PSYCH 347 Final

Cognitive behavior modification focuses on self-talk to regulate behavior. Which of the following prompt (cognitive self-instruction) is most likely to promote student listening?

"Does this make sense?"

Praise is more effective if used appropriately. Based on guidelines for giving praise, which teacher seems to understand and use praise appropriately?

"I am glad to see that you used the correct heading on your paper and turned in a very neat paper today, Carson."

Ms. Strauss made the decision to delay the class field trip. Students verbalized their frustration and disappointment. Which teacher response supports self-determination and autonomy?

"I recognize your frustration with my decision to delay the field trip."

Which of the following sayings best conveys a child's thinking before the notion of object permanence is acquired?

"Out of sight, out of mind."

Which one of the following statements is an example of cueing?

"Please remember to put your name on each page."

If Rhonda wants to use maintenance rehearsal to keep information in working memory, which of the following will she do?

"The tracking number is 2680 5589, 2680 5589, 2680 5589."

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

5 to 9

Learning causes change. Which of the following examples of change illustrates learning?

A child burned his hand on the iron last week and now stays away from the iron.

If observers believe that what models demonstrate help observers attain their goals, they would tend to learn models' action. Which one of the following examples best describes this mechanism of observational learning?

Ahmed usually makes a to-do list for his homework, and he always get his homework done on time and have fun with friends playing games. Selcuk starts making a to-do list for himself because he also wants to get his homework done on time to find time for his video games.

Bryan went to the zoo with his first grade class. At the zoo, he saw alligators for the first time. He had never even seen pictures of alligators, but called them big-mouthed snakes. What basic tendency of thinking is Bryan using?

Assimilation

In the following learning situations, which one is described in a way that illustrates a cognitive view of learning?

Carla listened carefully to the lesson about fractions and remembered learning similar information about time signature in her piano lesson.

Which of the following students has an incremental view of ability?

Cassidy is trying different strategies for learning her vocabulary words. She is sure she will find a strategy that works for her.

Teachers often assign roles for students to perform in their cooperative groups. Which role is typically responsible for explaining concepts and helping the group understand academic content?

Coach

Which of the following students appears to demonstrate performance-avoidance goals?

Deon skimmed the chapter quickly and decided on a few comments he could make during group discussions tomorrow. He doesn't want to look stupid when his group meets and starts to discuss the new material.

Dewayne is engaged in the following activities. Which of the activities illustrates conservation?

Dewayne poured paint from the gallon bucket into his paint pan and realized it's the same amount of paint, but looks like less.

Griffin has been cast as the lead character in the school play. He has a lot of lines to memorize and about three weeks before rehearsals begin. He plans to memorize about five pages per night, making sure he has memorized Act I by the end of the first week. What method of memorization is Griffin using?

Distributed practice

Mr. LeDoux is gathering information about the perpetual misbehavior of Reid in French class. He recorded the antecedent of the behavior in several instances and the consequences following the behavior. He is trying to understand why Reid repeats the negative behavior. What process is Mr. LeDoux using?

Functional behavioral assessment

Nick is doing his sixth-grade homework in history. The task requires him to make two maps of his state and compare the two maps. One map represents the state in 1850 and the other represents the state in current times. Nick is working at the task, following the instructions, and feeling that he can complete it successfully. He does need to ask the teacher one question before he finishes. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship of this assignment to Nick's level of performance?

In his zone of proximal development

In geography class, Mrs. Hardison wants her students to learn about Great Britain which covers a large amount of information: Demographics (which, of course, could be further divided into separate pieces), Natural Resources, Land and Water Forms, Imports and Exports, and Political Climate. The material is not complex, but students should have working knowledge and be able to apply it in future lessons. Rather than lecturing to present the information, Mrs. Hardison wants to use some form of cooperative learning for students to encounter the information. Each student is part of a group, and each group member is given one topic and learn about it as an expert on their topic. Then, students teach it to the others in their groups. Which of the following strategies fits your goal in this situation?

Jigsaw learning

Constructivist theories of learning usually agree on two central ideas. One central idea states that social interactions are important in the process of constructing knowledge. What is the other central idea?

Learners are active in constructing their own knowledge.

Based on the serial-position effect, what group of letters of the alphabet would be the most difficult to remember?

MNO

Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the concept of learned helplessness as an explanation for failure by low socioeconomic status children?

Mike decides that he has no chance of passing the 7th grade or getting out of school.

Celeste is trying to learn the series of steps involved in a lengthy procedure she needs to use in chemistry class. She takes the first letter of a keyword in each step and puts the combination of letters together to form a contrived word she can remember. What process is Celeste using to remember the steps?

Mnemonic technique of creating an acronym

Think about students' needs in the classroom. Based on studies, which of the following high school teachers is most likely to have students with greater conceptual learning and higher school attendance?

Mr. Andrus allows his students to choose among three types of projects they will do as a culminating activity in the history unit.

In which of the following situations does Mr. Cannon scaffold learning?

Mr. Cannon showed a brief video with a close-up demonstration of the detailed steps he had explained to the class.

Based on the information provided in the following descriptions of four teachers, which of them most likely has the highest sense of efficacy about teaching?

Mr. Gimenez has worked with a small group of English learners and helped them raise their reading level from grade 2 to grade 4.

Which of the following teachers incorporates one or more of the common elements of constructivist student-centered teaching?

Mrs. Kim's math center has containers with colored beads, building blocks, and play money for children to use when they solve tasks together.

In which assignment does Ms. Carlson expect her students to use formal operational thinking?

Ms. Carlson asked students to think of metaphors for the current state of the economy in the U.S.

Paige talks out loud to herself as she gets her backpack ready for school. She doesn't want to forget anything important. What would Vygotsky most likely say about Paige's behavior?

Paige's self-talk serves a positive self-guiding function

Six-year-old Ana saw her big brother take cookies from the cookie jar without permission. He didn't get caught or scolded. Ana decided she wanted cookies too and copied her brother's behavior. The children's mother has told them to ask before getting cookies, but they took cookies without asking. Based on triarchic reciprocal causality, what three kinds of influences are working together to explain Ana's behavior?

Personal factors, environment, and behavior

Nathan is shown two balls of clay that he identifies as equal in quantity. When one of the balls is then rolled into a sausage, Nathan says that piece (i.e., sausage) now has more clay. According to Piaget, in what stage of development is he likely to be?

Preoperational stage

Ms. Moreno works with students at the upper elementary school level who are struggling to comprehend what they read in the content areas. Today, a group of her students is reading a passage in geography. After reading, one student pretends to be the teacher and asks the other three to summarize the passage. Next, the students generate questions to ask one another about the main idea. Then they clarify anything that was confusing and make predictions about what they will learn in the next section of the text. What procedure are these students using?

Reciprocal teaching

One of the girls in Mr. Kent's class is shy and has difficulty making friends. Her social skills are immature and awkward. She usually walks to class alone, holds her head down, avoids contact with other students, and tries not to speak up in class. Based on the categories of children's popularity, this girl's behavior fits which category?

Rejected withdrawn

Ms. Castello has tried several configurations for students to practice the Spanish conversations they memorize in the book. Students seem to enjoy the task most when they work in pairs around the classroom and dread the task when they are required to perform in front of the class. How might she use this information to provide negative reinforcement?

Remove the requirement to perform in front of the class if students focus and perform well in pairs

Raj smelled the aroma of the dinner rolls baking in the cafeteria down the hall from his classroom. What memory system is at work as Raj processes this stimulus?

Sensory memory

In Maslow's hierarchy, what are the deficiency needs?

Survival, safety, belonging, self-esteem

When Mr. Conrad's high school students asked him to allow them to get into their groups and talk about the upcoming field trip rather than discussing the chapter, Mr. Conrad said, "I'm going to invoke the Premack principle." What did he most likely do?

Tell students they must discuss the chapter first and then get into groups to talk about the field trip.

Luana is learning to stay in her seat and work on her language arts tasks without talking to friends around her. She has been working on this new behavior for a week. During the first week, Ms. Kalani reinforces Luana every time Luana completes one of the tasks without talking. Now Ms. Kalani wants to use the reinforcement schedule that is most likely to result in the greatest persistence from Luana. What reinforcement schedule will be most effective in meeting her goal?

Variable-ratio schedule

Mrs. Strasbourg made the following statement to her students. "Learning is an active process. Your learning leads you to higher levels of development. I will be working with you, guiding you to more advanced thinking this year. And you will be working together, learning from one another." Which theorist or theorists most likely agree with Mrs. Strasbourg's statement?

Vygotsky

Bryson was three when his neighbor's house burned down. He heard the loud sirens and saw the fire and trembled with fear. Now he's starting preschool. He hears the loud bell ring and associates it with the fire and fire trucks and begins to tremble. In this setting, the sound of the bell is:

a conditioned stimulus.

Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty with his science problem, Mrs. Butterfield quickly offers to help him. Her behavior is likely to result in Matt developing

doubts about his ability.

Sandra loves her daughter very much, but she believes parents should be very strict in communicating their expectations for their child's behavior. Sandra believes that even though her daughter is only five years old, she should be able to act in a mature manner in all settings. Sandra's parenting style is described as

authoritarian.

Mr. Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method. Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process. This instructional strategy is based on what concept?

bottom-up processing

Ms. Cardot wants her students to enjoy math. In order to help students associate math with pleasant thoughts, she introduces new manipulatives at the math center each week to help students solve math problems. Often the manipulatives involve edible snacks. Ms. Cardot's approach is an example of:

classical conditioning.

Lately, the idea of the cultural-deficit model is rejected in educational psychologists because the cultural-deficit model suggests that minority students

come from an inferior culture that leaves them at a disadvantage.

Differences between males and females in cognitive abilities are

considered to be small and insignificant.

According to behavioral approaches to motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n)

desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.

Researchers generally believe that differences between ethnic groups in cognitive abilities occur primarily as a result of

different experiences in and out of school.

One of my favorite childhood memories is going to the apple orchard with my family and then using the apples we picked to bake a pie. Which type of memory is this?

episodic

Ms. Riley tells her class, "If everyone sits quietly through the lesson on fractions, I will give you each a bonus point." Ms. Riley is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?

extrinsic

Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to

focus on their failures and not seek assistance.

Because Franklin believes he is capable of success in science courses, he makes the conscious decision to enroll in 2 sciences courses and a lab next semester and to study an extra hour every week. These decisions exhibit Franklin's

human agency.

Vygotsky's view of cognitive development differs from Piaget's in the importance and emphasis placed on a person's

interactions with more knowledgeable individuals.

Jana practiced her lines for the play and watched movies in which gifted actors portrayed characters similar to her character in the high school play. After her performance, her teacher and other adults and students told her she gave a stellar performance. She said she worked really hard to develop the character's wacky disposition. She attributed her success to:

internal locus.

Ian is a student in Mr. Dumas's ninth grade class. When Mr. Dumas announces that there will be a science test on Friday, Ian begins to dread Friday. He wonders whether he will be able to pass the science test. He didn't do well on the previous test, and he struggled with the concepts in this chapter about natural selection. Ian's doubt about his ability to do well on the science test is representative of his:

low self-efficacy.

Eighteen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has researched what is needed for each career. He is enrolled in the local state college for next semester and will be taking a history course, an education course, and a humanities course to further explore these careers. Which identity status is Carl most likely experiencing?

moratorium

Which one of the following variables in MOST likely to correlate positively and HIGHEST with children's school achievement?

parents' attitudes toward education

Alex still remembers how to kick-box, even though it has been three years since he has practiced. The memory system most directly involved here is

procedural

In expectancy x value theory, the two sources of motivation are

projected future outcomes and the value of goals.

Girls tend to engage in _________ bullying while boys tend to engage in __________ bullying.

relational; overt

17-year-old Kelly receives a ticket for speeding. Her parents take away the privilege of using the car. Her parents are using

removal punishment.

Ms. Moreno uses observation learning effectively in her fifth grade classroom. She most likely does all of the following EXCEPT:

reward students privately for their positive behaviors.

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.

A few days ago, Mr. McKay worked with students to develop a rubric for assessing their projects in the historical fiction unit. The class has worked on the unit for more than a week, and students know the expectations for their projects. Today Mr. McKay paired students to work together and review their work using the rubric as a guide. This scenario is an example of:

shared regulation.

Ms. Porter is the favorite teacher of a tenth-grader, Alejandro. During today's writing assignment, she reminds him of how well he did in the previous essay and helps him set goals for each step of the new writing task. She assures him that he can succeed with this essay. This is an example of:

social persuasion.

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development

the parent's work place (i.e., exosystem) influences the development of the child.

Matthew just watched his friend try out for, and be selected for, the basketball team. Now Matthew thinks that he can make the team too. Matthew's belief has been affected by what?

vicarious experience