Psych 345 Test One

Which risk factor is most likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology? a. Chronic poverty b. Impulsivity c. Two-career families d. Lack of siblings

a. Chronic poverty

Which of the following statements about genetics is false? a. Genes completely determine behavior b. Genes are composed of DNA. c. Genes produce proteins. d. The expression of genes is influenced by the environment

a. Genes completely determine behavior

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what a child expects from others and how the child relates to others (and the world)? a. Internal working model b. External working model c. Internal combustion engine d. External attachment model

a. Internal working model

_______ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world. a. Social cognition b. Observational learning c. Cognitive mediation d. Cognitive development

a. Social cognition

____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions. a. The HPA axis b. BZ-GABA c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine

a. The HPA axis

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____. a. epidemiological research b. regression analysis c. correlation studies d. efficacy studies

a. epidemiological research

Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as: a. equifinality b. multifinality c. developmental diversity d. disordered beginnings

a. equifinality

The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) is notable in that ____. a. his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times b. he was the first documented individual to use behavioral techniques with children c. he was a strong advocate for sending disturbed children to asylums d. he initiated the Massachusetts' Stubborn Child Act

a. his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times

In the 17th and 18th centuries, children's disturbing behaviors were attributed to: a. possession by the devil or other evil forces b. poor parenting practices c. chemical imbalances d. low self-esteem

a. possession by the devil or other evil forces

Patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual are defined as ____. a. psychological disorders b. defiance of norms c. disobedience d. distress

a. psychological disorders

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____. a. risk factor b. protective factor c. predictive factor d. epidemiological factor

a. risk factor

Windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called: a. sensitive periods b. critical periods c. crucial periods d. necessary periods

a. sensitive periods

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____. a. typical because of her age b. diagnosable as a clinical disorder c. signs of an overly sensitive child d. early warning signs

a. typical because of her age

In terms of developmental pathways, "multifinality" refers to the observation that: a. various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings b. the same disorder may have different causes c. developmental pathways may converge at the end d. most psychological disorders are caused by multiple factors

a. various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

Which statement about children's mental health is false? a. About 1 in 15 children has a mental health problem that impairs their functioning b. Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services c. Race plays more of a role than socioeconomic status (SES) in disorder rates among children d. About 1 in 10 children meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder

b. Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression? a. Serotonin b. Benzodiazepine-GABA c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine

b. Benzodiazepine-GABA

____ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (e.g., homework), and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., parental anger). a. Operant models b. Classical conditioning models c. Social learning models d. Social cognition models

b. Classical conditioning models

Brendan is considered by his caregivers as a "slow-to-warm-up child," who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations. Which of the following would describe Brendan's temperament? a. Positive affect and approach b. Fearful or inhibited c. Negative affect or irritability d. Adaptive with negative mood

b. Fearful or inhibited

Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior? a. Ashley is a child with mental retardation b. Karlee is an anxious child c. Amber is a child with autism d. Robyn is a child who is small

b. Karlee is an anxious child

Cindy has recently been diagnosed with anorexia. From a biological perspective, which neurotransmitter plays a role in eating disorders? a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Dopamine d. Pituitary

b. Serotonin

Which statement about case studies is false? a. They involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child b. They use controlled methods without biases c. They are rich in detail and provide valuable insights d. They usually study rare childhood disorders

b. They use controlled methods without biases

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ____ attachment pattern. a. secure b. anxious-avoidant c. anxious-resistant d. disorganized

b. anxious-avoidant

Childhood poverty is a daily reality for about one in ____ children in the United States. a. four b. five c. seven d. eight

b. five

In ____________ research, the same individuals are followed and studied at different ages/stages of development. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. between groups d. cohort

b. longitudinal

Unlike mental retardation from Fragile X syndrome (caused by a specific gene), most childhood abnormalities result from a number of different genes that all increase susceptibility. We call such influences: a. transactional b. polygenic c. developmental d. interdependent

b. polygenic

Individual or situational factors that reduce the likelihood a child will develop a disorder (despite being at risk for psychopathology) are called _____. a. risk factors b. protective factors c. predictive factors d. epidemiological factors

b. protective factors

A child with an intense startle response may have problems in emotion ____. a. sensitivity b. reactivity c. regulation d. deregulation

b. reactivity

Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning (behavior) are: a. scientifically defined b. relatively arbitrary c. well established d. currently agreed upon

b. relatively arbitrary

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems? a. Secure b. Anxious-avoidant c. Anxious-resistant d. Disorganized

c. Anxious-resistant

Which statement is true about sex differences and mental health problems in children? a. Anxiety disorders are more common in boys than girls. b. There are no sex differences in mental health problems in children. c. Boys' externalizing problems start out higher than girls' in the early school years d. Boys have higher rates of internalizing symptoms from 4-7 years of age

c. Boys' externalizing problems start out higher than girls' in the early school years

Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood? a. Academic achievement b. Getting along with peers c. Differentiating self from environment d. Rule-governed conduct

c. Differentiating self from environment

__________ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. (e.g. how many children developed depression during their fourth grade year?) a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

c. Incidence

The ____ gland produces epinephrine and cortisol in response to stress. a. hypothalamus b. thyroid c. adrenal d. pituitary

c. adrenal

In ____________ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time. a. analogue b. within group c. cross-sectional d. between group

c. cross-sectional

Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys. a. illiteracy b. autism c. depression d. ADHD

c. depression

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies appeared to be the means through which maternal distress impacted conduct problems. Disciplinary strategies would be an example of a: a. comorbid variable b. correlated variable c. mediator variable d. moderator variable

c. mediator variable

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____. a. single, definable cause b. longstanding biological maladaptation c. ongoing interaction between the individual and environment d. sudden onset of an environmental challenge

c. ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

A child who cannot control his temper and has long tantrums, may have problems in emotion _______. a. sensitivity b. reactivity c. regulation d. deregulation

c. regulation

The ability to successfully adapt in the environment, despite risk factor, is referred to as ____. a. intelligence b. adjustment c. resilience d. coping

c. resilience

The child-caregiver role helps children explore their own emotions. Which style of parenting allows for the healthiest development of the child? a. Restrictive b. Demanding c. Emotional d. Authoritative

d. Authoritative

Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy? a. Attachment to caregiver b. Language c. Differentiation of self from environment d. Forming close friendships within and across gender

d. Forming close friendships within and across gender

__________ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period (All fourth graders that have depression, whether it started that year or not) a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

d. Prevalence

Children from poor and disadvantaged families demonstrate significantly more_____ than children who are not poor a. school problems b. hyperactivity c. chronic illness d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____. a. individual nature b. family dynamics c. community/culture d. all of these

d. all of these

Temperament: a. refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears very early in development b. shapes the child's approach to the environment and vice versa c. is considered one of the building blocks of personality d. all of these

d. all of these

Sharon is a psychologist who is using the ABA method with her client Katie, a difficult 6-year-old. As an ABA therapist, Sharon would focus on a. behavior only b. antecedents and consequences only c. behavior and consequences only d. behavior, antecedents, and consequences

d. behavior, antecedents, and consequences

To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____. a. institutional norms b. animal behavior c. adult dysfunctions d. developmental tasks

d. developmental tasks

. Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____. a. restore previous levels of functioning b. serve as a warning for negative behavior c. reform behavior to conform to norms d. eliminate distress and promote further development

d. eliminate distress and promote further development

An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that a. maladaptive behaviors are acceptable b. all development takes place on a continuum c. more than one therapist has to see the child d. many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior

d. many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior

A child typically enters the mental health system ____. a. by asking for a referral from a pediatrician b. through the criminal justice system c. by the actions, positive or negative, of peers d. through teachers, counselors, or parents

d. through teachers, counselors, or parents