psych 332 final exam
________ refers to the routine behaviors and strategies partners undertake to help ensure that their relationship will continue. a. Capitalization c. Intimacy process model b. Relationship maintenance d. Support
Relationship maintenance
Self-expansion theory provides an explanation for: a.why relationship satisfaction declines over time. b.why people prefer predictability in their relationship. c.mate selection. d.why people stay in a relationship that is not particularly satisfying.
a.why relationship satisfaction declines over time.
What is social integration? a. when people acquire resources, enrich their identities, and elaborate on what they know via their close relationships b.when people respond positively to their partners' disclosures of positive news c.when people have stronger social ties and connections d.when people take on aspects of their partners' identities as their own
a. when people acquire resources, enrich their identities, and elaborate on what they know via their close relationships
Adnan has had a tough day at work and his partner, Georges, listens to him complain and then makes sure that Adnan eats a good meal and gets to bed early. The next day, Adnan tells Georges that he wishes Georges was more supportive about his work problems. What is the most likely explanation for Adnan's comment to Georges? a.Adnan views Georges' responses through an interpretive filter. b.Georges views Adnan's responses through an interpretive filter. c.Georges failed to provide good social support to Adnan. d.Adnan is the kind of person who simply complains a lot.
a.Adnan views Georges' responses through an interpretive filter.
Which of the following is NOT true about rates of infidelity? a.Estimates of infidelity are lower for men than for women. b.Roughly 25 to 30 percent of all people report being unfaithful. c.Estimates of infidelity are lower for women than for men. d.Roughly 45 percent of all men and women have been emotionally involved online with someone other than their partner.
a.Estimates of infidelity are lower for men than for women.
Why are differences in opinion between siblings more likely to result in aggression compared to differences among friends? a.Friends are more likely to respect each other because of their similar interests, and thus, disagree in polite ways. b.Siblings often interact in private spaces while friends interact in public spaces, where conflict is less acceptable. c.There is less reason for siblings to make compromises because the relationship is involuntary and unlikely to end. d.Siblings are competing for resources from the same source, thus, there is usually more at stake in comparison with friendships.
a.Friends are more likely to respect each other because of their similar interests, and thus, disagree in polite ways.
Laurita's friend, Guiliana, comes over after school to play on Wednesdays. Laurita's parents notice that her demeanor and style of play differ greatly when she is with Giuliana, compared to when she plays with her younger sister, Pilar. What have her parents most likely observed? a.Laurita is more likely to interact with Pilar in coercive ways than when she is with Giuliana. b.Laurita is more likely to interact with Giuliana in coercive ways than when she is with Pilar. c.Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Pilar than with Giuliana. d.Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Giuliana than with Pilar.
a.Laurita is more likely to interact with Pilar in coercive ways than when she is with Giuliana.
What is TRUE with regard to Bronfenbrenner's social ecological model applied to the context of relationships? a.The effects of proximal factors on a relationship are affected by distal factors. b.Distal elements rarely affect proximal influences in relationships. c.Distal, proximal, and meso-empirical contexts all interconnect to affect relationships. d.Children are largely sheltered from contextual influences, because parents serve as a buffer between the environment and the child.
a.The effects of proximal factors on a relationship are affected by distal factors.
Julian tells his wife, Danielle, "I'm worried that my brother might be drinking again." She nods and goes back to typing on the computer. Julian tries again, "I smelled alcohol on my brother last week, and I really hope he hasn't fallen off the wagon." After a few seconds of silence, his wife turns to him and says, "Hmm, right." What is this an example of? a.vulnerable disclosure c.interpretive filters b.empathy d.disengagement
a.vulnerable disclosure
Alex is designing a study to examine how couples' behavior during conflict discussions predicts changes in relationship satisfaction. He is planning to measure the observed negative behavior skills that couples employ. Based on previous research, which additional observed variable would be most important for Alex to measure to obtain a more complete understanding of the effects of conflict behavior on relationship satisfaction? a.amount of cognitive editing c.displays of positive emotion b.degree of relationship commitment d.level of partner neuroticism
a.amount of cognitive editing
Annie has been married to her husband for 1 year. What is Annie likely to identify as the main stressor in her relationship? a.debt brought into marriage c.frequency of sexual relations b.communication with her spouse d.in-laws
a.debt brought into marriage
A partner's affect refers to his or her: a.emotional tone. b.behaviors. c.cognitions. d.environments.
a.emotional tone.
Which of the following is a defining feature of friendships? a.equal status c.affection b.respect d.conflict
a.equal status
According to a systems perspective, what is required for couples to make improvements in their relationship? a.establishing new flexible relationship rules b.insight into relationship dynamics c.making explicit unspoken and unconscious relationship rules d.reverting back to relationship patterns that used to work in the relationship
a.establishing new flexible relationship rules
A(n) ________ is often the developing child's first relationship with someone who is not a relative or caregiver. a.friendship c.intimate relationship b.sibling relationship d.attachment
a.friendship
Individual characteristics such as ______________ are likely to set the stage for infidelity. a.high sociosexuality b.low sociosexuality c.low commitment d.high commitment
a.high sociosexuality
Dayanara is very willing to have sex with other people outside of her relationship with her partner. Based on this, which characteristic is mostly likely to predict her risk for infidelity? a.individual b.relationship c.context d.genetics
a.individual
Ivan's father had a stroke and is now living with Ivan's sister. Ivan told his wife, Ann, that he feels guilty that his sister has to bear the burden of caring for their father. Ann responds by saying, "Well, maybe we can help pitch in for some of the extra groceries." What perspective from your text helps us understand Ann's response? a.intimacy process model c.self-expansion model b.attachment theory d.Capitalization
a.intimacy process model
Petula's mother has a terminal illness and she is not expected to live more than a few weeks. Petula just placed her mother in hospice. Petula told her romantic partner, Sarah, that she feels guilty and that she feels she is abandoning her mother. Sarah responds by saying, "Well, everyone has to die sometime." What perspective from your text helps us understand Sarah's response? a.intimacy process model c.self-expansion model b.attachment theory d.Capitalization
a.intimacy process model
Mia and Georges have been married for 2 years. Georges works long hours in a high paying job so that they can afford their home, while Mia spends her time taking care of their newborn son and completing the household chores. Because of their schedules, they do not spend a lot of time together. What attribute of their relationship is a powerful predictor of divorce? a.lack of shared leisure time b.their newborn son c.the frequency of sexual relations d.the neighborhood in which they live
a.lack of shared leisure time
Relationship characteristics, such as ______________, can set the stage for infidelity. a.low availability b.low level of warmth c.low sociosexuality d.low conflict
a.low availability
"Sibling rivalry is the result of competition for parental resources." With which theory is this statement most consistent? a.natural selection c.attachment theory b.theory of mind d.social learning theory
a.natural selection
In a videotaped discussion, a wife says, "I think that most of our arguments stem from a lack of trust." How would you code the wife's statement? a.problem description c.positive solution b.Disagreement d.criticism
a.problem description
As the rate of self-expansion drops in a relationship, _____ and ___________begin to fade. a.satisfaction; love c.boredom; disappointment b.visible support; invisible support d.real support; perceived support
a.satisfaction; love
In a videotaped discussion, a husband says, "I feel really uncomfortable whenever we discuss our sexual relationship." How would you code the husband's statement? a.self-disclosure c.positive solution b.disagreement d.Criticism
a.self-disclosure
In a videotaped discussion, a husband says, "I feel really uncomfortable whenever we discuss our sexual relationship." How would you code the husband's statement? a.self-disclosure c.positive solution b.disagreement d.criticism
a.self-disclosure
Jaswinder has been in a relationship with Sukhdip for about 2 years; they have set up a joint bank account and have bought a house together, and Jaswinder has taught Sukhdip how to ski and has introduced her to his hobby of photography. What model or perspective best explains these behaviors? a.self-expansion c.social support b.intimacy process model d.capitalization
a.self-expansion
Brehnan and Saeth have spent the afternoon on the beach building a fort out of driftwood and pretending they were knights on a mission to rescue a princess (Saeth's 6-month-old sister). Brehnan and Saeth have been engaged in: a.shared imaginative play. c.hierarchical play. b.behavioral reciprocity. d.attachment behavior.
a.shared imaginative play.
What is a main task of a behaviorally oriented therapist? a.to determine the function of problematic behavior b.to understand how past relationships affect current behavior c.to help couples learn to accept each other's shortcomings d.to change maladaptive attributions
a.to determine the function of problematic behavior
When couples take turns speaking, each speaking turn needs to be coded not only for ________ but also for ________. a.verbal content; emotional tone b.emotional tone; affect c.verbal content; unconditional probability d.unconditional probability; conditional probability
a.verbal content; emotional tone
According to the intimacy process model: a.factual disclosures provide greater opportunities for intimacy than emotional disclosures. b. motives, needs, goals, and fears affect how partners interpret one another's behaviors. c.feelings of being understood, validated, and cared for are determined by one's attachment history. d.responses to disclosures are unrelated to intimacy development.
b. motives, needs, goals, and fears affect how partners interpret one another's behaviors.
According to the World Health Organization, adolescence is the period between the ages of: a.9 and 18. c.13 and 19. b.10 and 19. d.13 and 24.
b.10 and 19.
According to research on twins in the United Kingdom, approximately ______ percent of the variability in infidelity is due to genetic factors. a.30 b.40 c.50 d.60
b.40
At ages 11 to 12, _____ percent of adolescents report having dated compared to _____ percent by age 15 to 16. a.15; 29 c.29; 54 b.8; 54 d.8; 73
b.8; 54
Which of the following is NOT true about the development of children's theories of mind? a.Developing theories of mind is a prerequisite for empathizing with other people. b.Children generally do not develop theories of mind until they are 6 years old. c.Children with siblings develop theories of mind more quickly than children without siblings. d.Sibling conflict is positively associated with children's ability to adopt another person's perspective.
b.Children generally do not develop theories of mind until they are 6 years old.
Richie often stays late at the office to interact with his coworker, Anna. Based on this, which risk factor is mostly likely to predict his likelihood for infidelity? a.individual b.relationship c.context d.genetics
c.context
Some stressors affect both partners at the same time, such as being physically separated. Which of the following findings about long-distance relationships is accurate? a.Although there are exceptions, research has shown that absence does make the heart grow fonder. b.Couples living apart can preserve their positive beliefs about the relationship without having to deal with the irritations that can arise through daily contact. c.Although it can be challenging to maintain a long-distance relationship, once couples are reunited they report higher levels of satisfaction. d.There is no research support for the idea that absence makes the heart grow fonder; physical distance between partners is a significant source of stress for relationships.
b.Couples living apart can preserve their positive beliefs about the relationship without having to deal with the irritations that can arise through daily contact.
Which of the following statements about Bronfenbrenner's social ecological model is FALSE? a.The effects of proximal factors on a relationship are affected by distal factors. b.Distal factors are not likely affected by proximal factors in relationships. c.Distal and proximal factors interconnect to affect relationships. d.The direct effects of proximal and distal factors on relationships are equally large.
b.Distal factors are not likely affected by proximal factors in relationships.
You have been under a great deal of stress at work for the past few months. You tell your partner about your concerns. Your partner responds by saying, "It sounds like this is really difficult for you to handle." What kind of response has your partner made? a.invalidation c.invisible support b.Empathy d.active-constructive
b.Empathy
When a partner makes a personal disclosure, how does that affect the self-esteem of the other partner? a.Individuals with high self-esteem are likely to feel less valued by their partners. b.Individuals with high self-esteem are likely to feel more valued by their partners. c.Individuals with low self-esteem are likely to feel more valued by their partners. d.Regardless of the level of self-esteem, individuals are likely to feel valued by their partners if their partner is a good listener.
b.Individuals with high self-esteem are likely to feel more valued by their partners.
________ refers to a violation of an agreement between two people that they will share their intimate emotional and sexual lives exclusively with each other. a.An emotional affair b.Infidelity c.A sexual affair d.Fidelity
b.Infidelity
How does an experience of acute stress and physical arousal affect memory about the details of the event? a.Memory is enhanced for all details of the experience. b.Memory of central details of the experience is enhanced but not memory for peripheral details. c.Memory of all details is impaired by the hormones that flood the body. d.Memory of the central details is impaired because of trauma, and memory for peripheral details remains intact.
b.Memory of central details of the experience is enhanced but not memory for peripheral details.
Carlos and Angela have a 6-year-old child named Rosita. They occasionally fight with each other in front of Rosita. Given what you know about children as witnesses of their parents' relationship, what is true? a.Rosita is still too young to understand or to be affected by the conflict between her parents. b.Rosita can recognize whether Carlos and Angela resolve their conflicts, even if her parents try to mask the conflict with positive affect. c.Carlos and Angela can protect Rosita by maintaining a positive emotional tone during their conflicts. d.The more Rosita is exposed to conflicts between Carlos and Angela, the less she will be affected by them.
b.Rosita can recognize whether Carlos and Angela resolve their conflicts, even if her parents try to mask the conflict with positive affect.
______ percent of individuals expect sexual and emotional exclusivity in their relationships. a.Fifty b.Seventy-five c.Eighty d.Ninety-five
b.Seventy-five
Acts that communicate caring and validate the other's feelings are known as _____ support. a.Perceived c.accepted b.Social d.instrumental
b.Social
You design a couples experiment where half the couples go on weekly dates and do activities that they find exciting and novel (e.g., cooking class, skydiving) and the other half go on weekly dates and engage in activities that they typically enjoy (e.g., movies, dinner). What prediction do you make about the effect of this experiment on their relationship satisfaction? a.The two groups should have the same satisfaction at the end of the study because they are both engaging in pleasant activities. b.The couples in the novel and exciting group should have higher relationship satisfaction because they are self-expanding together. c.The couples in the pleasant activities group should have higher relationship satisfaction because they are not imposing certain activities on each other. d.The couples in the pleasant activities group should have higher relationship satisfaction because they are self-expanding together.
b.The couples in the novel and exciting group should have higher relationship satisfaction because they are self-expanding together.
In a study to learn more about how arousal affects cognition and behavior, you ask couples experiencing stress to complete a series of cognitive tasks. How are the couples likely to perform on the tasks? a.They are likely to do well on simple reflexive tasks, but poorly on complex deliberative tasks. b.They are likely to do well on both simple reflexive tasks and complex deliberative tasks. c.They are likely to do poorly on both simple reflexive tasks and complex deliberative tasks. d.They are likely to do poorly on simple reflexive tasks, but well on complex deliberative tasks.
b.They are likely to do well on both simple reflexive tasks and complex deliberative tasks.
Cohan and Cole (2002) studied the effects of Hurricane Hugo on births, divorces, and marriages by examining the rates in the 14 years prior to the hurricane and the 8 years following. What did they find? a.They found increases in birth and marriage rates and declines in divorce rates; people were more likely to increase levels of commitment following the hurricane. b.They found increases in birth, marriage, and divorce rates; people evaluated their commitments, leading some to increase their levels of involvement and others to end their relationships. c.They found increases in birth, marriage, and divorce rates, which appeared to be permanent compared to counties that were not affected by the hurricane. d.They found increases in birth and marriage rates and declines in divorce rates, but the rates became comparable within a few years to rates in counties unaffected by the hurricane.
b.They found increases in birth, marriage, and divorce rates; people evaluated their commitments, leading some to increase their levels of involvement and others to end their relationships.
After 23 years of marriage, Kayla and Fred have decided to seek marital therapy. Which of the following is most likely true? a.They are more likely to seek help from a couples therapist than from a religious adviser. b.They have likely been experiencing relationship distress for a while before seeking help. c.The therapist is likely to view their problems as the easiest to treat. d.The therapist is unlikely to encourage ending the relationship because preserving the relationship is better for their kids.
b.They have likely been experiencing relationship distress for a while before seeking help.
_________, a hormone involved in mating behavior, is associated with marital crises and threats to divorce. a.Dopamine b.Vasopressin c.Oxytocin d.Testosterone
b.Vasopressin
Uncertainty and suspicion about a partner's faithfulness can eventually lead to: a.feelings of anger. b.a decrease in trust. c.increased closeness. d.relationship dissolution.
b.a decrease in trust.
Sarita is extremely close to her older sister, Magdalena, and spends hours talking to her sister on the phone about every aspect of her life, including her marriage. Sarita's husband is not as thrilled about Sarita's close relationship with her sister because Magdalena does not think that he is good enough for Sarita and takes every opportunity to let him know it. In this situation, Sarita's relationship with her sister would be considered: a.a resource for Sarita and her husband. b.a resource for Sarita but not for her husband. c.a stressor for Sarita and her husband. d.a stressor for Sarita but not for her husband.
b.a resource for Sarita but not for her husband.
In a videotaped discussion, a wife says, "I think that most of our arguments stem from our different religious backgrounds." Her husband responds, "Yes, I think you're right. Our perceptions and values vary a lot because of our beliefs." How would you code the husband's response? a.problem description c.positive solution b.agreement d.criticism
b.agreement
Miko has been married to his wife for 1 year. What is Miko likely to identify as the main stressor in his relationship? a.making financial decisions c.frequency of sexual relations b.balancing his job and marriage d.in-laws
b.balancing his job and marriage
In a videotaped discussion, Pilar says, "I think that most of our arguments stem from our different cultural backgrounds." Her partner, Estrella, responds, "I don't really think that's the issue. I have always been supportive of your cultural traditions. I think most of our issues come down to a lack of communication." How would you code Estrella's response? a.problem description c.positive solution b.disagreement d.criticism
b.disagreement
Studies conducted to test the self-expansion model proposed by Aron and colleagues suggest that: a.even conflict, if it is sufficiently arousing and frequent, can improve relationships. b.engaging in novel and arousing activities can counteract the "typical honeymoon-then-years-of-blandness pattern" that tends to happen as relationships develop. c.self-expansion is more important than other-expansion early in relationships. d.arousing activities must also be self-expanding for relationships to be maintained.
b.engaging in novel and arousing activities can counteract the "typical honeymoon-then-years-of-blandness pattern" that tends to happen as relationships develop.
Individual characteristics, such as ______________, can put an individual on the "slippery slope" for engaging in infidelity. a.feeling satisfied b.feeling neglected c.having unmet needs d.growing secrecy
b.feeling neglected
Bianca is told that Sally put her marble in a basket. When Sally left, Anne moved the marble into a box. Bianca is asked, "When Sally comes back, where will she look for her marble?" Bianca answers saying she will look in the basket. Bianca's answer indicates that she: a.cannot empathize with Anne. c.doesn't know where the marble is. b.has developed theory of mind. d.probably doesn't have older siblings.
b.has developed theory of mind.
With respect to children's friendships: a.longitudinal research shows that children classified as popular derive more benefits from their popularity than from their reciprocal friendships. b.hostility between childhood friends predicts hostile romantic relationships in young adulthood, but this effect disappears when parent-child hostility is controlled. c.without shared imaginative play, children are unlikely to develop empathy. d.an individual's strong bond with a problematic or difficult friend can reinforce their own negative behaviors.
b.hostility between childhood friends predicts hostile romantic relationships in young adulthood, but this effect disappears when parent-child hostility is controlled.
The textbook describes a study where 2-year-olds played in a room and were exposed either once or twice to research assistants having an argument. A control group of children did not witness the research assistants arguing. The researchers then assessed the children's aggressive behaviors when they were alone. The main finding of the study was that children become ________. The children who heard the research assistants arguing twice were ________ aggressive themselves than the children who heard the research assistants arguing only once. a.less reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; less b.increasingly reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; more c.desensitized to hearing adults arguing; less d.desensitized to hearing adults arguing; more
b.increasingly reactive the more they are exposed to conflict; more
As described in the text, "tunnel vision" occurs when: a.individuals examine information that is subconscious or "below-the-surface." b.people experience the fight-or-flight response and have a better memory for the salient details of the threat but a poor memory for peripheral details. c.people are highly focused on a task because they are physiologically aroused. d.the pupils of the eye dilate during the fight-or-flight response.
b.people experience the fight-or-flight response and have a better memory for the salient details of the threat but a poor memory for peripheral details.
Vince is extremely dissatisfied in his relationship and feels sexually disconnected from his partner. Based on this, which risk factor is mostly likely to predict his likelihood for infidelity? a.individual b.relationship c.context d.genetics
b.relationship
After hearing her parents argue over and over again, Emma became accustomed to their bickering. Emma's behavior can be attributed to: a.theory of mind. c.desensitization. b.false belief. d.sensitization.
c.desensitization.
In considering the source of relationship functioning, a systems perspective is to ________ as a behavioral perspective is to ________. a.the early caregiving experience; repetitive patterns of interaction b.repetitive patterns of interaction; rewarding and punishing behaviors c.rewarding and punishing behaviors; early caregiving experiences d.repetitive patterns of interaction; negative attributions
b.repetitive patterns of interaction; rewarding and punishing behaviors
Which of the following is NOT one of the three characterizations of childhood friendships that play a role in developing intimacy in adulthood? a.popularity b.size c.composition d.quality
b.size
Based on Frederick and Fales (2016), 25 percent of ________ reported having never cheated on their romantic partner. a.straight men b.straight women c.bisexual women d.bisexual men
b.straight women
Infants are most likely to be distressed when their mothers are unresponsive to _____ for a few moments because they are paying attention to a _____. a.them; picture book b.them; life-size baby doll c.their siblings; picture book d.their siblings; life-size baby doll
b.them; life-size baby doll
Men are ______ times more likely to engage in online sexual infidelity online compared to women. a.two b.three c.four d.five
b.three
Coercion arises in relationships by _____ reinforcing the _____ behaviors of one's partner. a.intentionally; desirable b.unintentionally; desirable c.unintentionally; undesirable d.intentionally; undesirable
b.unintentionally; desirable
Which of the following is positively correlated with relationship dissatisfaction? a.problem solving b.unresolved conflict c.intimacy d.commitment
b.unresolved conflict
Approximately ___ percent of people in gay and lesbian relationships have cheated on a past partner. a.10 to 30 b.20 to 40 c.40 to 60 d.60 to 80
c.40 to 60
Regarding maintenance processes in relationships, which of the following is true? a.Invisible support is typically detrimental to relationships because it goes unnoticed. b.Social scientists have not established sound procedures for observing social support. c.Forgiveness does not require an apology. d.Capitalization has more to do with the perception of behavior than with the actual behavior.
c.Forgiveness does not require an apology.
Which of the following is true? a. Self-expansion only occurs in the context of relationships. b.Engaging in exciting activities, even unpleasant ones, will always enrich relationships. c.In the early stages of self-expansion, relationship satisfaction is mostly derived from the shared activities that are novel and exciting to at least one member of the couple. d.Engaging in shared pleasant activities is not as self-expanding as engaging in shared novel activities.
c.In the early stages of self-expansion, relationship satisfaction is mostly derived from the shared activities that are novel and exciting to at least one member of the couple.
_____________ refers to an individual's willingness to have sex with another person without being in a committed relationship. a.Infidelity b.Celibacy c.Sociosexuality d.Religiosity
c.Sociosexuality
Mohinder takes care of making dinner and washing the dishes while Sally is studying for her exam. Based on this, Mohinder is offering what type of support? a.Tangible b.Invisible c.Visible d.Emotional
c.Visible
What plays an important role in how partners define monogamy in their relationship? a.gender roles b.sexual orientation c.attachment styles d.gender identity
c.attachment styles
Ursula hears her parents arguing regularly. The more she hears her parents argue, the more she becomes upset. Ursula's behavior can be attributed to which of the following? a.developing false beliefs b.developing apathy c.becoming sensitized d.becoming desensitized
c.becoming sensitized
Which of the following is the most common reason people leave their romantic relationships? a.incompatible personalities b.unresolved conflicts c.breaches of trust d.emotional distance
c.breaches of trust
Based on observational data from couples' disagreements, the three topics of disagreement are: a.intimacy, relatives, and money. b.money, work, and communication. c.children, chores, and communication. d.children, money, and intimacy.
c.children, chores, and communication.
Women are more likely to cite _____ as a topic of disagreement, while men are more likely to cite _____ as a topic of disagreement. a.children; chores b.chores; children c.communication; work d.work; communication
c.communication; work
Habituation is to ________ as reactivity is to ________. a.sensitization; desensitization b.false beliefs; theory of mind c.desensitization; sensitization d.theory of mind; false beliefs
c.desensitization; sensitization
Compared to children whose parents have a harmonious relationship, children exposed to parental discord are likely to experience: a.panic attacks and psychotic episodes. b.social marginalization and discrimination. c.difficulties in their relationships with peers. d.low academic achievement in adolescence.
c.difficulties in their relationships with peers.
What is NOT one of the responses of the body to stress? a.dilation of pupils b.increased heart rate c.dilation of blood vessels d.inhibition of stomach and intestinal activity
c.dilation of blood vessels
When one partner spends a lot of time interacting with someone else without their primary partner, this could be interpreted as: a.sexual infidelity. b.boredom. c.emotional infidelity. d.relationship dissatisfaction.
c.emotional infidelity.
Relationship scientists commonly turn to which principle to explain infidelity? a.interdependence b.attachment c.evolutionary biology d.social exchange
c.evolutionary biology
When elementary schoolchildren are asked to describe the different relationships in their lives, they mention conflict more often in their relationships with: a.parents. c.friends. b.siblings. d.teachers.
c.friends
Conflict occurs when one partner pursues his/her _____ in such a way that it interferes with the other partner's _____. a.goals; goals b.needs; needs c.goals; needs d.needs; goals
c.goals; needs
Early research comparing happy and unhappy couples was designed to examine: a.how topics of disagreement differed. b.why partner perceptions differed. c.how partners' communication patterns differed. d.how personality differences created disagreement.
c.how partners' communication patterns differed.
Asian Americans are ________ likely than European Americans to disclose their needs for support to a romantic partner because of concern that ________. a.more; not doing so will cause embarrassment b.more; the partner will value them less if they do not c.less; doing so will burden the partner d.less; it might be interpreted as disengagement
c.less; doing so will burden the partner
Which types of shared-couple activities have been shown to increase relationship satisfaction and communication? a.Outdoor c.novel b.trust-building d.pleasant
c.novel
All of the following are cues of emotional infidelity EXCEPT: a.watching a movie with someone other than one's partner. b.hugging someone other than one's partner. c.studying with one's partner and another person. d.kissing another person other than one's partner.
c.studying with one's partner and another person.
Distal is to ________ as proximal is to ________. a.support from family; cultural context b. the wife's mood; divorce laws c.the quality of the school system; household income d.the husband's work hours; economic conditions
c.the quality of the school system; household income
According to Kurt Lewin, "A definition of conflict begins with the recognition that participants in social interaction have ________." a.Personalities c.unique goals, needs, and preferences b.divergent perspectives d.competing needs
c.unique goals, needs, and preferences
The intimacy process model is important because it draws attention to: a. how support can sometimes be costly because it involves vulnerable disclosures. b. capitalization processes in relationships. c. the empathy process in relationships. d. how partner responses to disclosures influence the perception of the relationship.
d. how partner responses to disclosures influence the perception of the relationship.
Which of the following responses is most reflective of a positive solution for someone who is upset with their partner's lack of time at home? a."You've got to be kidding me! You are never home to help me with anything. I do all the work while you go off and spend time with your friends." b."It seems as if we can't stop arguing about all the little details. I just don't understand what's changed." c."I feel sad whenever these issues arise. I just don't want to have to talk about them because they bring about so many negative memories of when we were in school." d."I also realize that's an issue and I've decided to stop going every morning. I can limit it to just once a week and it will allow me to focus more on you and the kids."
d."I also realize that's an issue and I've decided to stop going every morning. I can limit it to just once a week and it will allow me to focus more on you and the kids."
Which of the following 11-year-olds is most likely to be dating by the time she is 15 years old? a.Lana, who has mostly female friends who are also 11 years old b.Heidi, who has a mix of male and female friends who are also 11 years old c.Sinae, who has mostly female friends who are all older than she is d.Ashleigh, who has a mix of male and female friends, who are all older than she is
d.Ashleigh, who has a mix of male and female friends, who are all older than she is
Why do children with older siblings develop theory of mind more quickly than children without siblings? a.Children without siblings do not need to compete for their parents' resources. b.Children without siblings develop all cognitive abilities more slowly. c.Children with older siblings often take on the responsibility of teaching empathy to younger siblings. d.Children with older siblings need to reason with and understand their siblings to interact with them successfully.
d.Children with older siblings need to reason with and understand their siblings to interact with them successfully.
________ can be defined as everything that affects a relationship outside of the couple and their interactions. a.Culture c.Stressors b.Historical era d.Context
d.Context
Which of the following statements about research on differential parental treatment is accurate? a.Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings. b.Differential parental treatment is associated with problems only when it is perceived by all siblings. c.Very young children don't seem to be sensitive to differential parental treatment. d.Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings only when it is perceived as unfair.
d.Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings only when it is perceived as unfair.
According to the text, which is the most common theoretical model that couples therapists use? a.systems models, which emphasize the rules that govern and constrain the exchange of behaviors b.behavioral models, which emphasize the rewarding and punishing properties of exchanged behaviors and their associated cognitions c.emotion models, which emphasize the ways in which different affective exchanges can inhibit and promote intimate bonds d.In practice, most professionals draw from a range of perspectives when conducting marital therapy.
d.In practice, most professionals draw from a range of perspectives when conducting marital therapy.
What is a negative consequence of the fight-or-flight response? a.It reduces memory for important details. b.It causes the heart rate to slow. c.It only occurs when the stress is unexpected and uncontrollable. d.It weakens one's ability to do complex and deliberative tasks.
d.It weakens one's ability to do complex and deliberative tasks.
Your friend Mia is in a bad spot in her 5-year relationship with Lee. She finds the relationship boring and complains that she never does anything new; she does not feel particularly attracted to Lee anymore. Given this information, which of the following is the most credible explanation for why Mia is dissatisfied? a.Mia desires quality time more than Lee, so she is likely to be unhappy with Lee. b.Mia has an avoidant attachment system, so she is likely to become bored with Lee. c.Mia and Lee are engaging in more self-expansion opportunities compared to routine ones. d.Mia and Lee are engaging in more pleasant activities compared to self-expanding ones.
d.Mia and Lee are engaging in more pleasant activities compared to self-expanding ones.
What role does coercion play in relationships? a.Many individuals end relationships immediately if they sense their partner is coercive. b.While coercion may appease partners temporarily, it will likely lead to discontent. c.Coercion is a useful tool to resolve partners' differences. d.Neither partner can be content when their relationship is coercive.
d.Neither partner can be content when their relationship is coercive.
Over the course of the semester, your friend Samantha meets someone and falls in love. From the self-expansion perspective, what changes can you expect to observe in Samantha? a.She will be more likely to share good experiences with her new partner. b.She will feel less effective in her schoolwork because she will be spending more time with her new partner. c.She will have a richer sense of her own identity. d.She will engage in fewer new activities because she will be building intimacy with her new partner.
d.She will engage in fewer new activities because she will be building intimacy with her new partner.
Cutrona and colleagues (2003) studied the effect of neighborhoods on African American couples' marriages. What best describes their findings? a.The affluence of neighborhoods had less effect on marital satisfaction than acute stressors. b.Couples in affluent and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods had similar levels of marital satisfaction. c.Couples in affluent neighborhoods had lower marital satisfaction than couples in the economically disadvantaged neighborhoods because social networks in the disadvantaged neighborhoods had a higher density. d.The chronic stress of living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods had chronic negative effects on marital satisfaction.
d.The chronic stress of living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods had chronic negative effects on marital satisfaction.
Stress external to a relationship can affect stress internal to the relationship. Specifically, external stressors: a.affect couples' daily experiences and the chronic conditions of their lives. b.lower a couple's capacity to deal with problems effectively. c.lead to negative and positive emotions. d.affect when couples interact with each other and the reason for their interaction.
d.affect when couples interact with each other and the reason for their interaction.
Based on Frederick and Fales (2016) study, respondents MOST likely to report currently cheating on their romantic partners, having cheated previously on their current partners, or having cheated on past partners were: a.straight men. b.straight women. c.bisexual women. d.bisexual men.
d.bisexual men.
Research on chronic and acute stressors shows that: a.both are associated with negative relationship outcomes, and there appears to be little to differentiate the kinds of outcomes that result from each type of stressor. b.only chronic stressors are associated with negative relationship outcomes, so it is important to differentiate the kinds of outcomes that result from each type of stressor. c.only acute stressors are associated with negative relationship outcomes, so it is important to differentiate the kinds of outcomes that result from each type of stressor. d.both are associated with negative relationship outcomes, but the kinds of outcomes that result from each type of stressor differ.
d.both are associated with negative relationship outcomes, but the kinds of outcomes that result from each type of stressor differ.
According to your text, which of the following topics is the source of the greatest number of disagreements reported by husbands and wives? a.chores c.money b.communication d.children
d.children
Jonathan and Gurmit have been married 10 years. What are they most likely to disagree about? a.intimacy and money c.children and intimacy b.money and communication d.children and communication
d.children and communication
Research on how adults' relationships affect children shows that: a.children cannot appreciate the complexity of interactions between adults. b.young children have trouble recognizing whether a conflict has been resolved successfully, but older children do not. c.the effects of being exposed to parental conflict disappear when the quality of parent-child interactions is taken into account. d.children's models of intimacy develop through observing adult relationships around them.
d.children's models of intimacy develop through observing adult relationships around them.
Nonso and Manj have been married 5 years. They are more likely to disagree about ________ than about ________. a.intimacy; money c.chores; intimacy b.money; communication d.communication; chores
d.communication; chores
In a videotaped discussion, Marco says, "I think that our conflicts arise because we don't spend very much time together anymore." His partner, Luigi, responds, "Are you serious? We have dinner together every night, but you're the one always talking on the phone or getting distracted. You won't just sit down for five minutes and actually talk to me." How would you code Luigi's response? a.problem description c.positive solution b.self-disclosure d.criticism
d.criticism
Relationship researchers recognize that disagreements between partners in intimate relationships are inevitable. Consequently, researchers assume that ________ is more consequential to their relationship than ________. a.whether couples disagree; what they disagree about b.what couples disagree about; whether they disagree c.what couples disagree about; how they disagree d.how couples disagree; what they disagree about
d.how couples disagree; what they disagree about
Stressor is to ________ as resource is to ________. a.support from family; having a job b.losing a job; having a child c.close extended family; satisfactory income d.losing a job; satisfactory income
d.losing a job; satisfactory income
Studies by Aron and colleagues suggest that couples who engage in ________ activities together tend to experience increases in relationship satisfaction and communication. a.Cooperative c.trust-building b.Passionate d.novel
d.novel
Xavier and Juanita both work full-time at low-wage jobs to pay the rent on their apartment. While they are at work, Juanita's mother cares for their 18-month-old son. In this scenario, the low wages represent a ________, and Juanita's mother's care represents a ________. a.resource; resource c.stressor; stressor b.resource; stressor d.stressor; resource
d.stressor; resource
According to Bronfenbrenner's social ecological theory, which of the following elements is most distal in context for a couple living in Chicago? a.the couple's overall working conditions b.a spouse's relationship with family and friends c.the availability of affordable daycare d.the couple's cultural background and gender norms
d.the couple's cultural background and gender norms
The false belief test is used to determine whether children have: a.false beliefs about their parents' relationship. b.false beliefs about their own popularity. c.the ability to distinguish between the emotional tone of a conflict and whether the conflict was resolved. d.theories of mind.
d.theories of mind.
You know your partner has been studying all day for an exam and will not have had time to cook supper, so you pick up some takeout on your way home from work. Your behavior is an example of: a. empathy. c. relationship maintenance. b. capitalization. d. intimacy process model.
relationship maintenance.
