

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true?

James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?

Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

Matched-groups designs

Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Which of the following is NOT a step Cindy will do in conducting her meta-analysis?

Measure daily stress and cardiovascular health in several new samples of participants

"Most theory testing is done on WEIRD people" means which of the following?

Most participants are Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic.

Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats to help patients be more aware of what they're eating. W. J.'s wife also recorded the food he consumed at each meal to have complete data before introducing the journal. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only having W. J. record what he ate at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. What type of small-N design has Dr. Anderson used with W. J.?

Multiple-baseline design

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying?

My data disproves my theory

Dr. Rhodes is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. Should Dr. Rhodes be concerned about using this sampling method for his research study?

No, because external validity isn't the top priority for the type of claim he is making.

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relationship between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Which correctly answers whether a causal relationship can be inferred?

No, because internal validity was not established.

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of men and women in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (55% women and 45% men). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 55 women and 45 men. Is Dr. Lawrence collecting a representative sample?

No, because the participants are selected nonrandomly.

People with lower levels of anxiety about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language, even after controlling for the other variables.

The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as:

Power

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

Practice effects

Which of the following statements concerning concurrent validity is correct?

Predictor and criterion data are collected at roughly the same time.

Which of the following is considered one of the best, most comprehensive ways to find psychological research articles?

PsycINFO

Which of the following is a difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

Quasi-experiments do not use random assignment

Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: -------------------------------------------- A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 12345 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student.b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 12345 Easy-Hard -------------------------------------------- Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question?

Question A

Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: -------------------------------------------- A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 12345 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student.b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 12345EasyHard -------------------------------------------- Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question?

Question C

Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling?

Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why basing one's conclusions on research is superior to basing one's conclusions on personal experience?

Research definitively proves theories.

Which of the following is true of the research process?

Researchers rarely stop at one study; they usually follow up on findings with additional studies.

Which of the following does NOT characterize a small-N design?

Results are analyzed in terms of statistical significance.

Beth is working on a research study focused on attention span in children. Among the participants, the group of 11-year-old boys is underrepresented. Beth asks her 11-year-old brother to distribute flyers about participation in the study to his male classmates and soccer team. Which type of sampling is this?

SNOWBALL

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample?

Sampling only those students who come to class frequently

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

What can researchers do to reduce the risk of measurement error?

Select measures that have high reliability and validity

Which of the following is the "file-drawer problem" in psychology?

Significant relationships are more likely to be published than null effects.

A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?

Situation noise

Which of the following is a method for addressing concerns about external validity in a small-N study?

Specify a limited population to generalize to.

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and extra credit points earned in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds r = .28. What does this correlation tell him about which students take advantage of the extra credit option?

Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work.

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article?

The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

June is interested in looking at whether social media use predicts feelings of loneliness and found there was a positive relationship between the two variables. However, she finds that after controlling for the amount of time a person spends with friends per week, social media use was no longer associated with feelings of loneliness. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this finding?

The amount of time spent with friends is a third-variable problem.

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following?

The availability heuristic

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin-rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The results were compared with the results of another widely used test of motor dexterity, the finger-tapping task, in which participants tap their index fingers as many times as possible in 10 seconds. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between the finger-tapping task and the coin-rotation task (r = −.40). Which of the following would a scatterplot of these results (coin-rotation scores on the x-axis, finger-tapping scores on the y-axis) look like?

The cloud of points would slope downward from left to right.

Dr. Johnson wants to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .55) between the first and second time points. Which of the following would a scatterplot of these results (heart rate variability at the beginning of the semester on the x-axis, heart rate variability at the end of the semester on the y-axis) look like?

The cloud of points would slope upward from left to right.

Franchesca read about Mrazek et al.'s (2013) study in which students scored higher on the GRE after completing a 2-week mindfulness training course. Franchesca is interested in the idea that practicing mindfulness improves the ability to control one's minds from wondering. She decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students practice either mindfulness or read and then take a test of attention. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students who had practiced mindfulness would perform better on the attention test. She runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction.The data matched Franchesca's prediction. What conclusion can Franchesca make?

The data support the theory.

There is a negative association between exercise and obesity. Which of the following would a researcher need to demonstrate to make the claim that a lack of exercise causes obesity?

The lack of exercise came before the obesity.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an edited book?

The peer-review process for edited books is more rigorous than for that of a journal.

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible?

The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions?

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process

A school district decides to compare a new math textbook with the textbook that has been used for the past few years. Each of the fourth graders in one school is randomly assigned to be in one of two classes, one in which a teacher continues using the old book and another in which a new teacher uses the new book. The school administrators compare the average scores of the two classes on a mathematics standardized test at the end of the year to determine which book is better. Which of the following is a potential confound in this study?

The teachers have different amounts of teaching experience.

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds home-life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which of the following explains why Dr. Horvat can't conclude that home-life satisfaction causes job satisfaction?

There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.

Dr. Stevens wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. He selects as his research subjects a sample of American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic Games. Dr. Stevens finds no relationship between BMI and depression. Which of the following is one problem with his research design that could have kept him from finding a relationship between those variables?

There is a restriction-of-range problem.

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Which of the following explains why this study doesn't establish causation?

There may be some other third variable.

Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs?

They allow researchers to enhance external validity

According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples?

They are not very representative of the world's population

In which of the following ways are correlational designs similar to quasi-experimental designs?

They both do NOT use random assignment

Which of the following is an essential feature of studies that support association claims?

They involve two measured variables

Which of the following is true about the difference between beta and r?

Unlike r, beta reflects the independent contribution of the predictor variable, controlling for the contributions from the other predictor variables.

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

In a study in which two variables are measured at two different time points, which of the following is an example of a cross-lag correlation?

Variable A at time 1 is associated with variable B at time 2.

Which of the following is the term used when every member of a population is studied?

a census

Which sample would be most likely to represent the population of American teenagers?

a cluster sampling of 1,000 teenagers from around the United States

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have:

a comparison group that did not receive the drug.

It has been reported that half of Americans show road rage. For this claim to have strong external validity, which of the following would have been the best sample for the researcher to have used?

a cross-section of American drivers representing men and women; people from the city, suburbs, and farms; and people of all ages

In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. The study described above is an example of which of the following?

a double-blind study

Seligman (1975, 1991) proposed that animals that cannot escape an aversive outcome don't even try to avoid the aversive experience later, when they can escape it, because they don't perceive themselves as having control ("learned helplessness"). Latecia thinks this concept may apply to people's working conditions. She conducts a study and has 20 research participants work in an office space with some dilapidated supplies (e.g., barely functional pens, crumpled papers). The participants are split into two rooms. In one work room, Latecia offers to replace any of the run-down supplies with newer items. In another work room, Latecia tells the participants that they have to work with what they have. After a few days of working with this setup, both groups' work spaces now include the old supplies as well as new supplies. Latecia predicts that the participants who had to work with the dilapidated supplies for the first few days of the study will continue to use the less-functional supplies on the last day, even when there are new supplies available in the room.Latecia's prediction that the participants who had to work with the dilapidated supplies for the first few days of the study will continue to use the less-functional supplies on the last day would best be described as which of the following?

a hypothesis

Which of the following is an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers quantify how well an experimental manipulation worked?

a manipulation check

When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be .

a masked design

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following?

a measured variable

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. In this study, the number of decision tasks performed is best described as which of the following?

a measured variable

Which of the following is an operational definition of stress?

a measurement of the amount of a "fight or flight" hormone in saliva

If the relationship between two variables changes depending on the level of another variable c, which of the following is the term for this other variable, c?

a moderator

Which of the following is a simple study that uses a separate group of participants that is generally completed before conducting the study of primary interest to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation?

a pilot study

Which of the following is an example of a field setting?

a preschool playground with video cameras

Jenna is interested in the association between the height of professional basketball players and their free-throw shooting percentage. She looks at the correlation between NBA players and their free-throw percentage from last season and she finds a statistically significant negative association. Jenna's friend Elizabeth suggests Jenna should look at a scatterplot of the data. Jenna follows Elizabeth's advice and finds one of the players is much shorter than the rest of the players and that player has a much better free-throw shooting percentage. When Jenna removes this player from her analysis, she finds there is no longer a statistically significant relationship between height and free-throw shooting. Which kind of problem has Elizabeth helped Jenna identify?

a problem with an outlier in the sample

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable?

a ratio scale of measurement

Which kind of sample is best for external validity?

a sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Heather reads an article entitled, "Waist Circumference Associated with Life Expectancy." She wants to use the correlation reported in the article to predict her own life expectancy based on her waist circumference. What kind of correlation would allow her to make the most accurate prediction?

a strong positive correlation

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following?

a theory

Seligman (1975, 1991) proposed that animals who cannot escape an aversive outcome don't even try to avoid the aversive experience later, when they can escape it, because they don't perceive themselves as having control ("learned helplessness"). Latecia thinks this concept may apply to people's working conditions. She conducts a study and has 20 research participants work in an office space with some dilapidated supplies (e.g., barely functional pens, crumpled papers). Some participants are placed in one room and some in another. In one work room, Latecia offers to replace any of the run-down supplies with newer items. In another work room, Latecia tells the participants that they have to work with what they have. After a few days of working with this setup, both groups' work spaces now include the old supplies as well as new supplies. Latecia predicts that the participants who had to work with the dilapidated supplies for the first few days of the study will continue to use the less functional supplies on the last day, even when there are new supplies available in the room.Seligman's proposal that animals who cannot escape an aversive outcome don't even try to avoid the aversive experience later, when they can escape it, because they don't perceive themselves as having control would best be described as which of the following?

a theory

Which of the following could be considered a source of empirical evidence?

a thermometer

Dr. Thompson researches gang-related crime in a large city. She notices more graffiti appears when there are more ice cream trucks in town. She does a study that measures the frequency of new graffiti being reported and ice cream truck sales for each week over a year. She finds a positive association between ice cream truck sales and graffiti and concludes the ice cream trucks are encouraging graffiti. Her colleague, Dr. Richardson, points out that both ice cream sales and graffiti might be influenced by rising temperatures during the summer. Which kind of problem has Dr. Richardson identified?

a third variable problem

Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect?

a weak manipulation

In research, a confound is

an alternative explanation for an outcome that comes about because more than one thing changed at the same time.

Which type of research is done with a practical problem in mind?

applied research

What kind of a claim is the following headline making? "Former NFLers at Higher Risk for Brain, Mood Problems."

association claim

Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research?

attending a psychological conference

A school district is comparing two reading programs for high school students reading below grade level. Two very similar schools are used to test the programs, using a different program at each school. Students participating in the programs are pretested for their reading abilities and the mean scores are similar at both schools. The reading program implemented at high school A is known to be much more rigorous than the program implemented at high school B. The posttest shows more improvement at high school A, but more of the students dropped out of the program. Which threat to internal validity does this pose?

attrition

In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house that mixes offenders with nonoffenders, was compared with that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. If those inmates who were sent to prison from their half-way houses for violations were not included in the recidivism measurement, which threat to internal validity would this potentially pose?

attrition

Iva is studying whether students gain weight during their first year of college. She collects weights from all the incoming freshmen in the fall, then collects weights from them again at the end of the spring term. Which is the term for the correlation she finds when she compares the fall and spring weights of the students?

autocorrelations

Research done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology is known as ______________.

basic research

Two biases of intuition discussed in the textbook are:

being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind.

Even when people are aware that individuals generally think in a biased way, they tend to think that they are unlikely to fall prey to those biases. This kind of bias is called which of the following?

bias blind spot

Multiple-regression designs help address internal validity in which of the following ways?

by ruling out third variables

The superintendent of schools in a small town in Ohio made many policy changes to the way school administration worked in his district. A researcher at a nearby university wanted to look at what teachers in his district thought about the changes. The researcher made a list of all the schools in the district and used a random number generator to select a sample of five schools from the district. Then the researcher interviewed every teacher at each of those five schools. Which sampling method did the researcher use?

cluster sampling

Which of the following cannot be found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design?

comparison group

conceptual replication

Roediger and McDermott (1995) conducted a study involving a paradigm initially developed by Deese (1959), which produces false recall of a word when a participant is given a list of words to recall that centers on a particular word but does not include it. For example, if participants were given a list that included sandal, towel, sunscreen, and waves, then they would falsely remember the word beach even though it was not on the list. They did two studies based on Deese's original study. In the first, they used the same word lists Deese used; in the second experiment, they used new sets of stimulus words. Which is the term for the second study they ran?

conceptual replication

Which is the term for a replication study in which a researcher evaluates the same research question but uses different procedures?

conceptual replication

Which of the following types of replications investigate the same research question but use different procedures?

conceptual replication

Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 30 preschoolers are shown two copies of a book (Ferdinand the Bull) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs?

concurrent-measures design

Dr. Russell did a study that found praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more-motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity.

confounding third variable

Dr. Stevens did a study that found having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years because people who are highly educated take cognitively demanding jobs, and people who are highly educated have better cognitive skills. In the relationship between having demanding job and cognitive benefits in later years, she found that the amount of education plays which of the following roles?

confounding third variable

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following?

construct reliability

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus most on evaluating which of the following validities?

construct validity and external validity

Josiane has found an online test that claims to measure IQ. It consists of choosing the correct definitions for a series of words. She is concerned that it doesn't include tests of other things that are part of IQ, such as problem solving or visual-spatial ability. Which type of validity is she questioning?

content validity

Which is the name for the level of the independent variable intended to represent a neutral condition?

control group

Which is the name for a variable the experimenter holds constant on purpose?

control variable

Which of the following is considered a nonprobability sampling method?

convenience sampling

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin-rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Research participants' results on the coin-rotation task are compared with their results on two widely used tests of motor dexterity: the finger-tapping task and the grooved pegboard task. Which empirical way of assessing construct validity is being used?

convergent validity

Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation?

correlation 2

correlation 6

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee, then rate their enjoyment of the coffee; then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea; and, finally, drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned he could have a problem with order effect in his study. Eric could fix this problem by using which of the following?

counterbalancing

is used to control order effects in an experiment.

counterbalancing

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds home-life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which of the three criteria for causation does Professor Horvat's study fulfill?

covariance and temporal precedence

What are the three criteria that are required for a causal claim?

covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity

Some colleges no longer require the SAT I or the ACT tests; instead, they base their admissions on other factors, such as high school GPA. A major reason they have done this is they have found a low correlation between the scores on the tests and the students' freshman-year GPA. In other words, they were concerned that college entrance exams lacked which type of validity?

criterion validity

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the of the test.

criterion validity

When using multiple regression, which is the term for the variable the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting?

criterion variable

cross lag

When conducting longitudinal research, researchers typically find to be the most interesting.

cross-lag correlation

cross-sectional

Dr. Joseph thinks most people are generally trusting of strangers. He did a study at his university in the United States to test this idea, and the results confirmed his hypothesis. Dr. Joseph is discussing the results of this study with Dr. Ming, a friend who is a psychology researcher in China. Dr. Ming thinks people in Eastern cultures, such as China, are less trusting of strangers than are people in Western cultures, such as the United States. Dr. Joseph and Dr. Ming decide to run a second study in which they have a group of participants in China and a group of participants in the United States both complete the task used in Dr. Joseph's study. This second study is an example of which of the following?

cultural psych

The Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) shows performance increases with arousal up to a point, but beyond that, performance decreases with increasing arousal. Which type of correlation is this?

curvilinear

Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?

declared major in college

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of within-groups designs?

demand characteristics

Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct the exact same study again to ensure that he can find the same difference between the groups a second time. This study is known as a:

direct replication

Mendoza et al. (2009) introduced a coin-rotation task as a convenient test of motor dexterity. It involves timed completion of twenty 180° rotations of a nickel using the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Research participants' results on the coin-rotation task are compared with their results on a test of grip strength (a measure of another construct: global upper-extremity strength). The correlation between the coin-rotation task and the grip strength task were found to be not statistically significant. This comparison provides support for which type of measurement validity?

discriminant validity

Sun Mi is designing a questionnaire on loneliness. She is concerned that some features of loneliness are similar to depression and to low self-esteem. Which type of validity does she need to show to demonstrate that her questionnaire assesses loneliness and not depression or low self-esteem?

discriminant validity

As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone and Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to read about the study's contributions and significance, he should look at which section of the article?

discussion

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?

distance out of alignment of the rods

Psychological scientists base their conclusions on evidence. They collect and use data to develop, support, or challenge a theory. This approach is known as ____________.

empiricism

is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.

empiricism

Which of the following is a common way journalists misrepresent science when they write about it for a popular audience?

exaggerating the strength of the findings

Horselenberg et al. (2003) conducted an experiment based on Kassin and Kieche (1996) in which the participant was falsely accused of striking a computer key that caused the data to be deleted. The earlier study showed 69% of the participants were willing to sign a confession that they had struck the key. The Horselenberg et al. study included a change in procedure by which the signed confession included giving up part of the participation fee. In their study, the researcher made the accusation rather than a peer, so that the situation more closely paralleled false confessions of a crime. In doing so, which of the following did the researchers most clearly increase?

experimental realism

A drought in California created the opportunity for a quasi-experiment on the effectiveness of fines on water conservation (Agras et al., 1980). Three comparable cities were considered - two that instituted fines at different times and a third that did not. Water consumption data for the 3 years before the onset of the fines were used as baseline and subsequent consumption data were gathered through the end of the drought. Effectiveness of fines was assessed by examining consumption the following month. In this study, researchers capitalized on real-life opportunities to study phenomena. Therefore, they maximized which type of validity?

external

Ecological validity is considered to be an aspect of which of the four validities?

external

Horselenberg et al. (2003) conducted an experiment based on Kassin and Kieche (1996) in which the participant was falsely accused of striking a computer key that caused the data to be deleted. The earlier study showed 69% of the participants were willing to sign a confession that they had struck the key. The Horselenberg et al. study included a change in procedure by which the signed confession included giving up part of the participation fee. Horselenberg et al. conducted their study in the Netherlands and found similar results to the Kassin and Kieche study, which was conducted in the United States. That this finding was observed in multiple contexts supports which validity?

external

eyes/ eyes used

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT:

fence sitting

foreign-language achievement

Typically, in which type of claim is it most important to have a random sample?

frequency

Which type of claim is always done in generalization mode?

frequency

What kind of a claim is the following headline making? "You Gotta Have Friends? Most Have Just Two True Pals."

frequency claim

Dr. Reynolds develops a treatment for social anxiety disorder. After he has shown his treatment to be effective in very controlled laboratory studies, he decides to test it in other settings. He collaborates with clinicians who work in a variety of clinical settings across the country. Dr. Reynolds trains the clinicians on his treatment but doesn't supervise them closely. He also allows patients with some common co-occurring disorders, such as depression, to participate in the study. This study is in _________ mode.

generalization

Professor Schwartz examines the relationship between time spent at a shopping mall and happiness. She finds that for millennials, the more time in the mall is associated with higher levels of happiness. She finds that for baby boomers, the more time in the mall is associated with lower levels of happiness. Which is the moderator in this relationship?

generation of the people being examined

In quasi-experiments, researchers lack full experimental control. Therefore, which type of validity must they assess to make sure they can draw firm conclusions from their results?

internal

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. He administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Lorenzo runs a statistical test to find how consistent the responses are to different wordings of items on the questionnaire given to the children. Which type of reliability is he examining with this questionnaire?

internal

Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities?

internal and construct validity

A recent headline read, "School Lunches Make Kids Fat." The article cited a study comparing children at two schools. The school with the lower obesity rate only had a few children who ate lunch provided by the school. The other school had a greater percentage of obese children and most of these children ate school lunches. No mention was made that many of the children who eat school lunches are low-income children who receive free lunches. Poverty is a major factor in obesity. Which validity is threatened by the potential confound, poverty?

internal validity

Vida is studying the connection between school grades and time spent using social media. She measures social media use at the beginning of the semester and grades at the end of the semester. Vida finds using more social media early in the semester was linked with lower school grades. Which other criterion of causality does she need if she wants to establish causation?

internal validity

Which type of validity is important to interrogate for causal claims, but not association claims?

internal validity

Which of the following validities is correctly matched with the technique to address concerns regarding that validity?

internal validity and random assignment

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants are randomly assigned to study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. The use of random assignment of participants increases which of the following?

internal validity of the study

When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with validity than validity.

internal; external

Julie has developed an intervention to improve the relationship between parents and preschool-aged children. To evaluate the effectiveness of her intervention, Julie video records the parents interacting with their children at the end of the study. She has two research assistants watch the videos and rate the level of warmth in the interaction. Julie then correlates the ratings of the raters. She finds a high positive correlation (r = .87) between the two raters. Which of the following types of reliability is she examining?

interrater

After implementation of a new city law, a restaurant chain began displaying the nutrition labels for their menu items. The restaurant owner recorded sales of the 15 highest-calorie menu items on three occasions: once the month before the change in menu display, once the week of the change in menu display, and once the month after the change in menu display. The owner observed that the sale of the high-calorie menu items dropped, while overall sales remained steady. Which type of design is this?

interrupted time-series design

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonson asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question?

it is a double barreled question

Dr. Kamran studies domestic violence and has designed a self-report scale that is meant to assess men's negative attitudes toward women. To validate her scale, she administers it to two groups of recently incarcerated male prisoners: prisoners convicted of domestic violence and prisoners convicted of other crimes. Dr. Kamran finds a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups. Which technique is Dr. Kamran using to validate her scale?

known-groups paradigm

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

large

Researchers de Abreu, Gathercole, and Martin (2011) found the correlation of nonword repetition and digit recall in a memory was r = .59. Based on Cohen's (1992) guidelines, which of the following describes this effect size?

large

Which type of research design involves measuring the same variables, for the same people, across different points in time?

longitudinal

In an experiment, researchers do which of the following?

manipulate one variable and measure another

A variable that the researcher controls is a variable.

manipulated

Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups, making sure the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. Which kind of design is Kathryn using?

matched groups

Gathercole and Baddeley (1990) examined phonologic memory skills in children with disordered language development, using two control groups, one of which comprised much younger children who were matched on verbal abilities. If they had done a follow-up study a year later, which type of threat to internal validity would this age difference most likely have caused?

maturation

Dr. Samuels does a study that finds children with unusual names are more likely to have delinquency records as adolescents because they were teased more, and the teasing makes them act out. In the relationship between having an unusual name and adolescent delinquency, Dr. Samuels found that teasing plays which of the following roles?

mediator

When a third variable explains the relationship between two other variables, that kind of third variable is called a _____.

mediator

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds r = .28. According to Cohen's conventions, how strong is this association?

medium, or moderate

menu labeling

Which of the following is NOT a form of replication in psychological research?

meta analysis replication

Which type of analysis is being used when a researcher mathematically averages the results of many studies that have been completed with the same variables?

meta-analysis

As part of an assignment for his Introduction to Psychology class, Gilbert has to read a journal article, summarize it, and compare it to what is reported in his textbook. Gilbert selects the article "Effects of Severe Daily Events on Mood," Stone and Neale (1984). If Gilbert wanted to repeat the study, which section would he consult to find the details of the study's design?

method

According to Cohen's conventions for effect size, how do you describe an effect size when d = 0.50?

moderate

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. The parents' ratings of likelihood of yielding to temptation correlated with the preschool waiting time measurement at r = −.50. Which describes this effect size according to Cohen's benchmarks?

moderate

Dr. Aarons does a study that finds having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life, sex plays which of the following roles?

moderator

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n):

moderator

When a relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable, that kind of a third variable is called a _____.

moderator q

A drought in California created the opportunity for a quasi-experiment on the effectiveness of fines on water conservation (Agras et al., 1980). Three comparable California cities were considered - two that instituted fines at different times and a third that did not institute fines. Water consumption data for the 3 years before the onset of the fines were used as baseline and subsequent consumption data were gathered through the end of the drought. Effectiveness of fines was assessed by examining consumption the following month. With regard to the monitoring of water consumption, which type of design was this?

multiple baseline

A psychologist is working with the parents of four children who exhibit violent behaviors toward each other. The parents have been instructed to record the number of these behaviors each child exhibits in the predinner hour for 1 week. The parents then begin using a positive reinforcement technique to shape the behavior of the youngest child while continuing to record violent behaviors. The recording continues and the technique is used on one additional child each week. By the end of 6 weeks, there is a significant decrease in violent behaviors for each of the children. Which type of design is this?

multiple baseline

Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

multistage sample

The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:

multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. He randomly selects 10 observation locations from the places bicycles can be ridden on campus and randomly selects five 1-hour spans of time for each place. He has his observers make observations at each of the 10 places for each of the five time spans. Which type of sampling is he using?

multistage sampling

Which of the following is the least intrusive/least reactive observational research?

naturalistic observation

Professor Lee is curious if there is any pattern to who earns extra credit in her course. She examines this question by graphing a scatterplot of her students' exam grades and the number of extra credit points earned. She finds that the students with the lowest exam grades tend to have the most extra credit points. What type of association is this?

negative

Which is the term for a quasi-experimental design with at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but in which the participants have not been randomly assigned to the groups?

nonequivalent control group design

A company that owned several hospitals in rural areas of the south went bankrupt and, over a couple of months, closed the hospitals it operated. Researchers became aware of this situation and used public health records to document average age at death of residents in those communities where the hospitals closed and in communities that were matched on several variables but did not lose their hospitals. The researchers collected death records for several years before and after the closure of these hospitals to look at the effect the closure had on life expectancy. Which type of research design are the researchers using?

nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design

Which of the following is an independent-groups quasi-experimental design?

nonequivalent control group post test only design

In a study of aggression in children, a researcher has his undergraduate research assistants watch a group of children on the playground, and record the number of instances of physical or verbal attacks. Which category of measured variable is this researcher using??

observational measure

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?

observational measurement

Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim?

one that is manipulated

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

one that is measured

Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of effects.

order

Georgina graduated as valedictorian of her high school class because of her class ranking. What type of scale is used for the quantitative variable of class ranking?

ordinal scale

Mr. Stratford is the president of a national organization of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender people in the United States. He wants to survey 1,000 members of his organization about the position they want the organization to take on several political issues. He knows that transgender people make up only 5% of his organization, but he wants to make sure their views are accurately represented. He decides to randomly sample 100 transgender members and then adjust the final results so transgender people are weighted to their actual proportion in the organization. Which type of sampling is Mr. Stratford using?

oversampling

Some theories are better than others. What are the features of a good theory?

parsimonious, falsifiable, and supported by data

"All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best." Which principle does this describe?

parsimony

Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following?

pattern and parsimony

Which type of study design is used when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction?

pattern and parsimony

Dr. Keller wants to test the effect of a new antianxiety medication. He recruits a group of anxious patients and randomly assigns them to two groups. One group will receive his new medication and the other will receive a sugar pill. The second group is called which of the following?

placebo group

Which of the following is NOT a format in which psychological scientists typically publish their research?

popular magazine articles

Which of the following refers to the entire set of people in which the researchers are interested?

population

Which kind of design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once?

posttest only

Leigh is interested in looking at how caloric intake affects performance. She conducts a study in which participants drink a cup of water before completing a task, then eat small meal before completing the task again. Based on her study design, which of the following should she be concerned about?

practice effects

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) .

prediction

Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions: rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. Which kind of design is she using?

pretrst/posttest

Julie works at a large gym. She wants to do a study of the effect on self-esteem and mood of having a personal trainer. She collects a list of members at her gym who would like to have a personal trainer. She assigns half of them to have a trainer right away and half of them to wait several months before being assigned a trainer. She measures self-esteem and mood in all of the participants over the next several months, when only one of the groups would have a trainer. Which advantages does Julie's design have over selecting a group of people at the gym who were already using personal trainers and a group who was not using trainers?

preventing selection effect

Dr. Jennings is doing a study on the experience of being a racial minority on a college campus. He goes to the Asian Student Association, Black Student Union, and Hispanic Student Group on his campus to recruit participants for his study. Dr. Jennings only includes Asians, African Americans, and Hispanic participants in his study. Which type of sampling is Dr. Jennings using?

purposive sampling

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services offered at the university. She wants the proportion of men and women in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (55% women and 45% men). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 55 women and 45 men. Which type of sampling method is Dr. Lawrence going to use?

quota sampling

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity?

r=0.18

Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity?

random sampling

Which of the following is NOT a way that researchers in a quasi-experimental study attempt to achieve internal validity?

randomly assigning participants to conditions

rate off recidivism

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. Lorenzo and his lab partner observe the children while they play, and record instances of aggression. The total number of instances of aggression for each child is used to quantify the aggressiveness of each child. Which type of quantitative variable is this? Correct!

ratio scale

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: Correct!

reactivity

Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White's findings. This new researcher is LEAST likely to:

reject the theory of what causes depression.

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee and then rate their enjoyment of the coffee; then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea; and, finally, drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Which kind of design is this?

repeated measures

Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Which of the following designs is Dr. Dormeur using?`

repeated measures design

Psychologists use which of the following strategies to determine a study's replicability?

repeating the study

If you repeat a study and the results are the same as the first time, which term can be used to describe the results?

replicable

replication plus extension

Dr. Reynolds developed a treatment for social anxiety disorder. In his initial test of the treatment, he found it was effective in decreasing social anxiety symptoms in adults who only had social anxiety. Because Dr. Reynolds knows people who have social anxiety disorder also often are depressed, he designs a second study to test whether his treatment decreases social anxiety symptoms in two different groups of people - those who have social anxiety disorder only and those who have both social anxiety disorder and depression. This second study would be which of the following?

replication plus extension

Ellen is an elementary school teacher who has a very disruptive child in her classroom. She wants to see whether using a good-behavior point system will be effective for managing this child's behavior. She begins by noting the child's behavioral outbursts for a week before she begins the point system, then she tries using the point system for 2 weeks and notices a drop in the child's outbursts. For the next 2 weeks, she discontinues using the point system and she notes an increase in the child's outburst. Which kind of design is Ellen using to test this intervention?

reversal

A(n) _____ by Cartwright-Hatton and his colleagues (2010) summarizes 10 studies on the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as a treatment for anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence.

review journal article

in a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Which is the independent variable in this experiment?

role of the participant

sales for high-calorie menu items

In addition to effect size, you must also know which of the following to determine if a correlation is statistically significant?

sample size

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

scatterplot

Which of the following characteristics sets scientific journals apart from magazines?

scientific journals are peer reviewed

In a nonequivalent control group design, participants in the control group may match the treatment group on an important factor. This is an attempt to prevent which threat to internal validity?

selection

In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house that mixes offenders with nonoffenders, was compared with that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. If inmates are allowed to choose their own half-way house, which threat to internal validity would this potentially pose?

selection

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, after a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Because different groups need different amounts of time, the first 25 participants who arrive are assigned to the 10-minute group, the next 25 are assigned to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 are assigned to the 2-minute group. Which confound does this create?

selection effect

Two universities are involved in a study of the effects on student retention and attitude toward campus life, based on a prefreshman-year summer visit program one of the schools had implemented. The schools, both state universities in the same state, were closely matched in student-body characteristics. In the fall of the first year of the program, the school that was serving as the control was struck by a rare fall tornado, which did damage to several campus buildings. Which type of threat to internal validity would this cause?

selection history

Lorenzo is studying aggression in children. He administers a questionnaire to the children that asks them about their feelings of aggression. Which type of measure is the questionnaire?

self-report

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following?

self-selection

The student government at a college is interested in determining how important intercollegiate sports are to the students there. Because all students have e-mail accounts, the student government can send a survey to all the students. About 50% of the students respond. Which is the most likely bias in this sample?

self-selection bias

Hilda is studying the effects of a major natural disaster on people living nearby. She finds that many of the victims are depressed and show stress-related symptoms. Why can't Hilda conclude that the natural disaster caused the depression and stress-related symptoms?

she doesn't have a comparison group

A political research center obtains a list of phone numbers for all registered voters in Texas and uses a random number generator to select 1,000 of the phone numbers to call. They ask each voter which candidate for governor they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. Which sampling method is being used?

simple random sampling

Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur's study?

six

Which of the following is an example of a physiological measure?

skin conductance

Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling?

snowball

Which of the following is NOT a potential problem of observational research?

social desirability

A study by Grimstvedt et al. (2010) of the effects of signage on stair use in university buildings examined the effect of placing signs encouraging stair use near elevators. Based on their design, Blake is designing a study for her campus. The initial part of the study will be a month-long measuring of elevator and stair use in four buildings on the campus. This will be followed by the treatment, which is the simultaneous posting of signs at each of the four locations. Elevator and stair use will then be measured for another month. Which type of design is this?

stable baseline

Marvin reads a journalistic report of a research study and asks, "How strong was the effect?" Which validity is Marvin asking about?

statistical validity

a cross-section of American drivers representing men and women; people from the city, suburbs, and farms; and people of all ages

statistical validity

For an association claim, you interrogate the following validities:

statistical, construct, and external

A college administrator knows that 70% of the students at her college are from out of state, so she decides to make sure that she includes 70 out-of-state students and 30 in-state students in her survey about admission practices at the college. She has a list of all the out-of-state and in-state students currently enrolled at the college. She randomly selects 70 students from the out-of-state list and 30 students from the in-state list. Which sampling method is she using?

stratified random sampling

strong

The directors of an annual community concert want to learn the musical preferences of the audience. The ushers place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat (2 and 6 were chosen from a random number table). All the cards are returned as the audience leaves. Which type of sampling is being used

systematic sampling

Which of the following is considered a representative sampling method?

systematic sampling

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies along with the independent variable.

systematically

To look at the relationship between reaction time and level of expertise in tennis, experts and nonexperts in tennis were compared. Which of the following would be the most appropriate, easiest way to evaluate the relationship between these variables?

t test and a bar graph

Vida is studying the connection between school grades and time spent using social media. She finds a strong correlation, showing students with lower grades spend more time using social media. She decides that before she can claim increased use of social media causes grades to drop, she must make sure the social media came before the low grades. Which criterion of causality is she concerned with?

temporal precedence

Which of the answer pairs correctly completes the following sentence: Although we cannot establish causation with correlational designs, longitudinal designs address concerns of _____ and multiple regression addresses concerns of ____?

temporal precedence; internal validity

Dr. Johnson wants to investigate whether the physiological measure, heart rate variability, varies over time or whether it is a trait that stays stable within the same person over time. He records participants' heart rate variability once at the beginning of the semester and once at the end of the semester. He finds a high positive correlation (r = .65) between the first and second time points. Which type of reliability is he examining?

test-retest

When using a measure to assess a trait that is expected to remain stable over time, a researcher would expect to get consistent results each time the measure is used. This type of reliability is known as which of the following?

test-retest

Researchers are conducting a repeated-measures quasi-experiment. Which type of threat to internal validity should concern the researchers if they notice the participants are taking less and less time to complete the assessment questionnaires that are administered weekly?

testing

Which of the following is NOT an example of faulty thinking that might occur when relying on intuition?

testing your hunches through systematic, empirical observations

Which of the following is an operational definition of memory?

the accuracy with which a person can retell a short story based on the number of correct details

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. Which of the following is a variable in this study?

the amount of stress

Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, "When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. Which of the following is a constant in this study?

the amount of time to perform the decision task

After two students from his school commit suicide, Marcelino thinks that the most likely cause of death in teenagers is suicide. What type of bias is affecting his thinking?

the availability heuristic

The idea that things that easily come to mind tend to guide our thinking is known as which of the following?

the availability heuristic

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

the covariance of cause and effect

What is the name for the measured variable in an experiment?

the dependent variable

Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researchers in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects. Doing this will address which of the following? Correct!

the file drawer problem

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

the finding could replicated in another population

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following

the internal validity of the study

Professor Morgan questions whether the ratings he receives from his students on "teaching effectiveness" indicate how much the students learn in his class or whether they are just a reflection of how much his students like him. Which aspect of the ratings is he questioning?

the measurement validity of the ratings

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?

the number of words correctly recalled

Franchesca read about Mrazek et al.'s (2013) study in which students scored higher on the GRE after completing a 2-week mindfulness training course. Franchesca is interested in the idea that practicing mindfulness improves the ability to control one's mind from wondering. She decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students practice either mindfulness or read and then take a test of attention. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students who had practiced mindfulness would perform better on the attention test. She runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction.Franchesca writes up her experiment and submits it to a journal to be evaluated by fellow scientists for publication. What is this process called?

the peer-review process

Carolyn sometimes taps on the basketball before shooting a free throw. She has noticed the times when she taps and makes the free throw more than she notices the times she makes the free throw without tapping the ball. Carolyn is experiencing which of the following?

the present/ present bias

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and extra credit points earned in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds r = .28. In addition to this correlation coefficient, which of the following would Professor Fofana need to determine if this result is statistically significant?

the sample size

Which of the following is composed of several studies on a particular topic, often conducted by many different researchers?

the scientific literature

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study?

the sex of the participant

Franchesca read about Mrazek et al.'s (2013) study in which students scored higher on the GRE after completing a 2-week mindfulness training course. Franchesca is interested in the idea that practicing mindfulness improves the ability to control one's mind from wondering. She decides to conduct a similar study in which she has students practice either mindfulness or read and then take a test of attention. Franchesca predicts that, in line with the original study, students who had practiced mindfulness would perform better on the attention test. She runs the study and finds that the results match her prediction.Which of the following is the data in this study?

the students' performance on the attention task

When the data from a study do not support the theory behind the study's hypothesis, what does that mean for the theory?

the theory should be revised

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study?

the type of game

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

the type of word list

A statement, or set of statements, that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a ________________.

theory

theory testing

Dr. Reynolds develops a treatment for social anxiety disorder. In his first studies of his new treatment, his goal is to see if the treatment works under very controlled conditions. He only accepts patients who do not have any other disorders and randomly assigns the patients to his treatment and a wait-list control group. He also supervises each case very closely to ensure the therapists are sticking to his treatment manual. This study is in _________ mode.

theory testing

In _________ mode, external validity matters much less than internal validity.

theory testing

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude?

there is a spreading interaction

Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs?

these designs rely on fewer participants

Which of the following is true of ceiling and floor effects?

they can be caused by poorly designed dependent variables

Research studies are superior to personal experience because:

they include at least one comparison group.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for a researcher to select a quasi-experimental design?

to improve internal validity

Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. How were the words for each list selected?

to operationalize different levels of the independent variable "familiarity"

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

to test limits and theories

Which of the following is NOT a reason that a study might yield a null result?

too much within group variance

After reading about Harlow's contact comfort theory, Dr. Borden wonders if these findings would apply to premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. He designs a study to test whether touch and cuddling could speed up weight gain in premature babies. What type of research is Dr. Borden's study?

translational research

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and extra credit points earned in his classes. He first made a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He then decides the plot would be clearer if he converted the numerical grades into passing or failing the course, so he plots a bar graph with pass/fail on the x-axis and the mean number of extra credit points earned on the y-axis. Which type of statistic would he run to determine if there is a relationship between pass/fail and extra credit points earned?

ttest

Phuong is conducting an experiment on proofreading. All participants are asked to read a passage with several typos and correct the errors. However, one group proofreads by reading silently, a second group proofreads by reading aloud, and a third group proofreads by reading the passage silently backward. The researcher calculates the average number of errors found in each group and finds that both the reading silently and reading aloud groups found more errors than the reading silently backward group. What are the variables in this study?

type of proofreading and number of errors found

Which of the following is NOT a solution to the reactivity by participants?

use a double blind study

Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of correlational research?

use of a correlation analysis

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Theo controls for selection effects in which of the following ways?

using random assignment of participants

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?

value selected for the mug

Julie works at a large gym. She wants to do a study of the effect of having a personal trainer on self-esteem and mood. She collects a list of members at her gym who would like to have a personal trainer. She assigns half of them to have a trainer right away and half of them to wait several months before being assigned a trainer. She measures self-esteem and mood in all of the participants over the next several months, when only one of the groups would have a trainer. Which kind of design is Julie using?

wait list design

When is an outlier most likely to be problematic?

when the sample size is small and the outlier is extreme on both variables

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

when the study has life-or-death implications

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. The independent variable in Tetiana's design is being manipulated in which of the following ways?

Psych 302 final exam

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