PSYCH 362 Final 7-13

Adolescence 5th stage

"Identity versus identity confusion" struggle between forming a clear sense of identity and remaining confused about their identity

Full of Idealism and Possibilities

"If this happens then this could happen"

Bargaining

"if I could just live to go to my daughter's birthday party then I'll make sure to do (this this and this)"

abuse in domestic setting

"official" recognition of elder abuse began in late 70s Rate of occurrence difficult to determine and likely underestimated due to: Older adults being isolated, may come to attention when visit hospital or ER Many also have cognitive difficulties - limits to report Those who are cognitively capable hesitate to report situations due to family loyalty, feelings of shame, or fear that they will be placed in a nursing home

Formal Operational Stage

(1) Abstract Thinking (2) Full of Idealism and Possibilities (3) Logical Thinking

What therapy is the most effective for older adults?

(psychotherapy) behavior and cognitive therapy

effects of retirment

*Difficult to study because cant control who remains in the workforce and who leaves *Little evidence that voluntary retirement causes poor physical or mental health *When their departure is "on time" retirement doesn't seem to have detrimental effects *Reitzes et al (1996) tested levels of self-esteem and depression *Level of self-esteem remained stable over time, but depression scores declined in the group that retired *Perhaps the retired enjoyed some relief from work-related stress *Herzog et al (1991) *Extent of labor force participation had little relationship to health and well being *Those who chose whether to work and how much to work reported having better health and well-being *Some OA experience anxiety during the anticipation of or the actual event of retirement *But loss of the work role doesn't usually result in an identity crisis *Transition to retirement can be smoother if they can still identify with their former occupations *teachers

Rileys aged differential social structures

*Education: young *Work: middle-aged *Leisure: old

age discrimination in employment act ADEA

*Enacted in the U.S. in 1967 and amended several times *Applies to companies with more than 20 employees *Prohibits discrimination against those over 40 (no upper limit now) in hiring, termination, demotion, or salary *Not always effective, especially with regard to hiring *Exceptions *A worker who demonstrates poor job performance *Some professionals (e.g., airline pilots) and some highly paid executives *Further amendment in 1990 prohibited employees from treating OA any different than TA when downsizing *ADEA deems it illegal for employers to make work-related decisions on the basis of age stereotypes, concerning abilities, physical status, or performance *Fewer cases of age discrimination in the workplace *Majority of discrimination complaints are filed by men *Fewer by women, but women are more likely than men to win their case *Courts have ruled it legal to terminate long-time workers if employers can show that there are budgetary constraints *Or that the jobs performed have become obsolete Hiring *Rix (2011) age discrimination is difficult to detect *May be the reason there are more age discrimination complaints involving job terminations than hirings *Young job applicants are selected over OA with equivalent credentials *Some OA try to increase their changes of being hired by attempting to hide their age! *Considered a poor strategy for OA to emphasize their experience, stability, loyalty, and maturity *All positive qualities, but are also associated with the OA stereotype

the older worker

*Individuals 45 and up *Half of the US workforce is 45 and older *55+ - 15% of the US workforce *Expected to increase to 25% by 2020 *Median age of retirement - the chronological age by which 1/2 of the population have left the paid labor force but 1/2 still remain *Younger median age - individuals are leaving early

job performance continued

*Myth: OA are less flexible and less willing than YA to change their ways *"Cant teach an old dog new tricks" *OA benefit more when there is less pressure and more time to learn *Good investment - OA are committed to their jobs *Less likely than YA to switch jobs

retirement hotels

*Occupied primarily by single residents *Provide housekeeping services but not meals

independence maintenance migration litwak

*Often occurs in the old-old years *Begin to experience cognitive or physical difficulties *Continue to live on their own but need help doing so

amenity migration- litwak and longino

*Often occurs in the young-old years to retirement communities with golf courses, swimming pools, etc. *Usually immediately following retirement

community based day care services

*Targeted to private paying individuals *Subsidized by local or state agencies changes based on financial need *Vital for employed relatives providing informal care for OA

When and why do most ppl retire? What effects feeling about retirement?

- by choice - financial security (SS, pensions) - health problems - job loss(downsize of corporations or other offers buyout) - adjustment occurs if it was voluntary. Satisfaction occurs w/ financial security, health and supportive network of friends and relatives

Know the differences between husbands and wives in dual-worker couples?Hours spent working? Satisfaction with division of labor? Sacrificing/interrupting careers?

- equal division of labor, but women do most housework - men try to work more on it while women work less, but end up unhappy cause women do more -men are satisfied with division if labor is based on number of hours - women are satisfied with the idea that men are willing to perform women chores

What specific concerns do middle- aged people face ("the sandwich generation")?

- maintaining good marriage, parenting dealing with children who are becoming adults balancing job pressures and their parents -middle aged ppl caught between the competing demands of two generations (their parents and their children)

Know the 8 criteria for meeting the requirements for Whole-Brain Death?

- no spontaneous response to any stimuli - no spontaneous responses for at least 1 hour - total lack of responsiveness to even the most painful stimuli - no eye movements, blinking, or pupil responsiveness - no postural activity, swallowing, yawning, or vocalizing - no motor reflexes - a flat EEG for at least 10 minutes - no change in any of these when tested again 24 hours later

What is the primary emphasis of hospice care? How do patients and their family and staff differ in their emphases?

- pain management/palliative care, and death with dignity QOL -patient- spirituality, pain management -staff- to be with patient not do things for patient, pain management

cancer treatment (other factors related to decision making)

- survival statistics associated with various treatments can be framed positively or negatively Older adults were more susceptible than young adults

Congruence

-"Fit" occurs when your vocational type matches your occupational environment -Influences effectivness

Accessory Dwelling Unit

-"In-Law" apartment -Second living space in home that allows older adult to have independent living quarters

Cohabition

--2/3 of emerging adults across the world --62% of American adults believe that "living together with someone before marriage is a good way to avoid eventual divorce" --Nearly all young people in Sweden

Gottman's Theory of Conflict

--Can predict who will get divorce based on the way they argue 1. Husbands participate in household--increased satisfaction for both and health of husbands 2. Husbands stonewall--increases separation 3. Couple defensive--Increases separation

Problems with Divorce Stats

--Can't compare number of divorces with number of marriages per year --Repeat divorcers in stats --Higher divorce rates for remarried

Selective

--Choose areas of focus --Restrict involvement in activities in response to lost capabilities

Longevity

--Conscientiousness is predictor of long life --People who blow dead lines and forget appointments live shorter lives --Cheerfulness is a risk factor of shorter lives --Optimistic people tend to break under the pressure of bad life events--feel defeated

Romantic Relationships

--Couple who are similar are happier --Opposites do not tend to stay together --Need complimentary hypothesis (not supported) ex. Finances--savers and spender have high conflict

Transition to Parenting

--Doing gender --Shift puts strain on relationship --Self-efficacy toward being a parent ---How well you'll be at it --Empty Nest and Boomerang Children

The Cohabitation Effect

--Greater probability of divorce 1. Before they become engaged 2. More likely if they're "serial cohabitators" --Older adults are more likely to love apart together

Gender Cross-Over Theory

--Gutmann's Work --Men become more feminine and women more masculine with age --Was not supported by Leszczynski's cross-sectional research

Custodial Grandparents

--Have custody of children --22% are involved in some form of caregiving --In 2011, more than 2.9 million grandparents were custodial

Health and Personality

--High conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and high extraversion related to low mortality --High conscientiousness is protective against Alzheimer's --High neuroticism is predictive of early onset Alzheimer's

Optimization

--Maximum performance in these areas --Enrich your reserve in order to continue functioning

Families and Caregivers

--Middle-aged children tend to have close bonds with their elderly parents --Daughters are usually the primary caregivers for aging parents --Role Reversal (no empirical support) --Sandwich Generation -less than 20%

Grandparents

--More likely to be involved during early adolescence --More than half spend money on grandchildren's educational needs --About 45% help pay grandchildren's living expenses

Equity Theory

--People are happiest with relationships where the costs, rewards, and contributions of both partners are equal --Overbenefited --Underbenefited

Importance of Relationships

--People with close relationships are; 1. Physically healthier --Reduced in mortality --Less vulnerable to disease 2. Happier --Having a friend at work related to greater job satisfaction

Psychological Aspects of Divorce

--Practical Consequence 1. Less income --Child custody --Lower psychological and general health --More negative life evens

Social Exchange Theory

--Rewards and Costs 1. Advice 2. Reliability 3. Happiness 4. Time --Comparison Level --Comparison Level for Alternatives

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

--Size and frequency of contact to our social networks change with age--but social support does not --Social relationships have different functions throughout our lives --Young and middle adulthood--informational and identity functions 1. Advice 2. Fitness 3. Classes --Older adulthood--emotional function --This results from time contraints

Compensation

--Try different ways to perform behaviors --Meeting goals new means

Divorce

-10% of US population is divorced -Avg. length of marriage is 8 years -Half are divorced 65+ -Divorce becoming more common for 60+

Grandparents

-22% involved with caregiving -Grandmother more involved than grandfather -Increase number of grandchildren live with their grandparents

Residential Care Facility

-24 hour supportive care services and supervision to individual who don't need skilled nursing or health related care

Substance Abuse

-27 million adults used illicit drugs -OA consume more prescribed than any other group and at higher risk -Fastest growing health problem in US -Prevalent in nursing homes -Risks include cirrhosis, high BP, heart failure and mood disorder

Suicide

-65% elderly victims have depression -OA have highest rate of suicide completion -Men are 3-5 more likely to die from suicide -White males over age of 85 have highest rates -10th leading cause of death in 2010 -Isolation and life events are risk factors

Stress Disorders

-Acute lasts for one month after event -PTSD persists more than a month and rates will raise among vets -LOSS

Suffocation Model of Marriage

-Adults place more emphasis on marriage as a source of self expression and fulfillment but ave less time to devote maintaining marriage than ever before -Lowers standard of marriage

Government-Assited Housing

-Affordable housing or rental assistance for people with low to moderate incomes -Live in apartment complexes and have access to routine tasks

ADEA

-Age Discrimination in Employment Act -Illegal to fire or no employ workers based of age for over 40+ -No protection for workers in which age affects job performance

Hospice

-Aim to help who are beyond medicines curative power -Maintain personal dignity and control over dying process -Less 6 months to live

Persistent Depressive Disorder

-Also called Dysthymia -Depressive symptoms that are less severe but lasts a long time

Social Anxiety

-Anxiety about being watched by other people -Fear of being embarrassed or looking foolish

Social Exchange Theory

-Attempts to predict why some relationships success and other fail in terms of whether relationships rewards outlay the costs

Social problems effects of widowhood

-Avoidance by family and friends -Third wheel feeling -Threat to married friends -Less active

Successful Aging

-Avoidance of disease and disability, maintenance of cognitive and physical function, and sustained engagement with life -Rowe and Kahn

Psychological Disorder

-Behaviors and experiences that are outside of norms, create adaption difficulty on daily basis, and puts self or others in harm

Intimacy

-Being close to, being a part of, and feeling familiar with another person

What causes Alzheimer's disease?

-Beta amyloid plaque -Genetic link -Normal part of aging -Aluminum toxicity

Empty Nest

-Can be a positive step for a couples relationship -At risk for empty nest syndrome

Labor Force

-Civillians living outside institutions and have sought out or actively seeking employment

Successful Cognitive Aging

-Cognitive performance that is above the avg for an individuals age group

Depression

-Constant feeling of sadness intensified by feelings of hopelessness over course of weeks -dysphoria: Sad mood -Cause impairments to physical and cognitive

Age Specified Death Rate

-Crude death rate for a specific age group-only -Discloses likelihood of people dying within their own age group

Tamed Death

-Death viewed as familiar and simple -Transition to eternal life involved support by prayers and practices that tamed the unknown

Social Indicator Model

-Demographic and social structural variables, such as age, gender, marital and income account for individuals differences in levels of well being

Minor Depression

-Depression symptoms that are less severe and do not last long

Continuing-Care Retirement Community (CCRC)

-Designed to meet all levels of care from independent to skilled nursing -Can spend rest of life moving between levels of care -Requires a buy in and monthly fee

Emergent Distress Pathway

-Develop relationship problems over time as they find that they are unable to cope with arguments that occur when people live together

Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR)

-Directs health care workers not to use resuscitations if patient experiences cardiac or pulmonary arrest

Schizophrenia

-Distorted perception of reality -Impairment in thinking and behavior -Delusions and hallucinations -With treatment, 40% can recover

Behavioral Approach to Marital Interactions

-Emphasizes actual behaviors that partners engage in during interactions as an influence of marital stability -Those will be more satisfied if partners engage in rewarding behaviors

Blurred Retirment Pattern

-Exit and reenter labor force several times

Panic Disorder

-Experience panic attacks and physical sensation about to die -Followed by 1 month of worrying

Skip Generation Family

-Family living situation in which children live with their grandparents and not their parents

Agoraphobia

-Fear of being trapped or stranded during panic attack in public place -Avoid elevators, malls or public transportation

Medicaid

-Federal and state matching assistance program that provides medical assistance for low income individuals

Medicare

-Federal program that provides health coverage if you are 65+ or disability regardless of income -President Johnson in 1965 -Pay as you go

Abnormal Mental Health

-Feeling distress, being impaired, causing risk to self or others and engaging in behaviors that are socially unacceptable

Dependency Ratio

-Fewer than 3 persons of traditional working age for every person 65+

Palliative Care

-Focus on relief of pain and symptoms by addressing needs not lifesaving measures -No time frame

GAD

-Generalized -Overall sense of uneasiness without specific focus -Prone to worry about minor problems

Respite Care

-Gives family caregivers a break while allowing older adults to receive needed services

Differential rates among gender remarriage may reflect?

-Greater motivation of men to remarry after being widowed -Greater pool of eligible potential partners for men -Women avoiding a second widowhood

Widowhood Effect

-Greater probability of death in those who have become widowed from hardship and lifestyle change

Institutional Facilities

-Group residential setting that provides individuals with medical care -Cost of nursing home care is rising faster than other medical care -Avg cost is $60,000 -List of most to least intensive 1. Skilled nursing 2. Nursing Homes 3. Intermediate 4. Residential

Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)

-Guarantees right of all competent adults to have active role in decisions about care -Requires hospitals and nursing homes to advise all patients at point of admission -Have right to accept or refuse treatment called right to die -1990

Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC)

-Health care proxy -Make decisions to act on their behalf should they become incapacitated

Intermediate Care Facility

-Health related services for people who don't need hospital or nursing facility -Provide health, rehab and food but DOES NOT have intense nursing care available

Cohabitation Effect

-Higher divorce rates among couples who cohabited before coming engaged

Good Death

-Individual can have autonomy in making decisions about the type, site and duration of care they receive at the end of life

Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome

-Individual loses appetite and muscle mass -Cancer and AIDS

Calling

-Individuals consuming passion for a particular career domain that serves people and contributes to personal meaning -Desire both to achieve self expression through work and contribute to larger good -Fulfill identity -Must be living calling, not wishing it

Subjective Well Being

-Individuals overall sense of happiness

Dynamics of Breakup

-Infidelity often a cause, but it might be the result -Divorce may provide relief from a conflicted relationship with infidelity -Poor communication is top reason for divorce

Communicative Ecology Model of Successful Aging (CEMSA)

-Influence the way they feel about aging and their actual ability to age successfully, people have great uncertainty about aging, which influence the way they talk about their own aging

Widowhood

-Involves the loss of a relationship that may have lasted 50 years or more -76% over 65+ -Men more prone to depression -More women are widowed

Specific Phobia

-Irrational fear of particular situation -Commonly observed form of anxiety disorder in older adults

Death

-Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or when all structures of the brain have ceased

Crisp Retirment Pattern

-Leave labor force in a single, unreversed, clear cut exit

Advance Directives (AD)

-Legal document in which person specify wishes regarding medical treatment -Living will

Marriage

-Legally sanctioned union and automatic privileges to share finances -Fewer people marrying and doing it later in life -Women 25.8 and men 28.4 -By 40, 84% of women are married

Cohabitation

-Living in a stable relationship prior to or instead of marrying -Increase in this since 1960's

Possible Cause of Depression

-Loneliness -Loss -Inability to cope -Institutionalization -Stressful life events

Funerals

-Majority are buried -Cremations chosen now more than past -In 1984, it was ruled that funeral directors must provide list of charges and accurate information about state laws

Mental Health

-Majority of 65+ are in good mental health

Bipolar Disorder

-Manic-depressive illness -Unusual shifts in mood and energy levels -One or more manic episode -Half begin before person reaches 25 -Lower in older adults -60% of all people can live symptom free if they receive adequate treamtent

Nursing Homes

-Medical institutions that provide room, meals, skilled care and protective supervision -Thought to be permanent residences but called rehab centers and focus on short term stay

Diversity and Retirement

-Men higher pension than women -Latino and blacks social security is only financial support they have -Great disadvantage found among non farm elders, women and single elders -Low education are also at disadvantage

Adjustment to Retirment

-Minority have problem -Majority adjust well -Good health, lifestyle, and positive attitude enhances adjustment

Baby Boomers and Retirement

-Most boomers assumed they would have adequate economic resources for retirement -But economic downfall forced baby boomers to face diff future and remain employed -Recession affected boomers retirement plans and employment options

Major Depression

-Most severe -Extremely sad mood lasting for 2 weeks -Less common among OA than younger adults -Women are 70% more likely

Life Story

-Narrative view of the past in which they express their identities over the course of time

Crude Death Rate

-Number of deaths divided by population alive during a certain time period

Late-Onset Stress Symptomatology (LOSS)

-Observed in aging veterans who were exposed to stressful combat in young adulthood -Related to combat experiences which emerge later in life

OCD

-Obsessions are unwanted repetitive thoughts -Compulsions are repetitive behaviors -Hoarding related disorder

Over treatment

-Occurs when patients requests palliative care but instead receive active life support that includes resuscitation

OASDI

-Old Age and Survivors Disability Insurance -Social security payments are divided into old age and survivor insurance and disability insurance -Pay as you go

Socioeconomic Selectivity Theory

-Older adults would prefer to spend time with their marital partner than meet new people

Life Satisfaction

-Overall assessment of an individuals feelings and attitudes about ones life at a particular point

Euthanasia

-Painless killing of patient suffering from incurable disease or irreversible coma

Equity Theory

-Partners are satisfied in a relationship if they feel they are getting what they deserve -They are seeking getting no more or no less

Social Security Act

-Passed in 1935 -Established right to financial protection in old age -On the basis of past economic contributions to society -Created jobs for younger people by "removing" adults

Holland Vocational Development Theory/RIASEC Model

-People express their personalities in their vocational aspirations and interests -6 types/codes: 1. Realistic (Cook/Farmer) 2. Investigative (Chemist/Physician) 3. Artistic 4. Social (Teacher/Coach) 5. Enterprising (Manager/Executive) 6. Conventional (Cashier/Clerk)

Assisted Suicide

-Performing a deliberate act to end a persons life by fatal injection -Doctor or family member actively carries out the instructions required for an individual to end his or her life

Dying

-Period during which the organism loses its vitality

Death with Dignity

-Period of dying should not subject the individual to extreme physical dependency or loss of control of bodily functions

Retirement

-Period of life in which an individual stops working in the paid labor force -Used to be 65, then 66, but now 67 for people born 1960+ -Financial bonus for delaying retirement by 8% each year -Not a single irreversible event, you can move in and out of work force -We are now encouraging later retirement

Vocation

-Person's choice of occupation, reflects personal preferences and interests -Decided at an earlier point in life

Invisible Death

-Preference that the dying retreat from the family and spend final days in hospital setting

Death Ethos

-Prevailing philosophy of death -Inferred from funeral rituals, treatment of those dying, belief in afterlife and the language people use to describe death

Everyday Problem Solving

-Problems that occur in everyday life that can be solved in more than one way -Older adults are less likely to follow the "attraction effect" and more liking to use reasoning -They base decisions on experience -Older adults are better able to appraise a problem and strategize —-Don't do good with new and lots of info

Mental Health Assessment

-Procedure in which clinician provides formal evaluation of ones psychological functioning

Passive Euthanasia

-Process of allowing people to die without using extraordinary means to save lives

Active Aging

-Process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life -WHO

Social Comparison

-Process that occurs when people rate themselves relative to their primary reference group

Social Death

-Process through which the dying become treated as non persons by family as they are left to spend final days in hospital or nursing home

Need Complementarity Hypothesis

-Proposes people seek and are more satisfied with partners who are the opposite of themselves -People who like to spend money are attracted to those who like to save money

Set Point Perspective

-Proposes that peoples personalities influence their level of well being throughout life

Home Health Services

-Provide assistance to OA within their own home -Some services free such as meals on wheels

Adult Day Care

-Provides assistance or supervision during the day that is either attached to another facility or stand alone agency

Skilled Nursing Facility

-Provides most intensive nursing care available outside hospital -Provide help for residents with their daily self care tasks such as oxygen, vital signs and BP

Geriatric Partial Hospital

-Provides older adults living in the community who need psychiatric care

Dying Trajectory

-Rate of decline in functioning prior to death

Active Euthanasia

-Refers to deliberate steps taken to bring someone else death by administering lethal injection or other means

Aging in Place

-Refers to principle that with appropriate services, older adults can remain in own home/community

Board and Care Home

-Residential care facility -Group living arrangement for people who cannot live alone and need some nursing services

Assisted Living Facility

-Residential care facility -Housing complex with independent apartments -Pay monthly rent include meal, transportation and housekeeping

Group Home

-Residential care facility -Shared living situation in which residents can split costs of help

Positive Psychology

-Seeks to provide a greater understanding of the strengths and virtues that enables people to thrive

SCSEP

-Senior Community Service Employment Program -Targets low income older adults through job placement and part time subsidized employment

Anxiety Disorders

-Sense of dread about future and feelings associated with anxiety -Go to lengths to avoid anxiety provoking situations -Most highly prevalent of all disorders -Highest among 30-44 -Lower in people 60+ -Women more likely

Age and Depression

-Severe depression declines from young to old age -Depression NOT a normal part of aging -OA may not be correctly diagnosed for major depressive disorder -50% in nursing home suffer from depression -Affects 15 out of every 100 over the age 65+ -Symtoms are less likely to be acknowledged by adults -Older adults experience depression without sadness -OA more likely to be treated for physical symptoms

Similarity Hypothesis

-Similarity or personality and values predicts both initial interpersonal attraction and satisfaction within long term relationships

Later Life Couples

-Slightly less than half 65+ are married living with spouse -75% men and 45% women -3/4 of men 65+ are married -Men gain greater happiness in marriage

Stages of Grief (DABDA)

-Stages are not necessarily sequential 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Disillusionment Pathway

-Start out happy and in love when they first meet and marry, but gradually fall out of love and develop mixed feelings -Taking for granted

Age-Adjusted Death Rate

-Statistic that combines all the age specific death rates within groups of the population

Enduring Dynamics Pathway

-The way the couple interacts early in relationship will characterize the course of relationship over time

Paradox of Well Being

-Well-estbalished finding that older adults maintain high subjective well being despite facing challenges from their objective circumstance

Bridge Employment

-When the retirees work in a completely different occupation than they had during most their life

Facts About Nursing Homes

1. 15,600 nursing homes in US with 1.4 million beds 2. Half are owned by national chains 3. 2/3 are "for profit" meaning they are run like a business 4. Non-profit have higher quality ratings 5. Nursing home annual expenditures are $155.8 billiom 6. Average cost/year for residents is $60,000 63% paid with medicaid 22% Private Pay 14% Medicare 7. 64% of employees are aides and 12% are RNs 8. 87% provide mental health counseling 9. 15% have a separate unit for Alzheime 10. Training of staff and administration in 2001, 54% understaffed

Nursing Homes

1. 30% are discharged and move back into community 2. The percent of older adults in nursing homes has decreased

Resident Care Facilities

1. 835,000 people in US living in RCF 2. Most frequent diagnosis is high blood pressure, followed by Alzheimer's 3. Majority of care from aides 4. A little more than half have Activities Directors

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

1. Analytical Intelligence 2. Creative 3. Practical Intelligence

Retirement Phases

1. Anticipatory 2. Decision 3. Retirement 4. Continual Adjustment 5. Changes in Activity Patterns

Phases of Retirment

1. Anticipatory period 2. Decision to retire 3. Retirment 4. Immediate adjustment 5. Changes in activity

Adjustment to Retirement

1. Being on-time more favorable 2. Having control over retirement decision 3. Being able to draw from adequate financial resources 4. Having enough time to prepare (2years) 5. Retiring from high SES job 6. Having maintained a continuous career -- less likely yo have bridge employment

Stages of Dying

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance 6. Changes Since Initial Conceptualization

Improving Care

1. Family Style meals 2. Behavioral methods to create more independence Caring for plants or animals

Green House Model

1. Individual homes within small community of 6-10 residents and skilled nursing staff 2. Designed to feel like a home 3. Seems to result in improves adaptation in residents and their families

Top 2 Nursing Home Deficiencies

1. Infection Control 2. Accident Environment

Gardner's 8 Intelligences

1. Language 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Naturalistic 4. Spatial-relation 5. Musical 6. Intrapersonal 7. Interpersonal 8. Bodily-kinesthetic

Living Arrangements

1. Live Alone 2. Live with Children 3. Institution

Funding Retirement

1. Most support comes from social security 2. 35% of income from social security 3. Older adults today have a median net worth that is higher than the national average 4. Many at risk for poverty 5. By 2033 social security will be depleted

The Five-Factor Model

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism q

Holland Vocational Theory

1. Realistic 2. Investigative 3. Artistic 4. Social 5. Enterprising 6. Conventional

Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)

1. Selective 2. Optimization 3. Compensation

Home Health Service

1. Used by nearly 4.9 million 2. Most commonly have diabetes (45%) 3. Most are aides and 45% provide social work services 4. 77% publicly funded 5. Some services offered free or at minimal cost 6. Restoration services also offered 7. Home Health Care workers cannot provided skilled nursing

Why unequal pay?

1. Women less likely to negotiate 2. Some individuals can't talk about pay 3. Misunderstanding of inequality 4. Women put more effort towards family than work 5. Women more likely yo work part-time

What are the 3 components of love identified by Sternberg?

1. passion- intense physiological desire for someone 2. intimacy- feeling that you can share all thoughts 3. commitment- stay with person through good and bad

What are the five stages of adult intelligence?

1.Acquisitive stage (childhood and adolescence) 2.Achieving stage (Young adulthood) 3.Responsible stage (Middle adulthood) 4.Executive stage (Work, organizations) 5.Reintegrative stage (older adulthood)

Maximum longevity

120 years in humans, usually cardiovascular system gives out

novice phase

17 and 33; men focus on establishing a career, finding a partner, and becoming independent.

Divorce Rates

1950 23%--increased by 20% in 1970 1980 increases 16% 1990 decrease 1% 2000 gained 1% back 2004 went down 2% Currently 48-49%

absolutist thought

1st based on the idea that there is only one correct solution to a problem.

stage 2 pecks necessary adjustments in old age

2. Body transcendence versus body preoccupation OA must rise above physical discomfort and avoid placing too much importance on appearance Must learn to enjoy life with reduced physical capabilities and less physical perfection

Age stats

2050 1 in 5 people aged 65 or over = 80 million people (double that of year 2000) 2050 5% people 85 & older = 19 million 2000 2% people 85 & older = 4 million

hypertension,

25 percent of people aged 25 to 74

Relativistic thought

2nd involves accepting that the correct solution depends on the circumstances

What is the heritability of personality traits?

30-50%

culminating phase

33 to 45; men have settled down and spend this period setting goals for later life, which typically revolve around career and family.

Dialectical thought

3rd involves seeing different viewpoints and combining them into one solution.

midlife crisis

40 to 45; period of reevaluations leads some men to make major changes and create new life structures. In other cases, men recommit to their previous plans.

Kubler & Ross

5 stages of dying ; no certain order and many people do not reach the acceptance stage.

Kubler-Ross's theory,

5 stages of dying ; no certain order and many people do not reach the acceptance stage.

widows

50% + women aged over 65 being widows. 15% men aged over 65 are widowers. individuals tend to experience social isolation, partly due to the loss of the spouse, partly due to being left out of group social events, and partly due to people perceiving that they want to be alone. men suffer from social isolation; tend to be unable to complete the tasks their wives completed women also suffer in this way, their greater problem is often financial, many experience poverty

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

6 basic ones assessed; walking across a small room, bathing, dressing, eating, transferring from bed to chair, and using the toilet ADL;s limited if inability to perform the task or requiring help from another person.

conscientious domain

6 traits -Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, and deliberation high scorers are ACHIEVERS

extraversion domain

6 traits =sociable, excitement-seeking, attention-seeking, warm, gregarious, and have close relationships decreases as people age, occur in response to major events like the loss of a spouse.

neuroticism domain

6 traits- anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability. high scorers = People who are nervous, irritable, and tend to become angry easily neuroticism increases and extraversion decreases as people grow older.

open to experience domain

6 traits- strong feelings, fantasy, aesthetics, actions, ideas, and values high scorers = active imaginations and have strong feelings.

agreeable domain

6 traits- trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness ex. Susan has trouble trusting other people and does not follow instructions well or listen to other people's opinions. She has been described as selfish and immodest low scorer on this domain

What is the US median age for retirement?

61 years old

What is the prevalence rate of dementia at 65+, and 85+

65+ - 11% 85+ - 32%

Rate of those with Alzheimer's who are 65+ and 85+?

65+ - 11% 85+ - 50%

Centenarians

65,000 in 2000 381,000 by 2030 doubled from 1992 to 2000

dementia

A cognitive disorder on DSM-IV Axis I • Affects 6-10% of OA 65-85 and 25-30% of OA 85+ • Most frequently found in institutionalized older adults (58%) • Deficits in memory, language, orientation, reasoning, problem solving • Normal level of consciousness till late in the disorder (unlike delirium - temporary condition) • Screening for dementia conducted using mental status exams • Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ) • suggested cut-off scores that identify the extent of the dementia • Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) • widely used test that includes orientation questions similar to those in the MSQ • Can you recall the three words I said earlier? • Attention and calculation abilities are assessed • Tests of spatial ability - asked to make a copy of a geometric figure Behavioral menifestations vary with the extent of the brain impairment • Rapidity of onset, personality, nature of living environment • Clinicians take history into account • May interview a spouse or family member • History and behavior may suggest dementia as a diagnoses • Msot common forms of dementia: • Alzheimers disease (AD) • Vascular dementia (VaD) • OA 85+ may have a mixture of AD and VaD • 20% of patients have co-existing AD and VaD

diathesis-stress model

A framework for understanding why disorders occur in some individuals and not others • Stress refers to negative events (e.g., loss, illness, living situations) • Diathesis refers to individual's level of vulnerability (e.g., genetic propensity, psychological factors) • Low diathesis: withstand moderate levels of stress • High diathesis: sensitive to stressful conditions and may acquire a disorder even if the stress level is low

cohort.

A group of people who share the same experience Normative history-graded influences affect a particular cohort

strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI)

A model related to coping with stress Age-related gains (strengths) Lifetime experience Ability to regulate emotions Age-related losses (vulnerabilities) Decline in physiological flexibility Slower to return to normal level of arousal Overall, older adults can use strengths to cope with moderate stress levels, but have difficulty coping with high stress levels

socioemotional selectivity theory (carstensen)

A newer life-span model that proposes reduced social interaction in older adulthood reflects a lifelong selection process Decrease in size of social network in OA, however close social relationships are maintained Two main motives (goals) for social interaction Information seeking (more important in earlier life and calls for novel social interactions) Meeting a spouse, getting a job, meeting new friends

Definition of Alzheimer's disease

A progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a person's memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate and carry out daily activities

swan- song phenomenon

A resurgence in creative output following a post-peak decline in rate of creative productivity

A decrease in status and finances is more common among widowed women A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Sexual interest among older adults is constant until their mid-seventies, and sexual activity declines with age. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Women are less likely to plan for retirement, and they tend to spend the longest period of time in retirement. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

Creativity

Ability to generate products or ideas that are original and have impact on others

social convoy

According to the convoy model individuals move through life both affecting and being affected by a constellation of other people who influence their well-being People in a social convoy are close, and provide social and other support over a long time A convoy usually includes both family members and close friends In older adulthood, there is a greater proportion of family members than friends in the convoy. Social support in all of the forms listed can aid individuals against the negative effects of stress

revised cognitive stage model (schaie & willis)

Acquisitive Stage Achieving Stage Responsible/Executive Stage Reorganizational Stage Reintegrative Stage Legacy Creating Stage

primary control processes

Actions and behaviors intended to shape the environment to fit one's needs and desires Primary control processes are similar to assimilative processes If too many attempts to achieve primary control meet with limited success or outright failure The individual may become frustrated and discouraged and could begin to feel helpless and depressed Secondary control processes begin

Life review (butler)

Active and important part of the aging process Older adults integrate who they are now and who they were in the past Offers older adults a chance to achieve ego integrity

Our Possible Selves

Actual Self Ideal Self Ought Self Feared Self False Self

self esteem

Affective, or evaluative, aspect of self-concept Feelings of worth when self-esteem is high self-esteem does not decline significantly in late life people often evaluate themselves in comparison with others self-esteem can be high or low depending upon the group with which one compares oneself

retirement activities

African Americans are more likely to engage in useful leisure activities in retirement and less likely to engage in leisure activities for pleasure. most satisfied retirees are those maintaining productivity by doing some kind of work. Part-time work and volunteer work are the two most common ways to remain productive in retirement. is linked to remaining productive 1 in 3 people over 75 do some sort of work

divorce rates

African Americans is much higher than for European Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics.

Learned helplessness

After failing to overcome the situation, individuals accept the situation as it is and make no further attempts to change it.

loss of adult children

Against natural order Know less about loss of children than loss of spouse

risk factors for AD

Age - greater probability as people reach the oldold and oldest old years • Chance of diagnosis doubles every 5 years after 65 • Gender - women more susceptible than men • Speculation about the following factors: • low level of education • low level of cognitive engagement and stimulation • lifestyle factors (exercise, diet, etc.) • Genetics • APOE epsilon4 allele has been associated with increased risk of lateonset AD

age disrimination in employment- erber and dankergt

Age discrimination at work *Giving older employees fewer opportunities for training *Fewer rewards for updating their skills *Erber and Danker (1995) *Asked employees to imagine themselves as managers pressured to downsize *Evaluate TA and OA who are experiencing performance problems related to poor memory *Results: * believed that OA performance problems would continue to occur * Less likely to recommend trained with the employee was old than young

Rileys age integrated social structure

Age-integrated social structure *Education: young, middle-aged, old *Work: young, middle-aged, old *Leisure: young, middle-aged, old

The Communication Predicament

Age-related Changes—> Elderspeak—> Further Declines

Disengagement theory

Ageist theory, the old people are taking up things that should be for the youth

Dispositional Trait

Aim to identify (in a scientific manner) personality variables that occur consistently in individuals and groups

patient self determination act of living will

All health care facilities that receive funds from medicare and medicaid must provide patients with information on advance directives that could be used OA often request for a family member to make treatment decisions Cicirelli (1987) Those favoring to maintain life were more likely to be African American, have lower socioeconomic status, less education, and stronger religious feelings Those in favor of ending life more likely to be European American, have higher socioeconomic status, and weaker religious feelings

Empty Nest

All of the children move out of the home --Parents tend to be happier

suicide

Almost 90 percent have depression, substance abuse problems, or a mental disorder. Young males 15 to 24 largest number of suicide victims. rate of suicide is highest for elderly white males higher percentage of elderly white males commit suicide than young males.

rate of mental disorders in OA (65+)

An estimated 20% of older adults meet criteria of emotional/ cognitive dysfunction • 1 in 5 OA meets the criteria for some type of mental disorder • Estimate for younger adults is similar, but type of disorder may differ in young and old • Cognitive disorders such as dementia for OA • In the future, more older Americans will need mental health services • Due to baby boomers • By 2030, 1 in 5 Americans will be over the age of 65 • Greater number of OA who will experience mental health difficulties • Incidence of dementia escalates with increasing age • Number of OA with dementia will be high

Age-related Changes

Appearance and physical changes that lead young to treat person as "old"

What is the achieving stage of adult intelligence?

Application of knowledge to real life situations/decisions Young adulthood

cognitive reserve hypothesis

Approaches to treating AD consist of efforts to slow down the progression of cognitive deterioration • most effective when given earlier rather than later in the course of the disease • Cognitive Reserve • Some brains have greater cognitive, or neural, reserve, possibly due to a higher initial level of cognitive ability, more education, or lifestyles with greater amounts of physical or cognitive activity • Brain-Behavior Discrepancy • Autopsy neuropathology meets criteria for a dementia diagnosis, but the individual did not demonstrate behavioral evidence for dementia when alive

infertility problems

Around 11 percent of couples experience

caregiving

As people live into the old-old (75-84) and oldest-old (85+) years, they may need help from family members to continue living in the community Widowed older adults may need help with tasks a spouse used to perform Men often help with tasks such as finances Women help more with day-to-day tasks such as shopping exc Sandwich generation Term associated with middle-aged women, who care for older parents as well as for a spouse and children Walker et al. (1996) Daughters level of satisfaction with caregiving The length of time the mothers needed care was not a significant factor However, if the amount of care the mothers needed increased over time, the daughters' positive feelings declined Any costs the daughter endured were offset by the rewarding aspects of their caregiving roles Roff et al. (2004) investigated how family caregivers of community dwelling OA with dementia felt about their caregiving role African American caregivers were less anxious and perceived caregiving more favorably than European Americans

economic strain.

As the population of older adults increases, health care needs increase and the need for government pensions increase; costs met by younger tax-paying individuals

Practical intelligence

Aspects of intelligence that are important for dealing with the real world

past self

Aspects of the past self that are still important in how we define ourselves

Possible selves

Aspects of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming. human behavior seen as efforts to approach or avoid these various possible selves and to protect the current self-view.

eduction in life after retirement

Audit college courses free of charge *can pursue knowledge without the specific intention of obtaining a course grade or official degree *Road Scholar (formerly Elderhostel) programs *Offers numerous programs involving travel and lifelong learning *Computer training Volunteer work *Religious organizations, schools, community centers, hospitals, nursing homes, and advocacy and political groups *25% of Americans aged 65 and older volunteer *but those who volunteer report high self-rated health and feelings of well-being and having a meaningful purpose in life

Describe anticipatory coping and give ONE example of an older adult using this strategy. •

Avoiding a problem before it becomes one

Which is not an early symptom of Alzheimer's A.Forgetfulness B.Forgetting where you put your keys C.Trouble remembering recent events, activities, names D.Difficulty solving simple math problems

B.Forgetting where you put your keys

theory of personality

Balancing various aspects of our personality in response to both our inner needs and the demands of society Biological and social needs are primary in the first half of life cultural and spiritual needs become more important in the second half

optimization of primary and secondary control

Being selective about primary control efforts Adjusting goals when primary control efforts unlikely to be successful Over the life span, primary and secondary control processes operate jointly OA maintaining a strong sense of control may be those who are most adept at using secondary control strategies OA can't or don't wish to pursue the same goals as they did in their younger years

Be able to differentiate between, sociocultural, psychological, biological, and life- cycle factors/ forces (need examples of each)

Biological- includes all genetic and health- related factors Psychological- includes all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors (reaction to something going on) sociocultural- includes interpersonal societal, cultural, and ethic factors Life cycle- reflects differences in how the same event or combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces affect people at different points in their life (OA going back to school)

martial convoy

Body of possessions people accumulate over a lifetime - Material convoy *Possessions support daily needs but also serve as part of a person's identity *Can present difficulties in later life if allowed to grow out of control

modified extended household

Broad kinship network; grandparents, parents, grandchildren, siblings, nephews, nieces, and other blood relatives

life after retirement

Busy ethic (Ekerdt) *I am busier now than when I was working *Most applicable to retirees in young-old category in good health * E.g. quilting, playing cards, shopping, going to doctor, socializing * they feel busier than they are and that others feel they're busy *Relaxation is guilt-free only when it's balanced by work *Retirees strive to feel busy to legitimize relaxation

future (possible) self

Can be hoped-for and/or feared Rich self, attractive self, healthy self Poor self, unattractive self, unhealthy self Motivate our behavior Middle-aged adults reporting more feared selves than hoped for selves regarding heath

anxiety disorders

Can impair concentration, attention, and memory • Dizziness, severe insomnia, and disabling fear • Generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD • Often begin earlier in life • Only 3% of anxiety disorders have initial onset after 65 • Can co-exist with depression (symptoms of the two disorders may overlap) Diagnosing anxiety disorders is challenging • Can be a side effect of some medications • rapid heartbeat and intestinal cramps can be side effects of some medications • Can be confused with medical conditions • symptoms of both anxiety and depression can mimic those of cardiovascular disease and endocrine disorders • Can be misdiagnosed as dementia • rambling speech and disorganized thinking • Can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors

marital interactions

Carstensen et al (1995) and Levenson et a (1993) Studied middle aged couples and older couples Rate how much disagreement experienced and in what area Highest ranked conflict was for raising children Older couples have fewer disagreements than middle-aged couples When they do disagree, older couples show less emotional affect than middle-aged couples

stage model of cognitive/intellectual development

Childhood/adolescence Acquisitive Stage Young adulthood Achieving Stage Middle adulthood Responsible/Executive Stage Older adulthood Reintegrative Stage

Boomerang Children

Children move out and then have to move back in

size of older adults social network

Chronological age and individual differences in personality play a role Older the person, the smaller the social network OA who are outgoing, sociable, and seek new experiences tend to maintain larger social networks However, OA with smaller social networks are emotionally close to those who are in it When a spouse and adult offspring are available, emotional closeness with other social partners may be less important However when not available, OA may week support from other relatives or friends

loss of partner

Cohabitating couples can experience loss of a partner, ad will go through stages similar to that of loss of a marital relationship However, less emotional support is given to those who loose a partner than a marriage

bottom-up processing strategy

Collecting and integrating new information

Rotter devised an internal-external locus of control scale

Consisted of pairs of statements indicates feelings on internal control: "When I make plans, I am almost certain that I can make them work" Indicates feelings of external control: "It is not always wise to plan too far ahead because many things turn out to be a matter of good or bad fortune anyhow"

paranoid disorders

Constructing faulty explanation or interpretation of events • Suspicion and distrust of others • Often associated with sensory impairment (vision and/ or hearing) • E.g. woman loosing hearing, can only make out partial conversation and fills in gaps with suspicions • Can be associated with decline in cognitive functioning • Misplaces items but accuses someone of stealing them • Defense against acknowledging problems with memory Could be defense against social isolation or feelings of decline or failure • Woman who doesn't receive mothers day card claims someone is stealing her mail • Some paranoid reactions are adaptive - protect the OA from feelings of decline or failure • Can alienate members of older adult's social support system • Housekeeper may quit if accused of stealing

sunk- cost fallacy (other factors related to decision making)

Continue investing resources into an activity that is not turning out well just because of the investment they have already made Older adults are less likely to be influenced by the sunk-cost fallacy than younger adults

Torrance Tests

Creative Thinking ask people to complete creative tasks such as listing various uses for a common object or listing what an abstract picture might be used to test creativity.

Which is not a risk factor for depression? A.Female B.Divorced/widowed C.Low social support D. Low SES E.Nursing home resident F.Being a caregiver G.Chronic illness

D. Low SES

Which are the most common psychiatric treatment for older adults? A.Medication B.Custodial/institutional care C.General practitioner D. both A& B

D. both A& B

Which of the following are impacts on "caregiving burden "? A.Loss of support from family B.Lots of friends C.Financial strain D.Strain on health

D.Strain on health

Artistic

Dancer

Family Watchdog Grandparenting

Defensive grandparenting

küber-ross 5 stages of death

Denial Initially diagnosed with terminal illness Disbelief and believe diagnosis is incorrect Serves as a short term buffer to absorb the news Anger Realization begins to set in Resentment that others are healthy Bargaining More time or a second chance Closely following Doctors orders or prayer Depression Individual feels a great sense of loss and sadness Withdraw from emotional attachments to only a few close individuals Acceptance Reaches a state of peach that the end is near Depends on cognitive abilities Levels of consciousness will make it possible to progress meaningfully through the stages Not all dying patients progress through the stages Some remain in the stage of denial until the end Progression through stages can depend upon age, illness, cultural backgrounds, and social network Can also apply to the loss of a loved one or other loss (divorce)

job performance of older adults

Dependable, productive, good attendance *Lower accident rates than younger workers *Committed to jobs and emotionally invested in the work role *High satisfaction, especially in white collar and human service jobs * little relationship between age and job performance *Job performance is a function of both ability and experience Slower response time, which is often compensated for by accumulated knowledge and experience *Salthouse (1984) *Demonstrated that experienced older typists maintained the same level of speed and accuracy as younger typists *Placed greater reliance on anticipating upcoming keystrokes *Bowen et al (2011) *Occupations depending on crystalized abilities and social requirements: * job performance usually remains stable with increasing age *Occupations depending on fluid abilities: * Job performance is more likely to decline with age erformance in jobs requiring fluid abilities can be maintained with assistance of environmental support and mnemonic aids *Czaja and Sharit (1998) prior experience with computers was an important factor in how well OA performed data entry *Trained younger OA (50-65) and older OA (66-80) how to use email *Both age groups improved over four days * Group with most improvement: older OA *OA are capable of learning and acquiring new technological skills *Although the may need more training and practice that YA

beanpole structure

Describes what families will be like in the future

normal grief reactions.

Disbelief, sadness, guilt, hatred, fear, and relief

death education

Discussion, brainstorming, lectures, simulations and role play, are all accepted classroom strategies counselors emphasize honest and open exchange as the best strategy to help people cope with death.

vestibular system

Dizziness, vertigo, and a loss of balance are caused by a decline in this; inner ear function, both hearing & balance, declines with age r/t ear wears out and has no repair mechanism. It contains moving parts (hair cells) which gradually die off with age. estimated that half of inner ear function, and in particular vestibular ganglion cells, are lost by the age of 80.

Intermediate Care

Don't require as much care as they would in a hospital

treatment for depression

Drug therapy • Antidepressant medications • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) • "shock therapy" only used for severe depression • Or in cases where drug therapy is not effective or cant be administered due to other medications • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) • Effective treatment for depression in OA • Encouraged to identify aspects of their lives that can be changed for the better • Track behavior and mood and trained to avoid self defeating thoughts or behaviors • Taught to take active role in monitoring negative patterns of thinking

Which of the following is not a Progressive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? A.Memory loss/forgetfulness interference with daily activities B.Inability to recognize familiar people/places C.Problem speaking, understanding, reading, writing D. Anxiety, aggression, wondering E. Fear, depression

E. Fear, depression

cognitive reserve

Education is thought to increase intelligence in old age because it produces a cognitive reserve, which is a pool of information that individuals can draw from.

Erikson stage 8

Ego integrity versus despair (late adulthood) Positive resolution Feel their lives have consistency, coherence, and purpose Virtue of wisdom Negative resolution Feel despair and disappointment with their lives

stage 3 pecks necessary adjustments in old age

Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation OA feels that he or she has achieved something of lasting meaning Children raised "right" have personal relationships, and made contributions to society

job attitude

Ekerdy and DeViney (1993) *Studied job attitudes over 3 years *The closer they were to retirement target date, the more likely they were to report their jobs were causing tension and fatigue *Workers engage in a preretirement "role-exit" process *However, OA often express positive attitudes and high levels of satisfaction with their jobs

explicit memory aid

Elaboration helps by using rhymes, making up stories, or forming the first letters of the information to be recalled into a word or phrase.

noncompensatory

Eliminating solution alternatives prior to a complete search

Grief

Emotional response to los

Emotional and Subjective

Emotions are also part of our decision making

stage models

Emphasize changes that occur over the course of adulthood View personality as something that unfolds over time Takes different forms as people progress through their adult years Linked to chronological age rage Freud prominent stage theorist Psychoanalytic theory - role of unconscious instincts motivate behavior

MidLife Crisis

Empirical work does NOT support this theory

defined contribution pension plans (DC0

Employee and often the employer make contributions that accumulate tax-free *Employee usually allowed to make investment decisions for the money contributed *Employee pays taxes upon withdrawal from plan (plus a penalty if withdrawal occurs before age 59½) *Withdrawals must begin by the age of 701/2 *Money in the plan is portable (not lost with job changes)

reminiscence therapy

Encourages OA to think and talk about the last • Life review is considered a naturally occurring healthy phenomenon • Helps OA reevaluate and integrate life experiences • Alleviates feelings of depression and sadness • Also gives them a sense of self-worth

evaulating older employees

Erber and Szuchman (2002) * Older volunteers were considered more disciplined, reliable, dependable, knowledgeable, and cheerful than younger volunteers * Could make up for the possibility that OA that longer to complete tasks *However, supervisors may believe that younger workers will devote more years to the company and be better candidates for promotions *Age of coworkers in the same company can influence how OA are evaluated * One OA among majority of YA will likely be evaluated more negatively than larger group of OA in the workplace *Age difference between supervisor and employee can influence evaluations

Decrease status/financial effects of widowhood

Especially women, older generation where a majority of women did not have careers who status relies on and Income

stability phase(atchley)

Established a satisfactory and comfortable routine

legal stand point about euthanisa and assissted suicide

Euthanasia is legal in some nations (e.g., the Netherlands) under very specific circumstances Patient must request it voluntarily Must be informed about situation and options Must be experiencing lasting and unbearable suffering Both patient and physician must believe there is no other option Physician must consult with another physician In the U.S. euthanasia is illegal Assisted suicide is allowed in several states (e.g., Oregon) in the United States under specific circumstances but federal government has tried to invalidate state legislation regarding assisted suicide Prescribed medications intended to cause death cant be directly administered by a physician or by anyone other than the patient

normative.

Events that most people experience in a similar way ex. menopause

Attraction Effect

Examples include food items that may be on sale, unhealthy foods with eye popping advertisement

characteristics of wisdom

Expert factual and procedural knowledge Knowing what you do not know Capability of "problem finding" Being able to ask appropriate questions when problems are undefined Insight that human nature has limitations Balance between reflection and action Balance between cognition and emotion A wise person remains calm and impartial while considering all aspects of a problem Appreciation that truth is not absolute Ability to integrate opposite points of view

wrinkles

Exposure to the ultraviolet rays from sunlight is the major cause

Functions of Grandparenting

Family Watchdog Family Stabilizer Command Center for Family News Caregiving

Phobias

Fears of avoidance out of proportion to danger

social security

Federally sponsored public pension plan established in 1935 and intended to serve as a financial cushion *Older adults must work required number of quarters to qualify for benefits *Purpose was to make room for younger workers *Full benefits are paid at ages 65, 66, or 67 (depending on worker's year of birth). Reduced benefits are available at age 62 *A spouse who has not worked outside the home qualifies for benefits *Large portion of retired OA are not financially "comfortable" *African American and Hispanic Americans earned lower salaries, therefore earning lower social security benefits after they retire *Savings accumulated during working years are depleted after only a decade of retirement *Social security benefits intended as a financial cushion and not as the sole source of income in retirement *60% of social security beneficiaries are women *7 out of 10 elderly are considered poor or near poor

external locus of control

Feeling that outcomes are not influenced by own efforts or actions Feeling positive or negative outcomes determined by chance or outside forces

internal locus of control

Feeling there is personal control over an outcome Feeling positive outcomes attained and negative outcomes avoided with own efforts and actions

homosexuals

Female more likely than males to have stable long-term monogamous relationships. Males less likely to view sexual exclusivity as an essential part of the relationship.

Gignac et al., (2002)

Findings: --context analysis and coding --regression --virtually all made one adaptation --more compensation than selection or optimization -- When involved with OA, researchers found most older adults engaged in compensation

accommodation

Flexible goal adjustment (usually unintentional) May become necessary in late adulthood when ambitions must be adjusted to situational constraints Revising ones goals and aspirations changing standards for self-evaluation Allows OA to maintain integrity of their self-concepts and feelings of life satisfaciton

Cattell Secondary Mental Abilities

Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence

dementia

Forgetfulness and memory loss two primary symptoms 1% aged 65 and over suffers from dementia largest number of cases (i.e. 90 year olds and above).

Types of Grandparents

Formal Fun Seeker Surrogate Reservoir of Family Wisdom Distant Figure

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Formal Operational (11-Adulthood)

The Seattle Longitudinal Study

Found that there is •no uniform pattern of age-related changes.. for all intellectual abilities • there is no single measure that can describe age changes or differences in cognition • selective optimization with compensation

friends

Friends When family members are available, friends make up a smaller proportion of older adults' social network However, friends who are familiar and close are likely to remain in the inner circle of an older adult's social network They serve as confidantes and sources of enjoyment When family members are unavailable, friends are particularly important Unlike family members, friends are not bound to each other by duty or formal rules Perhaps because friendship is voluntary, reciprocity in giving and receiving support is especially important

Labor Force

From 2008-2018 baby boomers expecting to increase percentage of individuals 55 years and older working

erikson stage 7

Generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood) Positive resolution: take responsibility for others and make contributions to the next generation Virtue of care Negative resolution: feel life has little meaning; sense of boredom and tendency toward self-indulgence Stagnated middle-aged adults take on youthful habits to defend against thoughts of aging and death aka mid-life crisis

comparing widows and widowers

Greater number of widows than widowers Women tend to marry men older than they are Women have longer life expectancy Future generations are less likely to have problems with gender role related duties widowed older women see less and less of married couples with whom they had socialized before Especially difficult for the women who is the first in her circle of married friends to loss a spouse Eventually form a social network with other widows Widowed men often find social connections through remarriage Resistance sometimes occurs for adult children Older widows are at a greater economic disadvantage than older widowers Losing a spouse is associated with a significant drop in income for women Advanced financial planning is key to minimizing the negative economic impact on widowhood

Board and Care Home

Group living home Majority staffed by people who have not has formal training

Realisitic

Hands-on

elder abuse

Harmful behavior toward older adults by formal or informal caregivers the older adult trusts or depends upon Formal and informal caregivers Occurs among all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups Occurs in domestic and institutional settings Typical abuse victim is a woman aged 75 or over, in frail health, often with cognitive difficulties Often perpetrated by a family member such as a spousal caregiver who carries the entire burden alone

List three possible explanations for why older adults show decline in sexual activity in later life.

Health, loss of partner..

Assisted Living Facilities

Housing complexes with independent apartments

lay views of personality

How people view their own personalities People have a strong sense of continuity, think they themselves are the same now as they were earlier Fleeson and Heckhausen (1997) Moderate degree of stability across the three time periods regarding how participants viewed themselves: Those who rates themselves high in present level f extroversion and agreeableness rated themselves high on these dimensions both retrospectively and prospectively How people view personality of others In general, people think there are gains in some positive personality traits over the life span, but losses in others Heckhausen et al. (1989) Asked young, middle, and older adults to rate desirability of 358 traits and to estimate the rise and fall of each trait over the adult years Participants from all three groups showed considerable agreement in their beliefs

Logical Thinking

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning Ex. Pendulum Study

What is the executive stage of adult intelligence?

If responsibility extends to higher level (work, organizations)

Age Discrimination in Employment Acts

Illegal to fire someone based on age

self concept

Image we have of ourselves Schemas, ideas, or images we have about ourselves Consists of a collection of schemas in various domains (e.g., cognitive, social)

cognitive conception (implicit conceptions of wisdom in western culture )

Importance of knowledge is central Belief that wisdom develops mainly through learning experiences and exposure to wise persons

anxiety about death

In large studies, anxiety is related to age, with middle-aged adults having highest anxiety OA are closest to death but express less fear of dying May be linked to having children who are still living at home OA have children that are living independently Gold (2011) OA in old-old group worry about how they will die, where they will die, and whether the dying process will be a burden to their families OA are more aware that death is inevitable May express less anxiety due to experiencing death of friends and loved ones Socialized to the possibility of death Most OA are focused on the circumstances of dying Most want to die with dignity Anxiety can be related to degree and type of religious belief OA with strong religious beliefs have less anxiety Anxiety is higher in older adults with more physical problems and in those living in institutional settings OA who are dependent upon others feel less in control of their environment and have more anxiety about the circumstances surrounding their death

positive aging

In their later years, individuals now enjoy marked improvements in health and vitality Even so, especially in the fourth age, there can be loss of physical and/or cognitive capabilities and loss of close relationships Positive aging results from an ability to adjust to losses and to experience feelings of happiness and well-being despite objective adversity

introversion-extraversion

In young adulthood, extraversion predominates but later on in adulthood less so Young adulthood - extraversion aspects of personality dominate Finding a mate and occupation Middle adulthood - balance between introversion/extraversion Less pressure to meet the demands of the external world and more time to devote to the inner self Old adulthood - introversion aspects of personality dominate More time for reflection on the inner self

masculinity-femininity

In young adulthood, same sex tendencies predominate but later on in adulthood less so Young adulthood -Same-sex tendencies predominate Middle adulthood - less pressure to fulfill sex roles Opposite-sex tendencies are no longer surpressed Old adulthood Older men: more accepting of their feminine side Older women: more accepting of their aggressive and self-centered impulses

elder absue again

Incidence of elder abuse in domestic setting is increasing in the US Each state has laws mandating that professional caregivers report any instances of suspected elder abuse Pullemer and Suitor (1992) Three factors associated with caregivers feelings and fears Living in same household Low self-esteem Caring for an elderly relative who is physically aggressive Understanding why elderly abuse occurs is essential if abusive situations are to be prevented Abuse in Institutional settings Physical abuse, verbal abuse, and neglect do occur in institutional environments

What is the acquisitive stage of adult intelligence

Individual is mastering best ways of acquiring knowledge -Childhood and adolescence

Hierarchical compensatory model for siblings

Individuals have a hierarchy of relationships that they call upon when they need support Older adults turn to siblings for help when spouse or adult children unavailable explain why sibling support is stronger among older adults who are single or widowed Those with sisters were more likely to think theyd receive support during time of crisis than those with only brothers

stable career patterns

Individuals remain in same field throughout career gain experience and expertise, often achieve high positions, many are workaholics

mild cognitive impairment

Individuals who are more forgetful than most people their age have MCI • Mild forms of memory loss • amnestic MCI • MCI with memory impairment as the most prominent cognitive symptom • Individuals score lower on memory tests than age peers but do not meet the criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) • They are not confused and can carry on with normal activities of daily living • Individuals with amnestic MCI are at greater than average risk for eventually developing AD • 55% classified as having MCI progressed to a diagnosis of dementia • important to identify MCI because eventually early interventions may be discovered that will delay or hopefully prevent AD.

aging in place

Individuals who remain in the same location and continue to live in the same housing unit *May install improved lighting and safety features *Must be willing to accept assistance for transportation, shopping, and housekeeping *Many OA can age in place if capabilities of one member complement the other *Single OA aging in place may count on neighbors or friends *Some may share their homes *Can be a source of additional income *Match-up programs

Best Cognitive Outcomes

Individuals who; 1. are flexible 2. are satisfied with accomplishments at midlife 3. have no cardiovascular or other chronic diseases 4. well educated 5. have stable marriages to intellectually keen spouses 6. did complex, non-routine work 7. led active, stimulating lives

grandparenthood

Individuals will spend more time in this role in the future but will probably have fewer grandchildren The nature of the grandparent role can vary depending upon: gender, socioeconomic status, marital status, ethnicity, age of the grandchildren, and the age and stage of life when grandparenthood actually begins Relationships with grandchildren may also depend on how close they liveRelationship with grandparent and grandchild is often influenced by parents Grandchildren tend to have a closer relationship with maternal grandparents In some states in the United States, grandparents' rights legislation allows grandparents to go to court to secure the right to visit their grandchildren Divorce of a grandparent couple can affect relationships with adult children and grandchildren

Elderspeak

Infantilizing and patronizing speech (honey, dear, cute)

projective techniques

Inferences are made about personality based on a test taker's responses to ambiguous stimuli Thematic Apperception test (TAT) - consists of pictures of characters that appear to be involved in ambiguous social interactions Brief story about 3 characters Word association tests First word that comes to mind Sentence completion tests Complete the last few words of a phrase

What is the reintegrative stage of adult intelligence?

Intellect becomes function of one's interest, values, and attitudes -Older adulthood

Dialectical Thinking

Interest in debate and argument A fifth stage?

secondary control processes

Internal adjustment of goals and expectations Similar to accommodative processes - involve altering goals and expectations Help defend OA against the negative effects of failure at achieving primary control Protects emotional well-being and self-esteem Enables OA to remain motivated Making further attempts at primary control in areas where efforts would likely be successful

types of siblings

Intimate siblings Devoted, confide in one another, "best friends" Congenial siblings Strong friendship, but emotional ties are not as deep except in times of crisis Loyal siblings Strong sense of family obligation Little contact, but appear when needed Rarely exchange emotional support, but help in times of illness or financial difficulty Apathetic siblings Not interested in taking responsibility for one another Don't attend family occasions and contact is rare Hostile siblings Go out of their way to avoid one another Feel anger with one another and claim they would reject any requests for support

Vocational Satisfaction

Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors

creative intelligence (sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence)

Involves divergent thinking Difficult to measure Divergent rather than convergent thinking Generating many answers to a question Finding novel insightful solutions to problems Lehman (1953) Investigated the relationship between age and the rate of producing creative works in various academic fields Results: creative output peaks in the decade of the 30's followed by steady decline Dennis (1966) Results: found that the age of peak productivity in creative output depends upon the specific field of achievement the specific age at which a peak occurs may depend upon the age when a career is launched

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge gained through life experiences • everyday problem solving tasks • increases with age

intergrative conception

Knowledge is important, but concern and empathy for others equally important Emphasis on the influence of affective and emotionally challenging life experiences in the development of wisdom Developmental shift: with increasing age, more people have an integrative conception than a cognitive conception about wisdom

Further Declines

Lack of stimulation from being treated as a dependent child

semantic memory

Language comprehension and general knowledge do not normally decline with age refers to the ability to remember items that are not linked to specific experiences includes knowing a language, knowing the meaning of words, and knowing facts.

method of loci

Latin means "places"; a mental imaging technique where items that are to be remembered are mentally placed in physical locations. effective method for memorizing random lists of unrelated items

Enterprising

Lawyer, Salesperson

Conventional

Like to follow directions, but want everyday to be different

Distant Figure Grandparents

Lives far away

Effects of emotional distress of widowhood?

Loneliness, depression, anxiety, tension, profound sense of loss

older adults & depression

Loss of appetite, insomnia, and fatigue are examples of normative age changes that can be mistaken for signs of depression in older adults. Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, arthritis, and other chronic illnesses often lead to the development of depression in older adults. half of all adults with chronic illnesses developing depression. increased coping skills that are developed throughout life contribute to the declining rate of depression with age. often linked to increased feelings of hopelessness, caused by a general decline and an inability to control the decline.

risks for depression

Low level of education, low income • Significantly related to major depressive disorders and to depressive symptoms • Gender • more women than men up to age 80 report symptoms of depression • but after age 80 men report symptoms more than women • Physical illness and use of medication can also coexist with depression (e.g. Heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis) • Majority of mental heath needs are detected in primary care settings • Medicare covers annual screening in doctors office to detect depression • Includes questionnaire to measure symptoms or risks Stressful life events also place OA at risk for depression • (e.g., loss of income, community, or loved ones) • Reduction of social contact causes anger in OA • However angry feelings may turn inward, resulting in depression • Being sole caregiver for chronically ill family member (caregiver burden) • 22-33% meet the criteria for MDD

Age sterotypes of older adults

Lower productivity, reduced flexibility, an inability to react to change, and less enthusiasm basis for age discrimination

decision making

Making a decision calls for the processing of cognitive information, there can be emotional, or affective, considerations as well. Lockenhoff and Carstensen (2007) Asked YA and OA to select a physician and a health plan from four choices OA reviewed more positive information before making a choice

loss of sibling

Many siblings find renewed closeness in later life Surviving brother or sister may feel intense grief and sense of incompleteness May not be given as much emotional support as they need due to children of deceased or spouse

upswing hypothesis (martial satisfaction)

Marital satisfaction is highest early, dips with arrival of children, but later on shows an increase upswing occurs around the time children move out OA can then enjoy more personal freedom

married couples and social security

Married couples *One member is eligible for SSB, the spouse is eligible for an additional 50% of that amount even if they have never worked outside the home *Man: $1000, woman: $500 - total of $1500/mo *If one of the two dies, the benefit paid to the living member will be the higher of the two amounts ($1000/mo) More dual-earner couples in the future *Most individuals and couples will need to supplement social security benefits with other sources of income *US: workers and employers contribute a percentage of the workers wages to the social security system *Eligibility for retirement benefits from SS is tied to age and prior work history but not to financial need

What is the function of developmental reserve capacity?

Maximum performance attainable by intervention

private agencies offering home care

Meals on Wheels *However, may be costly

What are the major approaches to treating mental disorders?

Medical treatment and psychotherapy

extended family household

Members from more than two generations (grandparents, parents, children) May also include aunts or uncles Fewer multigenerational extended families have led to the myth that OA are isolated or abandoned from their families However, OA prefer intimacy at a distance

reasons why americans may work longer

Men and women ages 65-69 still in the workforce has been increasing *Better health *Jobs today are less physically demanding *Longer average life expectancy *Elimination of mandatory retirement for most jobs *Increased age of eligibility for full Social Security benefits *Reduced savings due to economic downturn and debt

biggest change in gender

Men over 65yr growing by 2100; both men & women will increase but, men moreso, decrease the gap but, women still will outnumber men

Retirement Gender

Men with spouses who are in poor health and who have many dependents are the least likely to retire opposite trend, where women are more likely to retire if they have a husband in poor health and many dependents.

Savant Syndrome

Mental disability/ IQ below 100, BUT excel beyond comparison at one skill

OA and mental health services

Mental health services for older adults are fragmented and variable in quality • Most are uncoordinated and of poor quality • However, older adults today do not make full use of available services • Fear they're going to be institutionalized! • As baby boomers enter OA, they will be more accepting of psychotherapy • Therapists working with OA must have firm understanding of developmental processes Therapy with older adults often requires interdisciplinary collaboration • Financial issues often play a role in older adults' use of mental health services • Level of health insurance reimbursement to providers is low • Efforts made to train health-care professionals in clinical geropsychology • These needs will depend heavily on Medicare • Psychological services can be provided by Medicare • however they must be Medicare-certified and agree to Medicare reimbursement rates as payment in full

internal memory aids

Mental imagery and conditioning because they rely on mental processes

Gignac et al., (2002)

Methodology --248 individuals with OA, 55 years or older --interviewed in their homes, 90 minutes 1. demographics 2. arthritis helplessness 3. changed capacity and goals 4. surgery 5. pain 6. degree of disability 7. behavioral adaptations

sandwich generation

Middle-aged parents have been referred to this because of their position as the link between their children and their children's grandparents

environmental design

Modifying an OA physical environment can be therapeutic • OA with dementia may benefit if they live in properly designed environments • Cues: distinctive floor coverings in different rooms can prevent disorientation • can remain physically active and experience slower deterioration in functioning

alcoholism

More common in older adults than previously thought • 1-15% of community-living OA • 14% of OA treated in ER have a drinking problem • OA more sensitive to alcohol • Metabolism is slower, effects persist for a longer time • Diagnosed more frequently in older men than older women • Women are more likely to be misdiagnosed with depression\ • Women are also more likely to drink at home alone • Especially dangerous with co-existing physical disorders • Older drinkers are vulnerable to accidents and falls May turn to alcohol to alleviate depression or anxiety • Difference in age of onset • More than 1/3 of OA female alcoholics developed problem within the last 10 years opposed to only 4% of male alcoholics • Treatment programs effective, especially for late-onset drinkers • Programs that are supportive have high success rate • Identify high-risk situations for drinking and teach them coping skills • Programs specifically for OA are an advantage • Encourage reminiscence and discuss current problems

Surrogate Grandparents

More likely in childcare; took on the parent role

Personality States

More short term characteristics of a perso

compainiate grandparenting syle

Most common Entertaining leisure activities with grandchildren

involved grandparenting style

Much time with grandchildren, often regular care Sometimes provide full time care while parents work outside the home

Physical effects of widowhood

New or worsening disease conditions, more medications, decline in general help

Intelligence

No clear universal definition among researchers -Ability to think abstractly, solve problems, ability to learn from experience, creativity

age intergrated housing

No specific age requirement for residents *No services on the premises - essentially independent living arrangements *"granny flats" *Attached to relatives main living quarters *Access to support close by, but also enjoy some privacy and independence

criticism (formal thinking)

Not all adolescents or adults use a logical scientific approach to solving problems People often use formal operations in some domains but not in others

why is wisdom in old age important

Not all investigators have found that wisdom is a necessary corollary of age Hypothetical dilemma (Smith and Baltes, 1990) No single "correct" solution to the dilemma, but some advice is considered wiser than others Only 5% of participants responses received high wisdom ratings, but wise responses were evenly distributed over the young, middle-aged, and older groups Participants' responses showed special insight for the dilemma faced by a similar-aged target No age-related decline found in cognitive skills necessary to give wise advise Ardelt (2011) Individuals with greater personal wisdom in late life tend to have higher level of well-being and better sense of control and purpose in life

peripherial social relationships

Not intimate members of older adult's social network However those who they see regularly (e.g. pharmacist) Are important familiar contacts in everyday life Fingerman and Griffiths (1999) greeting cards Young, middle, and older adults Older group send and received the greatest number of greeting cards Some exchanged with people with close emotional ties, but also exchanged with those not central to day-to-day network

dementai with lewy bodies

Now considered 2nd or 3rd most common dementia in older adults • Abnormal microscopic protein deposits in nerve cells identified post-mortem • Fluctuating cognition, attention, and alertness • frequent confusion, recurrent visual hallucinations, depression, sleep disturbances • falls and occasional motor symptoms (tremors, muscle rigidity, shuffling gait), • autonomic symptoms (difficulty with swallowing, fluctuating blood pressure)

nuclear family house hold

Nuclear family household Parents and children

Incidence

Number of new cases of the disorder divided by the population at risk during a particular time Frame

numeracy (other factors related to decision making)

Numeric skills that require the understanding of basic mathematical concepts play an important role in the decision making process Age-related declines

five primary mental abilities

Numerical facility, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation most commonly tested in intelligence tests

behavioral observation

Observe how people behave Rate behavior of others on scales or use behavior checklists Made in real-life naturalistic settings Disadvantage: cant hold all aspects of the environment constant

dependency moves liwak

Often involuntary when a more supportive environment needed *Those with more severe disabilities

analytic intelligence (sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence)

Often measured by psychometric tests Closely related to academic intelligence

positivity effect (decision making)

Older adults review and recall more positive than negative information

activity theory

Older adults substitute new roles when old ones are lost Older adults who do this successfully enjoy high life satisfaction

performance memory tests

Older adults typically perform well when they are required to perform a specific task, especially when they consider the task significant.

disengagement theory

Older adults voluntarily withdraw from earlier roles Society withdraws from older adults Older adults allowed to withdraw experience high life satisfaction

personal control and health

Older adults who believe they have some control over health outcomes are more likely to make efforts to modify their diet engage in exercise stick to prescribed medication regimens A high sense of personal control has important implications for health Also a protective factor: lowering reactivity and moderating stress-related responses

intergenerational stake hypothesis

Older parents perceive adult children in a more favorable light than adult children perceive older parents Fingerman (1996) - mothers and daughters Older mothers and their daughters each considered the other to be an important part of their lives Expressed positive feelings about their relationship

depression

One of the most common disorders in older adulthood • An affective, or mood, disturbance (but can be accompanied by cognitive difficulties) • Myth: depression is more common in OA than YA • Fact: lower incidence of major depressive disorders among community-living OA than YA • Only 2.5% of OA population meet DSM-IV criteria for depression • However, 27% of OA have acknowledged having some symptoms of depression Depression occurs in 15% of community living residents • Depression occurs in 25% of cursing home residents • Gatz and Hurwicz (1990) • Self-report questionnaire on depression • Depression scores declined from early adulthood to late middle age • Increased after the age of 75

What is the function of a baseline reserve capacity?

Optimized conditions

assimilation, acommodation, and immuniziation

Outlines three self-protective coping strategies individuals use these to maintain personal continuity and integrity of the self

Self-Esteem

Overall evaluation of your self worth

Identity

Overall sense of who you are and where you fit in

child-adult transition

Parents who have raised their children to be independent typically enjoy a smoother transition from a parent-child relationship to an adult-adult relationship based on friendship. trend often continues throughout adulthood, with the relationship gradually improving as both the child and the parent age.

Differentiate between Parkinson's and Huntington's?

Parkinson's- motor symptoms are easily seen(slow walking, difficult to get out of chairs, slow hand tremors) caused by a deterioration of neurons that produce the neuro- dopamine in the transmitting of messages btw brain structure Huntington's- autosomal dominant disorder that usually begins btw the ages of 30 and 45, manifests through involuntary flicking movements of arms and legs, the inability to sustain a motor act such as sticking out tongue, prominent psychiatric disturbances such as hallucinations, paranoia and depression, personality changes

assissted suicide

Patient is provided with the means (for example, prescribing lethal medications but not administering them) to end his or her own life Argued that its compassionate by some Some argued that it violates the sanctity of human life Not always possible to determine whether patients are mentally competent Difficult to determine the extent of patients suffering

medicare

Pays for some in-home health-care services * Only for a limited time following hospitalization

stereotypes of oa

People hold certain stereotypes about older adults' personality traits Some but not all stereotypes about older adults are in people's conscious awareness Some stereotypes about older adults are negative (e.g., bitter), but some are positive (e.g., dignified)

Relativistic Thought

People may have legitimate competing points of view based on their perceptions

Self-Concept

Perceptions about you unique traits

Extrinsic Factors

Performing a job because of features no central to the job ex. salary, flexibility

Honeymoon phase (atchley)

Period of euphoria and enthusiasm typified by a high level of activity

third age

Period of time following retirement and overlapping with young-old years, but could last longer An extension of middle age, but without the work or child rearing responsibilities Period of time with sufficient health and vitality so there are no major limitations in lifestyle Period of time characterized by unlimited choices, assuming finances are sufficient Increases in life expectancy due to medical advances has helped individuals in their young-ld years remain in good health Compression of morbidity - illness and physical limitations have been pushed to a much later point in the life course Not clear if the age for receiving full social security pension benefits will be raised further in the future 33% of workers ages 51-56 reported that they would work past 65

six dimensions of life satisfaction and well-being

Personal growth; Environmental mastery; positive relations with others; autonomy and purpose in life

life story

Personal myth individuals construct to establish unity and purpose to their lives Shapes behavior and establishes identity A "good" ending makes it possible for individuals to attain a kind of symbolic immortality, or legacy of the self, which will live on after their death

types of elder abuse and neglect

Physical abuse Infliction of physical discomfort, pain, or injury Sexual abuse Any kind of nonconsensual sexual contact Psychological/emotional abuse Intentional infliction of mental anguish or provocation of fear of violence or isolation in the older person Material/financial abuse Intentional, illegal, or improper exploitation of the older adults property Neglect and self-neglect Intended or unintended failure of a caregiver to fulfill the OA needs

Whitbourne's theory contains concepts from what other developmental psychologist?

Piaget's

divorce

Proportion of divorced OA has increased over the last decade Associated with an increased rate of divorce occurring in young and middle adulthood Experience drop in financial status which can limit their daily activities and living situations After initial period of adjustment, most will experience period of improved physical health

Skilled Nursing Facilities

Provide care similar to what they would receive in a hospital

dying trajectory

Rate of decline in functioning that precedes death can vary Sudden trajectory - death occurs instantaneously with little warning Gradual trajectory - death certain to occur, but not immediately Gradual dying trajectories are increasingly more frequent in modern technologically advanced societies

memory and attention

Reduction of mental processing speed is considered to be a major contributor to this decline

social network

Refers to the structural characteristics of a person's social ties Often involves reciprocity with network members (giving and receiving social and other support) nonreciprocal exchanges - an individual gives more support than he or she receives Fingerman and Birditt (2011) - overall, older parents usually provide greater support to adult offspring than adult offspring provide for older parents Levitt et al. (1993) Triads of women to map their social networks and the extent to which members provide support Women in the older generation reported giving less support than the young women and their middle-aged mothers did Grandmothers may have provided more support in the past but they are now receiving more support than they are giving Spanish triads were more family-focused Kim et al. (2011) Dyads of older parents and children Young discrepancies in how the two generations perceived exchanges in support Upward exchanges - adult children tend to perceive giving more support to their parents than the parents reported Downward exchanges - parents tend to perceive giving more practical assistance and less advice than their adult children think they received Discrepancies in perception could contribute to misunderstandings and resentment

Postformal Thought

Relativism Never-ending search for knowledge Realistic and Pragmatic Emotional and Subjective

Beyond Piaget

Relativistic Thought Dialectical Thinking Postformal Thought

top down processing strategy

Relying on prior knowledge and experience

intelligence

Research found 25 types of intellectual abilities; referred to as the primary mental abilities Numerical facility, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation

reitrement communities

Residents bear total cost of living in unsubsidized communities *Resemble towns or villages

age segregated housing

Residents over a particular age, often 62 *Often some services on premises (dining, social activities, etc.) *Great for OA with health problems or physical disabilities *Feel secure in knowing immediate assistance is available ICE

What is the responsible stage of adult intelligence?

Responsible for spouse/children Middle adulthood

categories of retirement plan= ekerdt

Retire completely *20% said they wanted to stop work completely *Retire partially *20% planned to reduce work efforts *Change jobs *9% said by a certain age they wanted either a new job or be self-employed *Never retire *7% said they'd never stop working *No plans *40% said they had no plans for retirement

Bridge Employment

Retire officially and then get another job

economincs of retirement

Retirement is a legitimate right earned through years of work *But, how do retired individuals pay their living expenses? *Financial resources is an important factor in determining postretirement lifestyle *Savings and investments are key *However, so are pension plans *Pensions are regular payments that produce a steady income based on the retired workers former participation in the paid labor force * Public source or private employers *Labor force participation rate for people 55-64 was 68.1% in 1998 and 70.4% in 2008 - steadily increasing

termination (atchley)

Retirement role no longer suits their needs

Lifetime prevalence

Risk of developing a given disorder at any point in life

sibling relationships

Rivalry between brothers and sisters in the family of origin may die down However, YA and middle aged siblings become less close as each becomes absorbed in raising children and establishing a career Geographical proximity is an important factor in the closeness of siblings Those who relocate often have less contact with the family of origin

+ and - aspects of social relationships

Rook (1984) asked widowed older women to ID people they could turn to for socializing and confide in Also identified people who cause them problems Women who reported many negative relationships did not necessarily have few positive ones Those who reported few negative relationships didn't have more positive ones Positive social exchanges are associated with feelings of well-being Negative social exchanges are associated with feelings of loneliness and depressing Detract from psychological well being in later life and causes adverse affects on physical health As OA increase in age, they become more selective in their social relationships Maintaining ties with social partners who enhance their emotional well-being Older adults seem to choose social partners who provide them with uniformly positive social experiences

roth and risk factors of depression

Roth et al (2001) • Compared caregiver burden for African American and European American caregivers over a two-year period • Both groups reported increases in own physical symptoms over time • However, African American caregivers experienced fewer psychological symptoms of depression • African American caregivers have better psychological resiliency • Attributed to role expectations, prior experience with stress, and stronger spiritual beliefs

Investigative

Science Based

vascular dementia

Second most common form of dementia in older adults • Associated with cerebrovascular disorders, strokes, lesions, and high blood pressure • Broader category of dementias associated with a variety of vascular problems or with lesions in the subcortical white matter • Risk factors: • Advanced age, being male, being a smoker, and having hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes • CT and MRI may be used to differentiate VaD from AD • CT can detect cerebral degeneration (atrophy) • MRI - use magnetic fields to detect abnormalities in soft tissue • Comes on abruptly, and has a stepwise fluctuating progression Symptoms can overlap with AD • the course of VaD is not as lengthy as is that of AD • approximately 50% of those diagnosed with VaD survive fewer than 3 years • Individuals with VaD may have difficulties with motor functioning earlier than those with AD • More common in older men than older women

Gignac et al., (2002)

Selection: Denotes a restriction of involvement in activities in response to lost capacity Optimization: Refers to efforts to augment or enrich one's reserves in order to continue functioning Compensation: Efforts to meet new goals by new means

False Self

Self that they present to other -- does not reflect their actual selves

Terms of The Self

Self-Concept Self-Esteem Identity

formal thinking

Sensorimotor stage Birth - age 2 Preoperational stage Ages 2-7 Concrete operational stage Ages 7-11 Formal operations stage Ages 11-adulthood

housing types from least to most supportive

Single-family home *Apartments/condominiums *Granny flats/echo housing *Retirement hotel *Retirement community *Adult congregate living facility *Board and care home *Assisted-living facility *Nursing home

sleep disturbance

Sleep apnea, heartburn, a need to urinate, depression, and difficulty falling asleep; shift in circadian rhythms from a two-phase pattern where one sleeps during the night and is awake during the day to a multi-phase rhythm where one sleeps for a short time at night and has naps during the day.

Gatz and Karel (1993) analysed responses from four generations

Small but significant trend toward increased internal control over the 20-year period (could be a time-of-measurement effect) OA feelings of internal control could be influenced by how others view them

social theory exchange

Social interactions have both rewards (positive feelings) and costs (unpleasant feelings) A social interaction is balanced if two partners have an equal desire for it In an unbalanced interaction, one partner has more power and the less powerful partner may withdraw Dowd (1975) - in American society, power increases from young adulthood through late middle age, only to be followed by a sharp decrease in old age To combat imbalances in power, many states have laws that require long-term care facilities to post a list of "Nursing Home Residents Rights" (table 9.1) Ombudsman programs Volunteers trained to resolve complaints about quality of care Insure that OA who live in such facilities receive the legal, financial, social, and rehabilitative services to which they are entitled

What is disengagement theory and what is the major problem with this theory? What alternative theory gives older adults a choice?

Society feels you should stay out of the way to die • Age discrimination is the problem with this theory

Erikson's theory of personality

Society had an expansive influence on development and that social institutions such as school and marriage play a positive role in psychosocial development Development unfolds in a sequence of eight psychosocial stages that span from infancy to old age Each stage revolves around a different crisis, or challenge, which can be resolved positively or negatively Positive resolution of a challenge strengthens the self and expands the social world Positive resolution of earlier challenges increases the chances of positive resolution of subsequent challenges Negative: development suffers

Fluid Intelligence

Solving new problems you haven't seen before • age 25 — seen as a bell curve • conventional problem solving tasks

hypochondriasis

Somatoform disorder (symptoms are physical although physical findings negative) • resist any suggestion that their symptoms are related to emotional stress • Person is preoccupied with illness and concern with bodily functions and seeks medical attention • May be a longstanding personality dimension • Anxiety for loss of social status or financial security could be shifted to heightened concern with bodily functioning Not recommended that doctors reassure OA that medical condition is normal • Best to receive emotional support • With baby boomers entering OA, may attribute any distress they feel to emotional causes and seek the help they need • Physical problems do increase with age, and there is always a change the OA complaints are based on an undiagnosed medical condition

blended families

Some members are unrelated by blood but live together and share responsibilities - result from divorce or remarriage

costa & McCraes five factor model (ffm) of personality

Some theorists focus on whether personality is consistent over time Personality dimensions can be broad categories of personality such as: Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness Costa and McCrae: large sample of individuals completed self report personality inventories Neuroticism (N) Anxiety, angry, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability Extraversion (E) Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions Openness to experience (O) Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values Agreeableness (A) trust, straightforwardness, altruism, competence, modesty, tender-mindedness Conscientiousness (C) Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation OCEAN

implicit memory aids

Spaced retrieval and conditioning because they cause learning without conscious awareness of what has been learned

retirement

Stage of life with no requirement for paid employment *Usually associated with receipt of income from pensions *Willingness to identify oneself as retired *Easier to determine when people had a steady work history *Retirement is not always voluntary *Health limitations *Job displacement *Obligation to care for others In todays OA, fewer disruptions occur for men than women *More common for African American workers than for European American workers to exit the labor for for heath reasons *Also more vulnerable to involuntary job loss due to caring for others *After prolonged joblessness, many OA eventually refer to themselves as "Retired" *Therefore, retirement can be ambiguous

intelligence tests

Stanford-Binet, the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The WAIS (current version is WAIS III) is divided into two sections: the verbal scale and the performance scale.

reorientation (atchley)

Start to have structure for their daily lives

berereavement process

Strong feelings of grief in the beginning Sadness, anger, guilt, may feel abandoned No set rules about the exact nature or intensity of a persons reaction to losing a spouse some have over-whelming sadness and depression, while others view their situation as an opportunity for growth Feelings of psychological and physical distress often taper off after 12 months Take one day at a time Successful mastery involves three tasks: Accepting the loss intellectually Being able to make sense of why the loss occurred Accepting the loss emotionally No longer feeling the need to avoid reminders of the loss Recovering to a normal level of functioning Nature and length of the bereavement process is related to personality traits, social support, and circumstances surrounding the death Sudden death of a perfectly healthy individual will likely be more difficult

List and describe the two types of social support. Give two dimensions of each. •

Structural- describes the quantity of social support. Two dimentions are... • Functional-

Styles of thought

Style of thinking generally changes throughout the lifespan, changing from absolutist thought, to relativistic thought, to dialectical thought

stage 1 pecks necessary adjustments in old age

Success in each will result in positive growth (Ego integrity) Failure to make these adjustments results in despair 1. Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation OA must learn to define self-worth outside the workplace

Panic disorder

Sudden episodes of intense apprehension, palpitations, shortness of breath, and chest pain

compensatory

Summing, weighing, and averaging all possible alternatives - YA

anxiety disorders

Sweating, dizziness, insomnia, chest pain, and headaches are common physical changes that occur in all types of anxiety disorders. affect social functioning and relationships

Order of Erikson's Psychological stages

TRUST V MISTRUST Autonomy vs shame & doubt Initiative vs Guilt industry vs inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Ego integrity vs despair

Sandwich Generation

Taking care of your own kids and your aging parents

Social

Teacher, Massage Therpaist

immunization

Temporarily shields against threats to self-concept central to their identity (usually unintentional) Protect people from information that conflicts with the definitions they have of themselves E.g. tom views himself as being an excellent golfer; important to self-concept Blame the poor condition of the course on his loosing streak Immunizing processes are rationalizations

assimilation

Tenacious goal pursuit activated to maintain the self concept (usually intentional) Goal for OA: maintaining a competent and independent level of functioning Use of assimilative strategies when goals are unattainable can lead to frustration and negative emotions

Personality traits

Tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts feelings and actions

Costa & McCrae's Five factor model

The BIG 5. (OCEAN) 1. Openness 2. Consciousness 3. Extroversion 4.Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Paternity Leave

The U.S. does not receive paid paternity leave compared to other countries that do

Maternity Leave

The U.S. is one of 3 countries that does not guarantee paid maternity leave--unpaid 6-8 weeks

primary aging

The body naturally deteriorates as people age definite gradual and continuing loss of function of all body functions starting at age 30 becomes significant somewhere around age65 to 70.

private pension

The earlier in their work careers they contribute and make wise investments, the better their changes of accumulating sufficient funds to finance their retirement years!!!! *Due to lower salaries for women than for men, employersponsored DB and DC pension plan benefits are lower *Anticipated pension wealth was 76% greater for men than for women. *Less than 1.3 of this gender gap could be explained by differences in level of education, demographics, or job characteristics *Attributed to women's less advantaged employment situations for wages, years on the job, and type of industries that employ women Age of eligibility for full social security benefits increased to 67 *Financial incentives used to encourage employees to retire early are becoming less common *Some even hire workers on hourly basis with no pension benefits *These factors, combined with low level savings and high level debt, predict that retirement age will increase *Income from public and private pensions, together with savings and assets, determine OA standard of living once they retire

Breavemeant

The event of loss itself

What is the definition of wisdom

The expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permit excellent judgment about important matter

Mourning

The external expression of loss

fourth age

The fourth age is a time of life that corresponds best with ages 80 and older Old-old and oldest-old years, often marked by 80th birthday In the fourth age there is often a decline in levels of independence Some activity limitations Often a need for modifying or changing living environments Quality of life maintained with proper environmental support However they will still face health challenges Growth of technology will result in personal computers being an essential part of their daily lives Future cohorts of OA will have a higher level of education compared to present cohort of OA

smoking

The leading preventable cause of death increases the risk of cancer, respiratory problems, heart disease, heart attacks and strokes 400,000 deaths yearly in the United States 3 million deaths worldwide related to smoking.

Education

The more educated people are, the better their health tends to be. This occurs due to people having better information, making better health choices, and having greater access to health care services. due to the secondary effects

hippocampus.

The part of the brain that is responsible for conscious memory acquisition such as learning new information. gradually declines with age.

constant-probability of success model

The point of maximum creativity in a career coincides with point of maximum productivity

Intrinsic Factors

The tasks required to perform work

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a given disorder divided by the population at risk

Formal Grandparents

There in name but lack relationship

future outlook for third age

Third-agers may be less carefree because of lengthier work careers and greater family caregiving responsibilities Third-Agers may remain in the labor force for a longer time either at the same job or in a new full-time or part-time career Third-Agers may become the new "sandwich generation" In the future the term "sandwich generation" will be more descriptive of "young-old" adults

Wisdom

Through experience, vast amounts of knowledge (maybe in a particular area), dealing with real world issues

hour glass effect for siblings

Ties are strongest earlier in life, weaken in early and middle adulthood, but are reactivated later on Attributed to: More free time once children leave home Friendship networks begin to shrink, and focus is on family ties May return to the location of their family of origin

postformal thinking

Tolerating ambiguity Remaining flexible/open to more than one solution to a problem Relativistic/dialectical Characterized by perspective-taking Difficult to measure with quantitative tests

2 main goals for social interaction for socioemotional theory

Two main motives (goals) for social interaction Emotional regulation (more important later in life and calls for familiar social interactions) Prefer to socialize with familiar partners Choice of social partners may be influenced by chronological age and perception of time Open-ended vs limited Fredrickson and Carstensen (1990) - "anticipated endings" Imagine spending 30 minutes wth family member or recent acquaintance 65% OA chose familiar partner, 35% YA chose familiar partner

Nursing home stats

US 4% population over 65; Canada, sweden, switzerland double that 25% US Nursing home placement related to death/illness of primary caregiver

diagnosis of depression

Underdiagnosis - readiness to consider symptoms a normal consequence of aging or normal reaction to loss when in fact they represent depression • Symptoms can be confused with other conditions and remain unidentified by OA, families, and health-care workers • Coexist or be confused with physical illness • OA in a state of vague physical decline may actually be suffering from depression • Fatigue and sleep problems may be dismissed as normal aging instead of sign of depression Overdiagnosis - readiness to diagnose depression when symptoms actually stem from another source • Differential diagnosis - determining exact basis for a particular constellation of symptoms • Geriatric Depression Screening Scale (GDS) is a 30-item selfreport measure to detect depression • Developed specifically for OA populations • Focus on test takers feelings • E.g. do you feel your situation is hopeless? • Scale deemphasizes bodily questions and focuses on feelings Decline in memory functioning can also be a sign of depression • Can be used for under-diagnosis or over-diagnosis • May attribute memory complaints to dementia, therefore depression is under-diagnosed • cognitive symptoms can signify more than one potential problem, so differential diagnosis can be challenging

Realistic and Pragmatic

Understanding real world is not "if", "then"

Abstract Thinking

Understanding things like: "the grass is greener on the other side"

Main Criticisms of FFM

Ursula Stuadinger and colleagues suggest personality takes on two forms (personality adjustment and growth). Because growth cannot occur without adjustment. Changes: - the absence of neuroticism and the presence of agreableness and conscientiousness with role increases - decrease in openness to new experiences with increasing age because of wisdom, ego development and emotional complexity

reality orientation

Used to treat OA with moderate to severe memory loss, confusion, and disorientation • Beneficial when living environments lack cues that help OA stay oriented in time and place • Bulletin boards that post daily activities can be helpful

practical intelligence (sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence)

Usually requires tacit knowledge Useful for attaining goals in the real world Useful for solving problems that include tacit knowledge are unformulated and poorly defined are relevant to everyday experience lack specific information needed for solution have multiple "correct" solutions can be solved using various methods Participants who choose highly ranked solutions earn more points for tacit knowledge than those who choose lower-ranked solutions Tacit knowledge often increases with both age and experience

erikson stage 6

VI. Intimacy versus isolation (young adulthood) Positive resolution: successful in developing close give-and-take relationships Virtue of love

retirement affect the marital relationship

Vinick and Ekerdt (!991) *Interview couples in which the women didn't work and the men had been retired *Majority of men reported greater participation in household tasks *Most of the couples had increased the number of leisure activities they did together *More married women are participating in the paid workforce today *Also more likely to have full-time career paths *However, dual-earner couples who time their retirements to coincide and who share household chose have a high level of well-being

suicide

Voluntary termination of one's life • suicidal ideas and/or actions are often associated with mental illness, particularly severe depression • a final act driven by intolerable psychological pain and feelings of hopelessness • Less likely when older adults practice religion and attend church or church-related activities • Greater proportion of older men (79%) than older women (33%) commit suicide, and many use firearms • 57% of suicides involve firearms for general population • 70% of OA suicides involve firearms • Less direct methods - refusal to eat, seek medical care, or failure to follow prescribed medical regimen OA intending to commit suicide are more likely than YA to complete the act • Death occurs for 1 suicide attempt in 25 for YA • Death occurs for 1 attempt in for OA • OA Men account for 80% of suicides over age 65 • Highest rate of completed suicide in older European American men • Likely suffering from depression but symptoms went unrecognized • Lower rates for women may be due to larger social network

Expected self

What one believes one can, or will realistically become

Feared self

What one does not want to become, but fears become

Hoped for self

What one feels compelled to be, but may not be realistic

present self

What we are like now, though this is subject to modification

autonomy and purpose in life

When an individual stops working, autonomy and purpose in life are the two dimensions of well-being most likely to be negatively affected.

Ought Self

Who others want us to be

Actual Self

Who we are

Feared Self

Who we dread becoming

Ideal Self

Who we want to be

loss of a spouse

Widowhood - the status of a person who has lost a spouse through death and has not remarried Compared to widowers (men), widows (women) are less likely to remarry are more likely to have a social network of other widows are more economically disadvantaged must learn to handle financial tasks Compared to widows (women), widowers (men) are more likely to remarry, and marry younger women! are better off economically must learn to do household tasks

Erikson

Wisdom is a virtue that comes from the successful resolution of the stage "Integrity versus Despair" --accepting your life without any major regrets

Baltes

Wisdom is the knowledge of the fundamental pragmatics of life --awareness of life's uncertainties --knowledge of relativism of values, goals, and priorities --understanding the importance of context and societal change Maturity, personal growth, honest appraisal of strengths and weaknesses

dissatisfied couples

Wives reported more physical and psychological symptoms than husbands When the spousal relationship is not fulfilling, women suffer more, whereas men tend to buffer themselves against health problems by withdrawing from conflict levenson et al. (1993) - Husbands in the dissatisfied couples were especially careful to avoid conflict Older couples show more restraint in expressing negative emotions

Unequal Pay

Women make 0.77-0.80 on the dollar to men Women would have to work an extra 4 months to catch up to men Latinas are paid $0.54 on the dollar College-educated woman make $18,000 less than men Woman only make $0.30 per hour after 5 years and men make $1.20 Men make an estimated $434,000 more in life time Women only make 75-90% of what men make

remarrying

Women who remarry tend to make the needs of their children their first priority. In contrast, men who remarry tend to put the needs of the new wife and family first.

Remarriage gender rates among widows

Women-10% Men-20%

In Erikson's stages what happens when we go from adolescence to adulthood?

Work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused with who they are

defined benefit pension plans DB

Worker must be vested (work a specified number of years to qualify for pension payments) *Employer pays benefits to retired worker for life * Some offer periodic cost-of-living increases! *The dollar amount of the monthly benefit from a DB pension is based on an employees salary in the latter years on the job *Burden of paying benefits to retired employees falls on the employer * Social security is a DB pension plan but the federal government sponsors it

Know how young, middle aged, and older adults differ in the leisure activities in which they participate?

YA- intense leaisure activities (scuba diving hang gliding) MA- home and family oriented activities (movies, baseball) OA- less time in streneous physical activites and more time in sedentary activites (reading and watching tv)

What is the difference between young, middle-aged, and older adults when it comes to when and how they start thinking about dying?

YA- lessening of the feelings of immortality in adolescence that integrates personal feelings and emotions MA- don't think much about heir deaths, once their parents die they are reminded, subtle yet profound change OA- less anxious about death and more accepting

How do younger and older adults differ in primary goals?

YA- perfer information seeking OA- emotional regulation

family-focused lifestyle

a common pattern in retirement. Individuals that adopt this pattern base their lives on activities involving family and close friends.

Chronic bronchitis

a disease most commonly occurring in people aged over 45 who are frequently exposed to dust, fumes, and pollution. one disease in the family of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).

Space retrieval

a memory intervention where people with memory problems are given information and asked to retrieve it a short time later. The time between being given the information and retrieving it is increased until the individual retrieves the information implicitly. has been used in interventions for people with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The technique allows new implicit memory to be created, which individuals have no difficulty recalling.

Life review therapy

a process of reminiscence, where individuals are encouraged to recall and review their lives. This process is designed to help individuals find meaning in their lives, which leads to an increased ability to cope with death.

Elderhostel

a short-term, non-profit travel-oriented educational organization for adults 55 and older

Elderhostel

a short-term, non-profit travel-oriented educational organization for adults 55 and older; formed in 1975 to provide short, university-based adult education courses for older adults; originally involved inviting older adults from anywhere in the USA to live as students on a university campus for a week during student vacations. involves over a quarter of a million participants each year at over 1500 different institutions

Terminal drop

a sudden decrease in intellectual abilities that takes place just before death causing lower average intelligence results because of the individuals whose scores are lower because of terminal drop.

Confabulation

a symptom observed in patients suffering from amnesia unaware of their memory disorder. It consists of both actions and statements that are unintentionally incorrect

Reality orientation

a therapy used in the treatment of dementia and is designed to make individuals more aware of the reality of their environment; focus on the awareness of time, place, and people.

depletion syndrome

a type of depression experienced specifically by older women; lacks the symptoms of dysphoria and feelings of guilt, with these two symptoms always present in the clinical depression experienced by younger women.

Which of the following dimensions is involved in functional social support? a. Companionship b. Network Size c. Durability d. Homogeneity

a. Companionship

Which type of social support is considered the most important? a. Emotional b. Informational c. Network size d. Durability

a. Emotional

Changes Since Initial Conceptualization

a. Older adults may not enter denial b. Curiosity, hope, relief, and apathy

Divided attention

ability to complete more than one task at the same time declines as people age harder to complete more than one task at the same time.

Visual acuity

ability to distinguish detail and usually starts to decline from age 50; Dynamic visual acuity also declines, which is the ability to see moving objects clearly.

vigilance

ability to focus one's attention on a task for long periods of time; declines with age

optimazation

abraham and hansson *efforts to maximize one's work capabilities *Get training to keep up and polish skills

compensation

abraham and hansson efforts to create a positive impression by downplaying deficiencies and presenting oneself in a positive light *Try to make weaknesses less visible *Try to make accomplishments more visible

substance abuse vs. dependence

abuse refers to a behavior pattern, dependence refers to a physiological or psychological addiction.

Acceptance

accepting fate

What is the difference between active and passive euthanasia?

active- deliberately ending someone's life through some sort of intervention or action based on clear statement of wishes made by someone w/ legal authority passive- ending someone's life by withholding available treatment

Coping

adaptive behavior designed to reduce or relieve stress. mental health highly reliant on coping abilities

internal validity

addresses the true causes of the outcomes observed in a study. Strong internal validity indicates not only a reliable measure of the independent and dependent variables but also a compelling justification that causally links the independent variables to the dependent variables. ex. A study has this when the results found are known to be due to the treatment given and not due to other factors.

cohort-sequential design

age effects and cohort effects are separated by repeating longitudinal studies with two or more cohorts.

What are the most common themes in McAdams' life stories? What do the terms mean?

agency (reflecting power, achievement, and autonomy) and communion (reflecting love, intimacy, sense of belonging)

problem-focused coping strategies

aim to deal with and minimize problem that is source of stress. Sylvia's actions are all based on finding ways of dealing with the problem of her arthritis.

emotion-focused coping strategies

aim to deal with emotional effects of a problem, but not the problem itself. Lawrence's actions where he expresses his negative emotions is an example of an emotion-focused coping strategy

sensory training

aimed at improving one or more of the senses, generally to compensate for losses in other senses. Anita's sensory training is improving her use of sight and touch to make up for her declining sense of balance.

What is the difference between Alienation and Burnout?

alienation- situation in which workers feel they are doing is meaningless and their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection btw what they do and the final product Burnout- the depletionn of a person's energy and motivation, the loss of occupational idealism, and the feeling of being exploited

External validity

allows a study to make general conclusions about the population as a whole ex. A study has external validity when the results found with the people studied can be assumed to be representative of the results that would be found with people in general.

Life satisfaction

also known as morale refers to how positively individuals judge their lives.

Bipolar disorder

alternate between periods of depression and periods of mania; extreme mood swings

hospice care

an alternative to acute medical intervention Most people say they prefer to die at home More than 46% of individuals will die in hospitals or other medical facilities emphasis on palliative treatment emphasis on quality over quantity of life Administered by a team of professionals Spiritual, psychological, and social support are also provided for patients and families 3,300 hospice programs in U.S. (2007) Recognized benefit under medicare and medicaid Pays for more than 85% of hospice services Cant be seeking cure-oriented treatment Have the right to withdraw and change their minds to pursue life-prolonging measures Emphasizes quality over quantity of life After death of patient, hospice provides emotional support to families

normative history-graded influence

an event that people experience at the same time. ex. great depression

AIDS dementia complex

an expected part of the progress of the disease; proteins produced by HIV destroy neurons, which results in dementia; cannot be prevented

Understand the socioemotional selectivity theory

argues social contact is motivated by a variety of goals, including information seeking, self- concept, and emotional regulation. Each goal is deferentially at different points of adult life and results in different social behaviors.

structured interview

asks the same questions of every person interviewed asking the questions or through a written questionnaire

mature adaptive mechanisms

associated with high life satisfaction, positive mental health, general happiness, and healthy adjustment.

environmental model of coping

assumes that an individual's coping ability is based on number of stressful events that occurred and degree of stress with each event; greater the # of events that have occurred and the greater their stress level, the lower the individual's coping ability. An individual is given a list of stressful events and asked to select all those that have occurred in the last 12 month

What does marriage satisfaction look like over time? How do middle aged and older couples differ in terms of emotional expression?

at the start of the marriage the satisfaction is high, by the first birth it decreases, and plummets with the adolescence of the children, with the launching of the children and retirement the satisfaction rises again.middle aged adults are emotional divorced, OA they have decreased potential for conflict for pleasures, similiar mental and physical health

Spoiler Effect

attitudes and behavior carry over from work to family and vice versa

attitudes towards death

attitudes can very for a persons age People view the death of a child or YA as a catastrophic event Feelings of a sense of injustice when a child dies Tendency to think death of an OA is sad but acceptable Feelings of loss but acceptable - less tragic Tendency for medical teams to treat YA more aggressively than OA Younger generation represents societies future and have more contributions to make

What is the most common phobia among older adults? a. Claustrophobia b. Agoraphobia c. Thanatophobia (fear of dying) d. Dementophobia

b. Agoraphobia

Pragmatic types of abilities

based on acquired knowledge and include verbal meaning and numerical ability generally either stable or increase throughout adulthood. ususally very old age that they start to decline74yrs

Taste buds

become less sensitive with age

major cause of death for women

between 45 and 64 is cancer; most common breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer.

What dimensions of issues/ tasks did Corr identify in the process of grieving one's own death?

bodily needs, psychological security, interpersonal attachments, and spiritual energy and hope

________ is the fastest growing mental disorder in later life. a.Depression b. Generalized Anxiety Disorder c. Alcoholism d. Phobia

c. Alcoholism

According to the textbook, what is the term used to describe a family that has four or five living generations? a. Extended family b. Nuclear family c. Beanpole family d. Blended family

c. Beanpole family

_________ is the most common mental disorder in later life. a. Schizophrenia b. Anxiety c. Depression d. Alcoholism

c. Depression

Coherence, assimilation, structure, and truth are all characteristics of which of the following? a. Personality b. Stress c. Life story d. Self-schemas

c. Life story

Nutrition deficits

can be a cause of cognitive impairment, especially memory loss. a lack of glucose and a lack of zinc can cause individuals to experience symptoms of dementia

side effects of medication

can lead to short term changes in cognition, with memory, attention, perception, and language often affected. This most commonly occurs for older individuals.

termination phase

can occur when the retirement role no longer suits their needs. May get a part-time job

anticipatory grief

can reduce the grief that occurs with death, prepare a person for the loss, and help a person to cope better. refers to symptoms of grief that are experienced while the individual dying remains alive

What are the roots of Social Cognitive Career Theory (who influenced it with their social cognitive theory)?

career choice is a result of the concept self efficacy(influenced by Bandura's social cognitive theory)

Vascular dementia

caused by a series of strokes that cause damage to the brain. onset is generally rapid and the specific symptoms observed depend on the areas of the brain that are damaged.

Time-of-measurement effects

caused by events that have happened at or around the time that data is taken

osteoporosis

caused by severe calcium loss, effects around a quarter of the women over 60, and leads to bone fractures and curvature of the spine. bones become porous, making them thin and brittle most common in women 25% women over age 60 having the disease.

Presbyopia

caused by stiffening of the muscles around the lens of the eye and makes it difficult to see close objects clearly. most common eye problem for people aged over 40 and makes it difficult to see close objects clearly.

Rheumatoid arthritis

causes destruction of the joint tissue. It typically occurs between ages 25 and 54 and is most common in women.

climacteric period

change that occurs as a woman approaches menopause. also known as perimenopause or "change of life." menstruation becomes irregular, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, and various physical symptoms are often experienced including hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes

What changes during midlife?

changes are when people are supposed to take a good look at themselves and attain a much better understanding of who they are. Those who suffer from a crisis may be experiencing general problems of psychopathology. The crisis is no different than any other period in life but rather its a midlife correction

Normative changes in memory

changes that occur as part of the normal process of aging. exs. Forgetting a shopping list, false memories of the details of a past event, and difficulty completing a complex task

Delirium

characterized by changes in consciousness and cognition that occur within a short period of time. can affect attention, memory, personality, mood, perception, and language. diagnosis of delirium is often focused on eliminating depression and dementia as causes of the symptoms. differs from dementia and depression because individuals typically have problems with perception, such as experiencing illusions, delusions, and hallucinations. These symptoms are rarely present in cases of dementia and depression.

disenchantment stage

characterized by disappointment, boredom, and the awareness that one's expectations have not been fulfilled.

friends

closely linked to enjoyment of life and life satisfaction

Positive morale

closely linked to religious activities, which can include organized, informal, and spiritual activities.

sequential design

combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. example is repeating a longitudinal study using several different cohorts provide the best information not commonly used = high costs , length of time needed, and high level of complexity.

Schaies "most efficient design"

combining cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time-lag designs. people in five cohorts are measured five times, with each measurement taken ten years apart.

Death anxiety

commonly managed by either avoiding death or challenging death avoidance- no attending funerals or visiting sick relatives. challenging death-engages in risky behaviors.

Heterocyclic antidepressants, or HCAs

commonly used antidepressant medications not suitable for older individuals because the drug interferes with medication taken to reduce hypertension (high blood pressure).

cross sectional research

comparing the personality characteristics of individuals in two or more age groups

implicit theories of wisom

conceptions laypeople have about wisdom

Baltes and his colleagues

conceptualized wisdom as a highly valued form of pragmatic intelligence; Baltes found that in tests of pragmatic intelligence, older adults can function in the top range. wisdom is a special type of expert knowledge. It is gained through experiencing life and coming to understand the human condition, which leads to good judgment.

Schaie's studies

conducted a longitudinal study into adult intelligence using over 5000 people over the lifespan have found that primary mental abilities generally increase until around age 40, stabilize between 40 and 60, and decrease after age 60

sensory retraining therapy

consists of activities and exercises that stimulate kinesthetic, proprioceptive, tactile, visual, auditory, and olfactory receptors (e.g., recognizing odors such as cinnamon) • derive from the field of early childhood education, where sensory contact and stimulation are considered essential for development

Pet Therapy

constant companionship tends to reduce feelings of isolation and loneliness, especially for older adults who have limited social contact enhance health and stimulate an interest in life and my enhance social interaction in cognitively impaired persons.

change in productivity.

creative output typically peaks between ages 35 and 45, and then declines after this point. decline in the quantity of work produced will be accompanied by an increase in the quality of work produced because of the individual having more experience, insight, and wisdom

time-sequential design

cross-sectional studies are repeated at one or more different times. This separates age and time of measurement.

mourning

culturally patterned ways of behaving and rituals following a loss Participating in memorial services, dressing in certain kinds of clothing, and behaving in socially acceptable ways

What is the busy ethic? a. A way in which older adults adapt to retirement b. Transfer of work ethic into productive/useful activities c. Something that does not help one be successful in retirement d. Answers A and B

d. Answers A and B

Which of the following is positively associated with wisdom? a. Age b. Experience c. Insight d. Both B & C

d. Both B & C

When it comes to older adults, which of the following is NOT considered an emotional effect of stress? a. Increase in dementia b. Increase in suicide c. Increase in disability d. Increase in depression

d. Increase in depression

According to neo-piagetians which stage transcends logic and occurs in later life? a. Preoperational b. Operational c. Formal operational d. Postformal thought

d. Postformal thought

A secure retirement, also known as the three legged stool, consists of which of the following three qualities? a. Social security, pension, and second career b. Social security, personal savings, and part-time work c. Pension, part-time work, and personal savings d. Social security, pension, and personal savings

d. Social security, pension, and personal savings

_______ most likely to retire early, whereas ______ are least likely to retire. a. White men; Black men b. Black men; White men c. Black men; women d. White men; women

d. White men; women

framing effects ( other factors related to decision making )

decisions are influenced by the language used to describe the available options

testosterone

declines around age 40 and continuing gradually throughout the remainder of the lifespan.

immune system

declines as people age; increased risk of cancer, susceptibility to bacteria and viruses, and longer illness recovery times

Clinical death

defined as a lack of heartbeat and respiration old criteria used to determine death

explicit theories of wisdom

definitions of wisdom proposed by researchers

decision making

degree of integration between emotion and logic typically increases with age, which makes an individual better able to make decisions in everyday life. increase in effectiveness occurs because decisions are being made based on emotional and social concerns and not just logical.

Know the difference between delirium and dementia

delirium- is characterized by a disturbance or consciousness and a change in cognition that develop over a short period of time (caused by medical conditions) dementia- a family disease characterized by cognitive decline (Alzheimer's most common)

Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome

demonstrate permanent short-term memory loss. They are unable to remember new information for more than a few seconds. fill in memory gaps with fabricated or imagined data which is called confabulation.

Be able to differentiate between Kubler-Ross' Stages of Grief

denial- shock and disbelief anger- hostility, resentment, frustration, envy bargaining- ppl looking for a way out or set timetable depression- when one can longer deny the illness acceptance- the person accepts the death, seems detached from world but at peace

coping strategy

depends on the personal resources available, with these including health, social support, and material resources. limited by personal constraints, such as psychological problems, and environmental constraints, such as being in a nursing home setting where there is limited social contact. Ex. if an individual is in poor health, lacks financial resources, and has limited social support, he or she might select a psychotic adaptive mechanism because they feel unable to face problems and deal with them in any other way.

behavior therapy

depressed people experience too few rewards or reinforcements from their environment. include positive reinforcement, assertiveness training, systematic desensitization, and flooding goal is to increase good things that happen and minimize the negative.

Raynor's Theory

describes people's perceptions of their career paths as being either contingent or noncontingent. Contingent-success determined by their own actions, noncontingent-people do not see any hope of success

Raynor's theory

describes people's perceptions of their career paths as being either contingent or noncontingent. Contingent-success determined by their own actions, noncontingent-people do not see any hope of success

longitudinal research design

detects changes within each person

cartilage in joints

deteriorates from around age 20 leads to aching joints and arthritis.

Secondary aging

development changes that are caused by disease, lifestyle choices, and other environmental effects.

Erikson

development theory states that there are eight stages of development, with each stage based on a struggle between two opposing factors.

Age effects

differences caused by biological, psychological, or social changes referred to as being based on chronological age

Cohort effects

differences caused by the unique experiences linked to the time that one lives. In this case, the cohort effect occurs because people born in 1950 have generally completed less education than people born in 1980. This means that the results of the study are not known to be only due to age-related intelligence differences. Education is a common cohort effect in studies of intelligence.

What behavior technique has proven effective in reducing difficult behaviors in Alzheimer's patients? How does it work?

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, works when you substitute and then reinforce another behavior

Working memory

differs from short-term memory because it is active memory, not passive memory. process of holding info and using that info to complete some type of task. decline is greatest when the complexity of the task is greatest. may actually be caused by a reduction in the speed of processing. A slower speed of processing means that individuals have to hold information in memory for longer. This reduces the working memory capacity, which could account for the observed decline in working memory.

Trait models of personality

divide personality into basic elements based on emotions, temperaments, and behaviors assume that behavior is a predictable measure of a person's personality.

early retirement

do so because of health problems are also less likely to work part-time in retirement.

durable power of attorney in health care matters

document designating who will make health-care decisions when a person is unable to do so Separate from living will Designates a trusted individual to make health care decisions The will, living will, and durable power of attorney in are all documents OA can use to plan for a time when they are unable to make important decisions about property or medical care.

will

document stating how individuals want their property distributed upon their death Person must be of sound mind Can be changed as long as mind remains sound Signing must be witnessed by the specified number required by state law Witnesses cant have personal interest in the will Depending on the state, handwritten or typed Names an executor who will carry out the business of collecting the property of the deceased Notify those who will receive it If no executor, court appoints an administrator Dying intestate - dying without a testament stating their wishes Property is distributed according to state law Also may specify type of funeral or memorial Burial or cremation

living will

document stating the medical intervention individuals would choose if they become incapable of doing so Do they want medical intervention to prolong life? Advance directive - the individuals wishes for his or her own end-of-life care instructs physicians and family members about a patients wishes Artificially prolonging the dying process May request to withhold certain types of interventions but not others Also has information for which palliative (pain-reducing) treatments they wish to receive Competent adults have the right to refuse medical treatment

muscle tissue

does decline with age, it produces only a slight loss in strength; the size and power of all muscle tissues decrease.

dying and death

due to modern life-support technology, its now harder to detect when the exact moment of death occurs Life-sustaining treatments (LTSs) can prolong life even when patients are at deaths door Mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition Can be costly; important to consider duration and quality of life

Jung's theory of personality

each part of a person's personality must be balanced; states that every part of a person's personality will be expressed by some means, whether as a normal expression, a neurotic expression, or an expression in a dream every person has two orientations. Extraversion- concern with outside world. introversion concern with one's inner world. both must be balanced forfull psychological health. introversion increases with age; extraversion higher when younger better feminine-masculine balance as we age

How do the components of love change over time when in a relationship?

early in romantic relations, passion is usually high whereas intimacy and commitment are low (infatuation). If adults focus on infatuation more in the beginning they will divorce rather than ppl who spend time together. Commitment is maintains while passion and intimacy end

children

education is a key predictor of when a woman will have her first child.

selection- abraham and Hansson

efforts to restrict or narrow one's range of work activities *Don't spread self too thin *Learn to delegate responsibilities

Brain death

eight criteria. complete lack of spontaneous movement in response to any stimuli, no respirations, no response to pain, no eye movements, no postural activity, no motor reflexes, a flat ECG for 10 minutes, and no change in any of the criteria 24 hours after first meeting them. standard for determining medical death.

Super's eight

eight stages of career development are crystallization, specification, implementation, establishment, consolidation, maintenance, deceleration, and retirement

Loevinger

eight stages of ego development, six of which can occur in adulthood. conformist, conscientious-conformist, conscientious, individualistic, autonomous, and integrated.

remote grandparenting style

emotionally distant Formal, often live far from grandchildren

Know the definitions of end-of-life issues and the final scenario?

end of life -management of the final phase of life -after death disposition of their body -memorial services -distribution of assets final scenario - making such choices known about how they do and do not want their lives to end

Unemployment

especially sudden unexpected unemployment, is a significant source of stress particularly for middle-aged males. financial impact and the impact on self-concept and self-esteem.

nature-nurture debate

examines how much of one's development is shaped by nature, a person's genes, and how much is shaped by the environment (experience).

Parkinson's disease

extreme decline in levels of dopamine (brain chemical that controls motor movement) causes tremors (major symptom of the disease)

disenchantment (atchley)

feelings of emotional let-down, boredom, or even depression

Behavioral genetics

field of study that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relationship between heredity and experience in human development. Research has consistently revealed that both genes and upbringing, both nature and nurture, play major roles in human development.

Resolution

final stage of grief; occurs when the individual starts to resume a normal life

Neugarten and Weinstein

five grandparenting styles formal, fun seeker, distant, surrogate, and dispenser of family wisdom. formal style is the most common.

Costa & MCrae

five-factor model divides personality into five domains, with several traits in each domain most influential trait theory.

Costa and McCrae

five-factor model divides personality into five domains, with several traits in each domain most influential trait theory. found that personality is stable for people based on the five domains concluded that personality takes its developed form between ages 21 and 30 and then remains stable throughout the lifespan.

Fluid intelligence

flexible and adaptive thinking processes, not from prior knowledge measures a person's ability to process new information, make inferences, and apply abstract thinking. Ex. 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds are given a series of tests where they have to find the number that goes next in a given sequence. The 30 year olds complete the tests more quickly and more accurately. This test shows the decline in fluid intelligence that occurs throughout adulthood. ; mazes, puzzles, sequences

open-ended interview

flexible interview where the interviewer is able to alter topics and ask new questions based on the subjects responses.

Biological theories of depression

focus primarily on genetic predisposition and neurotransmitter changes

Hospice Care

focuses on palliative care

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

formal operational thought is the last stage of cognitive development occurs in adolescence formal operational thought is the basis of thinking throughout adulthood. involves thinking on a step-by-step basis where the goal is to arrive at one correct answer.

Vaillant

four adaptive mechanisms describing a certain way that individuals interact and cope with the environment. mature, neurotic, immature, and psychotic

alcohol dependence or abuse

four major symptoms craving, impaired control, physical dependence, and tolerance most common mental illness for men between the ages of 18 and 64. alcohol abuse and dependence affects around 7 percent of Americans. two of the main mental health problems in America

adulthood 7th stage

generativity versus stagnation middle adulthood 40 to 65 adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them; often by having children or contributing to positive changes that benefit other people.

Genetic aging

genetically controlled hormonal changes leading to immune system breakdown, which in turn leads to increased health problems.

euthanasia

gentle and easy death, action of inducing death passive euthanasia Withholding action that would sustain a patients life active euthanasia Taking action to induce a patients death Administering legal injection

What is the difference between the glass ceiling and the glass elevator/ escalator?

glass ceiling- the level to which a woman may rise in an organization but beyond which they may not go glass elevator- traditionally female occupants men may rise much faster than female counterparts

remotivation therapy

goal is to recreate interest in life, encourage individuals to interact socially, and reduce excessive introspection. used for adults who have become disinterested in life and show little interest in interacting socially or taking part in any activity

formal style

grandparents are interested in the grandchild and play a role in the grandchild's life, but do not take on child rearing duties.

circulatory system

hardening of arterial walls occurs via calcification, which involves replacing the flexible tissue of the artery walls with less elastic collagen fibers. fat deposits and the less flexible heart and artery tissue cause greater resistance to blood flow, which increases blood pressure.

unintegrated style of aging.

have the most difficulty coping with aging. are disorganized, have trouble controlling their emotions, and have poor psychological functioning.

Cardiac reserve

heart's ability to pump faster in response to the body's needs.decreases as people age. not able to manage aerobic exercise as easily as younger people.

Women

high longevity due in part to the protective effects of having two X chromosomes, as well as to the beneficial health effects of female hormones; typically living 7 years longer

Women

high longevity due in part to the protective effects of having two X chromosomes; typically living 7 years longer

grandchildren.

high rate of divorce and the fact that grandparents are likely to be working are two of the main reasons that many grandparents do not develop strong intimate relationships with their grandchildren

Facets of Neuroticism in FFM

high scores indicate anxious peope. low scores indicate even tempered people Bolger and Schilling, 1991 Married individuals divided into high/low N groups record stressful events and moods Results: high N: more distressed, more stressors (like CH) greater distress in response to stressors

Selective attention

how a person chooses what information to focus on; the ability to separate relevant from irrelevant information. Numerous studies indicate that elderly people perform well on tests of both sustained and selective attention

Atchley's stages

identified seven stages of retirement. remote, near, honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, and termination.

Sternberg's triarchic theory

identifies elements of information processing, with each one useful in different situations 1. componential element 2. experiential element 3.contextual element.

reliability of a study

if a study provides a consistent measure of the effect or behavior it is studying ex. study is conducted and the results are found to be inconsistent;

lowest life expectancy

in the United States is the African American group; Diabetes is a more common cause of death among Black elders than in other racial and ethnic groups with the exception of American Indians. Genetic factors increase the risk of sickle cell disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes for African Americans.

What is reality shock? What does it look like?

in which what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly into the real world and does not represent all you need to know. (when a teacher prepares a lesson and the students look bored)

nervous system changes

include decreases in the number and size of neurons and increases in plaque and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain effects are slower &weaker responses; reduced cognitive functions body's ability to resist infection and disease is affected by decreased functioning of the immune system. decline in reflexes and response times. By age 70, knee jerk test is negative

Pragmatic intelligence

includes practical thinking, expertise, wisdom, and problem solving

Intergenerational ambivalence

incompatible interpersonal expectations between older adults and adult children resulting in psychological ambivalence (both positive and negative feelings about the same relationship) Clarke et al. (1999) Asked "what are some things on which you differed, or been disappointed about with your child/parent? Most common area of conflict OA reported was lifestyle chilces Most common area of conflict adult children reported was communication issues

sexual attitudes

increase in the acceptance of premarital sex and a reduction in the gap between what is considered acceptable behavior for men and women

alcohol use

increased risk of cirrhosis of the liver, heart failure, and nervous system damage & some cancers

Autoimmunity

increases as people age; thought to play an important role in causing mature-onset diabetes.

Marital satisfaction

increases initially, decreases during family years, and increases again in later life

Obesity

indicated by a high body mass index; skinfold measurement in the 85th percentile.

social clock theory

individual's life satisfaction measured by if they perceive they have achieved what is expected of them by a certain age. Sharon's low life satisfaction is based on her perception that she should be retired and have grandchildren by now.

individualistic stage

individualistic stage

psychotic adaptive mechanisms

individuals deny reality, distort reality, and refuse to acknowledge changes and problems. ex. Maree refuses to acknowledge the problems and her family members describe her as refusing to accept reality

limited cohabitation

individuals live together for convenience, companionship, financial reasons, and for sexual accessibility marriage is not the goal of cohabitation.

disengagement theory,

individuals withdraw more from society as they age, with self-involvement and introspection replacing social involvement. generally considered to be inaccurate and flawed.

Crystallized intelligence

information and knowledge that people acquire throughout their lifetime remains stable throughout the life span. older adults are very good at defining words, answering questions that rely on general world knowledge, detecting spelling errors, and carrying out skills related to jobs that they held for many years. ex. 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds are given a vocabulary test and a general knowledge test. The 60 year olds perform better than the 30 year olds. This shows the increase in crystallized intelligence that typically occurs as people age. exs.tested based on vocabulary, general knowledge, word associations, and social dilemmas. generally increases significantly throughout the lifespan, as the results of the test described indicate.

Procedural memory or nondeclarative memory

information related to skills, habits, and actions. Sally's ability to remember how to knit and crochet occurs because it is a skill. Procedural memory does not normally decline with age

Neugarten four major styles of aging

integrated, armor-defended, passive-dependent, and unintegrated.

old age 8th stage

integrity vs. despair accepting one's life & achievements vs feeling regret about one's life and achievements achieving integrity allows a person to develop the virtue of wisdom (an understanding of the meaning of life)

Abnormal grief

intense feelings of guilt; can also lead to depression. part of normal grief, but may continue for a longer time. common when individuals experience excessive feelings of guilt, preventing accepting the loss and reaching closure.

behavior therapy

interventions to modify behaviors that could have a negative effect on the quality of an older adult's life • unacceptable behavior can affect the way OA are treated • may be excluded by fellow residents and responded to negatively by staff members • gather information about the OA's reinforcement history and analyze the reinforcement contingencies that already exist • Behavioral interventions hold great promise for boosting older adults' feelings of personal control and self-esteem

Be familiar with different assessment methods. What is considered the most effective form?

interview, self report, reports by others, direct observation, performance based assessment. The most effective is the multidimensional assessment

young adulthood 6th stage

intimacy versus isolation individual attempts to form a successful intimate relationship with someone else

Automatic cognitive processes

involuntary, require little or no attention, interfere minimally with concurrent cognitive processes, and may operate without awareness.

Postformal thought

involves accepting that there is not just one correct answer, understanding the need for a solution to be realistic, accepting ambiguity, and realizing that emotion plays a role in thinking. involves a shift from problem solving to problem finding.

Complex reaction time

involves many decisions, many stimuli, and many possible responses. Complex reaction time declines the most with age

Choice reaction time

involves more than one stimulus and a different response to each one.declines moderate amount with age

infantilization

involves treating an elderly individual like a child Unwarranted use of an older persons first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory, and cajoling

Hayflick limit

is around 50 for humans; the number of times that a cell can divide before dying. a type of biological clock, limiting human life to about 110 years.

Dementia

is not one illness but a term referring to a group of diseases that have similar symptoms dementias all involve cognitive, behavioral, and memory deficits, though the types of deficits and their causes differ for each disease in elderly individuals is often overestimated. mistaking normative age changes for symptoms of dementia less than 1 percent of the individuals with dementia being under age 65 8 percent of the people aged over 65.

age change

is seen when one person is tested at different times in their development Research focuses on understanding age change, not age difference.

age difference

is seen when two different people are tested at different times of their development.

Hearing loss

is typically gradual between ages 25 and 40, but accelerates after this point.

Know the role of spiritual support and religion on health and self- esteem for older adults

it gives older adults a way to cope and in better physical and mental health, helps them deal with challenges in life, when they rely on spiritual support they have better well being

Low preoccupation

key factor present for individuals who manage divorce well and maintain reasonable postdivorce relationships. tend to move on and establish their own new life, while often maintaining a reasonably positive relationship with the former partner.

heart disease

leading cause of death for people aged over 65 40% ; next highest cause of death is cancer 21%; stroke 8%

Chronic stress

leads to suppression of the immune system, which makes people more susceptible to illnesses.

simple reaction time,

least decline; involves one response to one stimulus

Hispanic Americans

least likely to have health insurance; tend to benefit the least from medical treatments due to the late diagnosis of conditions; trends are blamed on poverty, language barriers, and low education levels.

What should you not do when someone is grieving?

leave them alone, dont isolate

activity theory,

life satisfaction is positively related to remaining socially active. the greater their life satisfaction and the better they cope with aging.

Levinson

life-structures theory a person's life is built around their life structure & it is an underlying pattern, based on whatever the person finds most important at that stage of their life. referred to his stages as phases each phase linked by transitional period where people reevaluate their life structure

Levinson's

life-structures theory a person's life is built around their life structure & it is an underlying pattern, based on whatever the person finds most important at that stage of their life. referred to his stages as phases each phase linked by transitional period where people reevaluate their life structure half of lives in the transitional periods between phases. These are times of reevaluation and can include crises.

Rate of living theories

link the length of the lifespan to metabolism by suggesting that the body can only perform a certain amount of work or expend a certain amount of energy. With this view, the higher the rate of metabolism, the shorter the lifespan.

advance directives

living wills, durable powers of attorney, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders and organ and tissue donor cards. o not go into effect until the person is unable to make his or her own healthcare decisions

biographical approach to studying creativity

looking at the lives of people who are creative in an attempt to understand how creativity developed, why creativity developed, and what factors influenced creativity.

correlational study

looks at the relationship between two variables to determine if there is a relationship between the two. do not show cause-and-effect relationships between the two factors. a strong correlation doesn't always mean that one of the factors caused the change in the other factor.

wisdom

made up of three facets intrapersonal wisdom, interpersonal wisdom, and transpersonal wisdom. These three facets of wisdom are created via contemplation

What distinguishes "normal" from "abnormal"/ prolonged grief?

main difference is that abnormal has excessive crying

Accidents

major cause of death for individuals aged between 25 and 44

timing-of-events model

major life events act as markers of development and people develop based on whether or not key events happen when they are expected to.

Parkinson's disease.

major symptoms of Parkinson's disease are physical and include tremors, stiffness, and slow movement. However, dementia is linked to Parkinson's disease and is thought to be present in around 20 to 60 percent of cases.

Biological failure

may occur via programmed senescence, which is where certain genes switch off at genetically determined times.

accommodative identity style.

means of adapting to change, which involves constantly adapting their self-concept based on new information. Aaron's actions where he is always noticing signs of age and altering his self-concept to reflect the changes can lead to premature aging, a balance between accommodation and assimilation considered a more effective style.

assimilative identity style

means of adapting to change, which involves making new information fit into the old self-concept. exs. Jenna's actions where she denies the changes occurring, makes excuses for changes, and minimizes any signs of change

confounding

means that there are two are more factors that could be responsible for the observations made.

Vital capacity

measure of how much air can be inhaled and expelled in one breath gradual decline from around age 20 and declines more rapidly from age 40

functional age.

measure of how well a person functions physically and socially as compared to other people of the same chronological age

Social age

measure of how well people's behavior match the norms associated with their age.

Biological age

measures how far a person has progressed along his or her potential lifespan; Lifestyle, diet, and internal and external influences effect this

Psychological age

measures how well people are able to adapt to a changing environment. measure of the capacity to modify the environment.

Reaction time

measures mental processing speed and declines with age

marriage

men often feel a higher level of marriage satisfaction than women Men tend to have expectations that women find easy to meet, such as expecting companionship, practical help, and sex. Women tend to have expectations that men find difficult to meet, such as expecting emotional intimacy and sharing of feelings.

Cognitive therapy

method of treating depression teaching a person to recognize automatic negative thoughts, question them, and correct them

Whitbourne

model of personality development describes how individuals adapt to changes in the self by assimilation and accommodation.

Whitbourne's model

model of personality development describes how individuals adapt to changes in the self by assimilation and accommodation.

What extra risks do older adults face when it comes to alcohol consumption and alcoholism?

moderate amounts could experience dangerous interactions with medications taken and they metabolize alcohol more slowly meaning it remains in the bloodstream much longer

blended family

more challenges and issues to deal with. higher divorce rate of second marriages.

blurred transition

more common, where individuals have periods of employment and unemployment and gradually enter retirement.

Single individuals

more freedom, flexibility commonly report loneliness, lack of a social life, and a low sense of security as negative effects of their decision. Men tend to remain single longer during young adulthood, but are less likely to remain unmarried.

sleep apnea

more likely to have high blood pressure and have a higher risk of heart disease and strokes. can occur over 25 times a night.

conscientious-conformist level

most adults in American society; Developmentally, this is the stage when people first have an internalized sense of right and wrong and are aware of their own motives as well as those of others

Prostate cancer

most common form of cancer in men and breast cancer is the most common form in women

Presbycusis

most common hearing problem experienced and refers to a reduction in the ability to hear high-pitched tones. By age 75, 50% of all adults have presbycusis.

prescription drug abuse

most common in older adults older adults most likely to take prescription drugs, especially pain management drugs. People over 65 buy 30% of all prescription drugs and 40% of all over-the-counter drugs use more drugs than any other age group in the US population

Dysphoria

most common symptom of depression; involves feeling down. Not all persons experience this symptom older adults the least likely to.

Alzheimer's disease

most common type of dementia; a progressive and fatal type of dementia in which an individual progressively loses cognitive ability, starting with the loss of memories and ultimately ending in complete helplessness Around 70 percent of individuals with dementia Large numbers of neuritic plaques in the brain plaques consist of beta-amyloid, a sticky snippet of a larger protein, amyloid precursor protein.

5 domains

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

lungs

new alveoli until about age 20; After that, the lungs begin to lose tissue number of alveoli decreases, and there is a corresponding decrease in lung capillaries lungs also become less elastic due to various factors including the loss of a tissue protein called elastin. cartilage in the trachea, bronchial tubes, and rib cage all start to calcify and harden, which makes breathing more difficult.

correlation of zero

no relationship between the two variables

Glaucoma and cataracts

non-normative changes in vision caused by disease

mature-onset diabetes

normally develops after age 30 and the risk increases as people age.

Cognitive performance at anytime in lifespan is a function of what three components?

o Baseline Capacity o Baseline Reserve Capacity o Developmental Reserve capacity

Bona Fide, Occupational, Qualification

o Cannot perform their occupations based on age, pregnancy, or gender o Working for UPS may say that age could inhibit your ability to work o Army and national guard can discriminate based on age o Neuro-surgeons o Law enforcement or fire fighters

Dr. Jack Kevorkian/ "Dr. Death"

o Conducted over 100 physician assisted suicides from 1989 to his imprisonment in 1999

Dual-Process Theory of Bereavement

o Deal with sadness o Deal with life changed

The Old Theory of Bereavement

o Death should be "worked through" o Grief that goes on for more than a year is abnormal

Death of Spouse

o Higher mortality risk, anxiety, depression o Widowhood effect is greater for men

The New Theory of Bereavement

o Keep deceased as an active mental presence o Keeping possessions is not abnormal

Role Strain Model

o Work and family are inevitably in conflict o Higher work involvement, lower family involvement

Cohort effects

occur when people in a study are from different generations; causes changes in development

Sensory changes

occurring due to hearing loss can lead to emotional problems including social isolation and paranoia over 75 48% men and 37% women experience hearing difficulties 3 out of 5 do not use hearing aids believing that their hearing is not bad enough.

Factorial invariance

occurs because it is not always appropriate for the same measure to be used to test people of different ages. can cause validity problems in studies when the measure used to test people of different ages is not appropriate. For example, testing adult intelligence by asking individuals to complete physical tasks may not be appropriate for older adults, where physical limitations may impact the results.

shock and disbelief stage of grief

occurs immediately after bereavement. initial period of numbness, disbelief, and then sadness later in the stage.

Ecological validity

occurs in tests that are designed to test people's ability to manage and solve real-life tasks and problems. example is asking individuals to find the shortest route between two points using a road map.

clinical depression

occurs most commonly in young adulthood and becomes less likely throughout the lifespan

crisp transition

occurs when individuals stop work entirely and enter retirement abruptly least common type of transition.

Cortical death

occurs when the only part of the brain that operates is the brain stem, maintaining the heartbeat and respiration. cortex of the brain ceases functioning leaves individuals in a persistent vegetative state

expertise

older adults commonly drawing on their expertise to compensate for losses in other areas

How do older and younger mothers compare when it comes to parenting?

older mothers are more at ease being parents, spend more time with their babies are more affectionate, sensitive, and supportive

autonomic nervous system

older people typically having trouble regulating body temperature; more susceptible to hypothermia and hyperthermia.

Substance abuse problems

partly based on genetic influences, with an individual's genetics predisposing them to an abuse or addiction problem. However, an individual's psychology and environment also play a major part.

organismic perspective

people are seen as maturing and changing as they progress through set development patterns.

mechanistic perspective

people are viewed as reacting automatically to physical forces, as behaving in predictable ways, and as being a sum of their parts.

accommodation.

people change their self-concept to fit the new information.

assimilation

people fit new experiences into the old self-concept

cross-sectional design

people of different ages are tested at the same time. time-of-measurement is held constant (tests all subjects at the same time) Weakness: continuity of development is not observed and that cohort effects occur.

Gottman and Levenson report what differences in interaction of couples who divorce early or later in marriage?

people who divorce early on do so bc of increased leveld of negavtive feelings like contempt and criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling - people who divorce later on do so bc of absence of positive emotions

Recognition

people's ability to identify previously learned information from cues given declines with age, though not as significantly as recall.

Recall

people's ability to remember information without being given cues declines significantly with age

older European Americans

percentage decrease from 2000 through to 2100 as the number of older adults in ethnic groups increases more rapidly. will increase slowly from 2000 to 2100 trend of a decrease.

biggest ethnic change

percentage of Hispanics aged over 65 more than doubling to 16 percent by 2050. Hispanics, African Americans, and Asian/Pacific Islanders will increase significantly from 2000 to 2100

correlation of -1

perfect negative relationship (as one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice-versa).

correlation of 1

perfect positive relationship (both variables increase or decrease together)

age discrimination in employment

perry Perry et al (1996) *Investigated how undergraduate business administration students evaluate young vs older job applicants (all with equal qualifications) *Young job (selling CDs & tapes) or old job (selling stamps & coins) *Students with preexsisting bias against OA gave OA applicants lower evaluations than those without bias *Gave higher evaluations to OA who were applying for old type job *Age discrimination on the job

active euthanasia.

person's life is deliberately ended via some type of medical intervention or action Lethal drug overdose and turning off the life support system

Know the different types of elder abuse and neglect, know examples

physical abuse (bodily injury), sexual abuse (sexual contact of any kind), emotional/ psychological abuse (infliction of pain), financial(illegal or improper use of funds), abandonment(desertion), neglect(refusal to fulfill any obligation), self- neglect(behaviors that threaten OA own life)

Elder abuse

physical abuse, emotional abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, and self-neglect. 60% Neglect refers to either the failure or refusal to provide for the physical and psychological needs of the elder.

surrogate parent

played primarily by grandmothers and often develops when the mother works outside the home. This role is common when the mother is unmarried.

Menopause

point where a woman's ovaries stop releasing eggs and usually occurs between ages 45 and 55.

Ageism

prejudiced beliefs, attitudes, or assumptions made about a person based on their age.

memory loss

prolonged use of alcohol and caffeine can lead to reduced memory ability. may be mistaken for an early sign of dementia

Holland's Theory

proposes that people express their personalities in making an occupational choice, individuals can be classified in terms of their similarity to six personality types.

Holland's theory

proposes that people express their personalities in making an occupational choice, individuals can be classified in terms of their similarity to six personality types.

Be familiar with what protections of Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) provides and to whom

protects people over the age of 40, the law states that ppl should be hired on their work ability not their age and cannot segregate or classify workers

What do friendships help us foster in old age?

provide a buffer against the losses of roles and status, increase ppl happiness and self esteem

older adults

quality of interpersonal relationships viewed as more important than quality of sexual relationships.

self-report questionnaire

questions test takers answer about themselves Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Check the traites that describe yourself Can be written or oral Includes "lie scales" Con: Self-disclosure; responses may not be accurate

IQ score

range between 70 and 130

What microscopic changes can be found in brains of Alzheimer's patients?

rapid cell death, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuritic plaques

What are the major reasons for older worker obsolescence and how can employers account for this and avoid letting workers go?

rapid changes in the natures of work, oblesence work are no longer useful - some corporations provide retraining opportunities for worker

Semantic autobiographical memory

recalling facts from ones past; less decline

episodic autobiographical memory

recalling the details of a specific event that occurred greater decline

olfactory receptors

reduced with age, which causes a loss in the sense of smell.

Regular moderate exercise

reduces the risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes

Palliative Care

reduction of symptoms

stage.

refers to a set of behaviors associated with a certain period of a person's development.

interpersonal wisdom

refers to empathy

Environmental mastery

refers to feeling like one can control external factors, make use of opportunities, and alter the environment to meet one's needs.

experiential element

refers to how people approach familiar and unfamiliar tasks

contextual element

refers to how people interact with their environment. most likely to decline with age. compensated for by making greater use of the experiential and contextual elements.

componential element

refers to how well people process information

intrapersonal wisdom,

refers to self-knowledge

transpersonal wisdom.

refers to the ability to seek spiritual growth

mourning

refers to the behaviors that take place; include the customs and rituals linked to culture. Rituals such as funerals, wakes help with coping

Explicit memory

refers to the conscious or intentional recollection of information requires effort, and normally declines with age.

Grief

refers to the feelings and emotions occurring after bereavement, defined as a process of active coping emphasizes work is involved, with grief a process of resolving issues, accepting the loss, adapting to life

Implicit memory

refers to the unconscious recollection of information that occurs without effort., riding bike, driving It does not normally decline with age.

Convergent thinking

refers to thinking that attempts to find the one right answer. intelligence tests require convergent thinking

Divergent thinking

refers to thinking that results in a range of unique possibilities creativity tests require divergent thinking. divergent thinking peaks in the 30s and declines after age 40.

validity

refers to whether the method measures what it was intended to measure. ex.study is conducted and it is found that the results do not measure what the researchers thought they measured

What different skills do grandparents pass on, according to the text?

religious, social, and vocational values

Mechanic types of abilities

require info processing or cognitive abilities, include reasoning, verbal ability, spatial orientation, and perceptual speed. steady decline across adulthood and accelerated decline in old age.

Effortful processing

requires all of a person's available attention capacity; Most of the tasks involving deliberate memory, such as learning the words on a list,

Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)

requires health care facilities inform patients about their rights to prepare advance directives stating their preferences for terminal care encourage discussions between patients and physicians regarding end-of-life care preferences, thus facilitating patient autonomy

social security in retirement.

retirees most likely to struggle financially include single women, racial minorities, and individuals with poor education

classic aging pattern

scores on the performance scale of the IQ test decline significantly with age, while scores on the verbal scale fall only slightly.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

Cancer

second leading cause of death after diseases of the circulatory system, accounting for 27% of all deaths on average in 2004.

Alzheimers disease

severe, continual, and irreversible memory loss and effects all types of memory

thymus

shrinks. This results in less mature T-lymphocytes being released into the bloodstream, which reduces the body's ability to prevent infections.T-lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus. With the thymus shrinking with age, less T-lymphocytes are able to mature and this causes a decline in the immune system.

poverty

single largest contributor to the poor health of African Americans; leads to poor nutrition, inadequate and limited access to health care

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

skills needed to live independently in the community. IADLs are skills requiring some intellectual competence and planning. Ex. ability to shop for groceries, manage money, pay bills and perform light housework.

Religion

social and spiritual support linked to greater satisfaction in retirement plays the greatest supportive role in the lives of women and African Americans.

According to longitudinal research, following the death of a spouse the most important factor in long term outcomes of grieving is?

social support

Height

stable until the 50s; mid-50s to mid-70s men lose about 1 inch & women lose about 2 inches caused by changes in posture, loss of bone strength and compression of the spine.

estrogen and progesterone

start to decrease around age 40 as women move towards menopause.

bone loss

starts around age 30, increases during menopause, and leads to an increased risk of fractures after age 65 occurs as calcium stored in the bones is absorbed by the body but not replaced.

lens of the eye

starts to turn yellow; colors at the blue end of the light spectrum appear to fade the most and to merge into greens; may not be able to discriminate between shades of blue and between blues, greens, and violets.

Short-term memory

stores information, but can only store around seven chunks of info at once; does not decline significantly with age.

Sensory memory

stores initial info from the senses fades quickly unless it is processed shows little change over the lifespan.

"integrity versus despair"

struggle between feeling regret about one's life and feeling positive about one's life integrity=accept both what they have done with their life and their death.

Free radical theory

suggests that aging is caused by free radicals

Cross-linking theory

suggests that the formation of collagen links makes the tissues of the body stiffer and causes aging. explains how aging occurs in the heart, arteries, and the lens of the eyes.

young adulthood

tend to react most intensely to death. They feel intense emotions, often becoming enraged, and experience a deep sense of unfairness individuals in middle adulthood and late adulthood tend to be much less

personal fable

tendency of young adults to avoid thoughts of death refers to the belief that one is unique, special, and invincible.

Pseudodementia

term used to describe the cognitive impairment that occurs as a result of major depression includes memory loss, reduced cognitive ability, and difficulty concentrating.

time-lag design

tests different cohorts when members of the cohort are the same age age of the study subjects is held constant. Ex. first cohort has members born in 1930 and the second cohort has members born in 1940. Each cohort is tested when the members are 65. times for testing are chosen so that the subjects are the same age when tested.

What are the primary issues with assessing for depression in older adults?

that most of the scales are used to access depression were developed on younger and middle aged adults, they also assess physical symptoms

Problem finding

the ability to identify new problems. It often involves expanding thought on one problem to see the larger problem that exists. A shift from problem solving to problem finding is one of the changes that occurs as postformal thought develops.

grief

the affect, or emotional response, to bereavement

perceived age

the age that a person thinks of themselves as being

Average longevity

the age when half of the people born in a particular year are dead. measure of average life expectancy. steadily increasing since 1900 End of smallpox and polio resulted in a lower infant mortality rate led to a significant increase in life expectancy between 1900 and 1950.

median age of retirement

the chronological age by which 1/2 of the population have left the paid labor force but 1/2 still remain

episodic memory.

the explicit memory of events, and involves consciously remembering and recalling information from a certain point in time ex. 70 year olds and 30 year olds asked to remember a series of pictures and then list the pictures shown. The 30 year olds complete the task well, while the 70 year olds forget many of the pictures. This test shows a decline in episodic memory

Markus and Nurius (1986).

the ideal and ought-to-be concepts were referred to as "possible selves" Aspects of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming. human behavior seen as efforts to approach or avoid these various possible selves and to protect the current self-view.

Relativism

the realization that there is not just one correct answer and that how things are seen depends on one's viewpoint. first stage of developing postformal thought involves a change from rigid thought to more flexible thought includes the realization that how something is viewed depends on a person's viewpoint. generally develops in early adulthood.

bereavement

the situation and process of adjusting to the loss of a loved one

stereotype

the stereotype of expected hearing loss in older adults may cause older adults to believe they are experiencing it to a greater degree than they really are

Understand Holland's theory of how people choose their occupation

the theory proposes ppl choose occupations to optimize the fit between their individual traits and their occupational interests. 6 personality types have been identified (investigate, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, enterprising)

Understand exchange theory. Imagine how it would look in an actual relationship. What are other predictors of martial success?

the theory says marriage is based on each partner contributing something to the relationship the other would be hard- pressed to provide (fair exchange/ equality) - trust, consulting, honesty, commitment, common faith

Active life expectancy

the years of life up to the point where a person can no longer function independently

Gardner's theory

theory of multiple intelligences; states there are eight intelligences or talent, which differ from person to person and their pattern of development also differs from person to person linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Jung

theory of personality; each part of a person's personality must be balanced; states that every part of a person's personality will be expressed by some means, whether as a normal expression, a neurotic expression, or an expression in a dream every person has two orientations. Extraversion- concern with outside world. introversion concern with one's inner world. both must be balanced forfull psychological health. introversion increases with age; extraversion higher when younger better feminine-masculine balance as we age

ecological validity

those based on real life challenges or experiences. Older individuals typically perform better when tests have ecological validity and perform more poorly on laboratory test

Neugarten

timing-of-events model, major life events act as markers of development and people develop based on whether or not key events happen when they are expected to.

passive euthanasia.

treatment is withheld from patients, causing them to die withholding medical treatment, drugs, or food.

Defense mechanisms

unconscious strategies used to reduce anxiety include repression, suppression, rationalization, projection, and reaction formation Younger individuals more likely to use these methods to reduce anxiety.

Free radicals

unstable and highly reactive molecules that can cause tissue damage; produced in the body during metabolism

Electroconvulsive therapy, or shock therapy

used to treat severe depression rarely used in elderly patients due to the risk of heart attack has the quickest results in treating depression, followed by medications, and then by cognitive and behavioral therapies. best for when suicide ideas

longitudinal design

uses the same individuals as test subjects and tests them at various intervals throughout their lives. provides an account of the individual's development over time. cohort is held constant (same people are tested) Weakness: test practice effects may be seen, participant drop out, results may only apply to one cohort. results may not apply well to other cohorts

time-lag comparison

using Schaie's design compares how the people aged 60 tested in 1980, 1990, and 2000. allows time-lag comparison because researchers can compare each cohort when members of the cohort were the same age.

longitudinal comparison

using Schaie's design compares how the people in one cohort tested in 1980, 1990, and 2000 allows longitudinal comparison because researchers can look at how one cohort has changed over time.

cross-sectional comparison

using Schaie's design compares the five cohorts from the testing completed in 1990 Schaie's design allows cross-sectional comparison because researchers can look at how each of the five cohorts tested at one specific time.

emphsyema

usually occurs due to smoking, with over 80 percent of the people with the disease being smokers caused by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, which reduces the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

WAIS III,

verbal portion includes questions about general information, vocabulary, and arithmetic Performance questions include picture completion, symbol search, and picture arrangement.

Variable-rate theories of aging

view aging as an individual process that depends on both internal and external environments.

Genetic programming theories

view aging as occurring based on a sequence of events and a timetable built into the genes.

western cultures

view wisdom as being based on rational development

Eastern cultures

view wisdom as being based on spiritual development, rather than rational development.

contextual perspective

views people's behavior as occurring in context, where context is created from the past and creates the future. Strong emphasis on how people are affected by and how people change their environment

Flashbulb memories

vivid memories of some type of significant historical or personal event, usually occur between age 10-30

Depression

when bargaining is not working

positive correlation

when both factors increase or decrease together.

negative correlation

when one factor increases as the other decreases increase in the number of cigarettes a person smokes decreases the lifespan

Denial

when you find out that you're diagnosed with a terminal illness or if you have a family member/close friend

construct validity

whether a study measures what the study was designed to measure. ex. study of people of different ages to put together a puzzle/record time taken to complete. its later realized that the time taken was not a measure of intelligence but a measure of motor abilities

preretirement phase (atchley)

workers make remote and then more immediate plans for retirement

dependent life expectancy

years of life a person can live including the years the person will be dependent on others

Anger

you get upset that something like this could happen to you

Aggressive Care

you need to intervene to fix whatever is wrong

Voluntary Passive

you take away life-saving treatments/machines

How do younger and older adults differ with regards to possible selves?

young adults listed family concerns (marriage) as most important, for adults over 60 personal issues are most prominent like being active and healthy for a decade. Young adults have multiple selves and hoped for self success, older adults have less selves and are less likely to believe neither the hoped for nor the feared for self is under their personal control

problem solving

younger individuals are more likely to use the same strategy for similar problems, while older individuals are more likely to adjust the strategy based on the context of the problem.

Successful Aging

• Absence of disease • High physical and cognitive functioning • Engagement with life • Social support and involvement with others

delirium

• Acute physiological brain dysfunction with sudden onset (e.g., following surgery, etc.) • Confusion, disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, altered/ fluctuating consciousness • Difficulty focusing attention and may suffer from hallucinations • Disturbances of sleep-wake cycle,& disorientation • in a state of delirium are generally not in contact with the immediate environment • E.g. believe they are in a foreign country • Associated with sensory impairment • Or intoxication from medications or alcohol • Can result from malnutrition or electrolyte imbalance • Also by toxins produced by the body in response to renal or infections disorders Delirium falls into two categories: • Hyperactive or hypoactive • Hyperactive is associated with agitation and disruptive behavior • easy to detect • Hypoactive is characterized by lethargy • More common, but often overlooked by physicians • may be misdiagnosed as being depressed or as having dementia • Can be treated successfully once cause is identified • Symptoms reversed and individual has excellent chance of returning to a normal level of cognitive funtioning

Death of Parent

• Daughters have a more difficult time accepting when compared to sons

Advanced Directives

• Durable power of attorney for health care • Do not resuscitate order (DNR) • Do not hospitalize order (DNH) - specific to nursing homes • More likely to have DNR order if they're more than 75 years of age

pet therapy

• Having a person in whom one can confide one's deepest thoughts and fears has long been recognized as a buffer against the risk of depression • Pets can make up for the loss in social interactions with other OAs • Mental and physical benefits are associated with pet ownership • Associated with higher morale among single OA women • Moderates psychological stress for caregivers • Pet-facilitated therapy (PFT) • Pets visit an institutional environment • Or pet may be a permanent resident of the facility • not always certain that the pet is the direct cause of improvements in older adults' morale or level of social interaction • Introducing pets into an institutional environment may increase the morale of the staff, which could benefit the residents indirectly • Also, pets can make institutional environments more stimulating, which could provide an incentive for family members to visit

alzheimer's disease

• Irreversible brain disorder (not normal aging) develops over a period of years • initial symptoms of memory loss are often mistaken for age-related memory change • Early signs: • Complaints about misplacing objects, forgetting appointments, and forgetting names • Impairment in language, concentration, and judgment • Warning signs an OA may need evaluation: • Getting lost while traveling to a familiar location • Greater trouble finding words • Trouble remembering entire recent events or experiences • Complains about not seeing a movie in months when he went the day before Anxiety and anger can become a problem if OA confronts too difficult of a challenge • OA with depression tend to complain about difficulty with concentration, poor appetite, or sleep disturbance • those with AD usually deny having such problems • Comes on gradually, can continue 8, 10 years, or longer, with a steady downhill progression • May have severe agitation and psychotic symptoms • Delusions, hallucinations, and paranoid reactions • Mistake a spouse for a child or parent • May not recognize themselves in the mirror • Physical functions impaired - assistance needed with ADL • Families normally decide to place OA in nursing home with incontinence develops • If AD diagnosed after 80 - life expectancy is 3-4 yrs • If AD diagnosed younger than 80, life expectancy can be 10 years or longer • The immediate cause of death is often pneumonia or infection brought on by lack of mobility in the final stages of the illness • Diagnosis of AD becoming more accurate with techniques such as MRI and PET • Only certain diagnosis is with autopsy Formation of amyloid plaques l `Beta amyloid poisons neurons l Break off bits, clump, for plaques • Neurofibrillary tangles l Twisted fibers inside the neuron l Cause death of neuron

Challenges of Aging

• Memory loss • Not able to drive • A serious illness • Not sexually active • Feeling sad or depressed • Not feeling needed • Loneliness • Trouble paying bills • Being a burden • Young individuals assumed that more older individuals would experience these challenges than older adults actually did experience them • The largest gap of expectations and reality was between memory loss, a serious illness, and sexual activity

Physician Assisted Suicide

• Physician hands a lethal dose of medication to the patient for self-administration • Legal in Oregon and Washington • Euthanasia

The Psychometric Approach

• Spearman (1927) • g or general intelligence • s or specific intelligence

Hospice Care Stats

• The length has dropped from 70 days to about 50 days • Median is 20 days with more than 30 % receiving care for 7 days or less • Number of sites has increased from 1,500 in 1985 to more than 4,000 to 2005 • Late referrals to hospice may result from the emphasis on "curative" treatments • 6-month prognosis requirement

Gender

• Woman make up 47% of the workforce • Teaching, secretaries, hairdresser, nursing, psychologists; female --- police officials, construction, medical; men Jobs they're most likely to have based on their gender

Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• intelligence tests do not measure several kinds of intelligence • savant syndrome

What are the big five personality traits

-neuroticism- Level of emotion allergy -Extroversion- Level of sociability -Openness- Level of interest -Agreeableness- Level of cooperation -Conscientiousness- Level of discipline

Consequences of brain slowing with age

-slower information processing -reduced ability to multitask -decline in sequential processing -inhibits new information (old still being processed)

What are the five stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

1.Sensory motor - sensory/motor explanation; object performance -0-2Years old 2.Preoperational - think in terms of verbal symbols/words -2-7 years old 3.Operational - conservation; can take others perspectives -7 - 11 years old 4.Formal operational - think abstractly; reason logically -12+ 5.Post formal thought - transcends logic -Later life

Traits appear to remain stable over relatively long periods of adulthood, becoming more consistent in middle adulthood. A. True B. False

A. True

There are no age differences in general prevalence of mental health A.True B.False

A.True

Consequences of the brain aging are only relevant for tasks requiring speed A.true B.false

A.true

Which of the following is NOT a factor for best adjustment to retirement? A.Good health B.Adequate income C.Family D.Active lifestyle E. Education F.Social network G.Previous life satisfaction

C.Family

Generalized anxiety disorder

Chronic, persistent, and excessive worry not associated with anything specific

According to Sternberg, _______ love entails intimacy, passion, and commitment. a. Consummate b. Passionate c. Companionate d. None of the above

a. Consummate

is what one believes one can, or will realistically become. a. Expected selves b. Hoped for self c. Feared self d. None of the above

a. Expected selves

When it comes to older adults, which of the following is NOT a physical response to stress? a. Increased appetite b. Impaired immune function c. Increased distress d. Increased cholesterol levels

a. Increased appetite

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five Personality factors? a. Introversion b. Neuroticism c. Openness d. Conscientiousness

a. Introversion

In regards to widowhood, which of the following is true? a. It affects more women than men b. It affects more men than women c. Women are more likely to remarry following widowhood d. Both A and C

a. It affects more women than men

You are having issues with a coworker so you decide to trade departments, this is considered.... a. Problem focused coping b. Emotion focused coping c. Anticipatory coping d. None of the above

a. Problem focused coping

Who is more likely to commit suicide in later life? a. White males b. Black males c. White females d. Black females

a. White males

The total # of cases of a disorder divided by the pop. at risk is referred to as the a. prevalence b. incidence c. lifetime prevalence d. disorder count

a. prevalence

According to the Social Readjustment Scale, what is considered the most stressful event for adults? a. Divorce b. Death of a spouse c. Jail term d. Retirement

b. Death of a spouse

Older adults who are actually depression are misdiagnosed with... a. Anxiety b. Dementia c. Schizophrenia d. Cardiovascular disease

b. Dementia

Breaking your glass table but telling yourself you needed a new one anyways is considered.... a. Problem focused coping b. Emotion focused coping c. Anticipatory coping d. None of the above

b. Emotion focused coping

When retirees move to be near their families, this is called a _______. a.Amenity move b. Kinship move c. Institutional move d. Burden move

b. Kinship move

The Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) allows older adults to choose the classes they are interested in. Which of the following Stages of Adult Intelligence displays this? a. Responsible stage b. Reintegrative stage c. Achieving stage d. Executive stage

b. Reintegrative stage

According to McAdams, which of the following is NOT known as one of the three levels of personality? a. Traits b. States c. Personal concerns d. Identity

b. States

Experiencing an overall slowdown of cognitive abilities directly before death is referred as ______. a. Baseline capacity b. Terminal drop c. Cognitive drop d. None of the above

b. Terminal drop

The first most common time to get divorced is during _________. a. The empty nest period b. The first few years of marriage c. Child rearing years d. Between the ages of 60-65

b. The first few years of marriage

involve more short-term characteristics of a person, whereas _____ involve consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. a. traits: states b. states; traits c. states; coping d. coping; states

b. states; traits

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the five components of wisdom? a. Factual knowledge b. Strategic knowledge c. Certainties d. Contexts

c. Certainties

Typically, as individuals get older they tend to ________ their social network size. a. Increase b. Stabilize c. Decrease

c. Decrease

Attending GRE courses to improve your score would use which type of cognitive performance? a. Baseline capacity b. Baseline reserve capacity c. Developmental reserve capacity d. None of the above

c. Developmental reserve capacity

Which theory states that decline is a natural aspect of aging; and beneficial for all ages? a. Activity theory b. Natural decline theory c. Disengagement theory d. Socioemotional selectivity theory

c. Disengagement theory

Which of the following is NOT considered an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease? a. Forgetfulness b. Trouble remembering recent events c. Inability to recognize familiar people d. Difficulty solving simple math problems

c. Inability to recognize familiar people

Which of the following is true regarding volunteer work? a. It is always beneficial for the volunteer b. It is only beneficial depending on who they're helping c. It is beneficial if they are not forced d. It's never beneficial

c. It is beneficial if they are not forced

______ is the external expression of grief, whereas _____ is the emotional response to loss. a. Grief; bereavement b. Bereavement; mourning c. Mourning; grief d. Grief; mourning

c. Mourning; grief

Which type of intelligence uses knowledge that is important for dealing with the real world? a. Traditional b. Fluid c. Practical d. Both A & B

c. Practical

Which of the following is NOT true about social support? a. Individuals with higher SES receive more support b. Women tend to receive more support c. White individuals tend to receive more support d. Quality relationships increase with age

c. White individuals tend to receive more support

Young adults tend to engage in ____ love, whereas older adults tend to engage in ____ love. a.compaanionate; consumate b.passionate; consumate c.passionate;companionate d.companionate; passionate

c. passionate; companionate

What is a characteristic seen in every patient with Alzheimer's disease? a. Depressed mood for at least 6 months b. Shrinking of the hippocampus c. Anterograde amnesia d. Plaques and tangles in the brain

d. Plaques and tangles in the brain

Compared to older workers, younger workers tend to have lower turnover, absenteeism, and injuries. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

When measuring social support, researchers are aware that objective social support is more important than perceived social support. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Young adults are more likely to complete suicide attempts compared to older adults. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Traits do not remain the same across time and situations. A. True B. False

B. False

What is post formal part of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

- Relativistic; except ambiguity -Interpersonal and feeling oriented -Let's focus on solutions and more interested in asking additional questions

What are the age trends and job performance

-Does not appear to change with age -Performance improves with experience and jobs skills decline with age -Older workers have lower rates of turnover, absenteeism, injuries

What are the effects of retirement?

-Few effects on income, health, activity, or attitude

Diagnostic issues and mental health with older adults?

-Miss diagnosed his brain disorders -Inflated rates due to somatic symptoms -Symptoms reflect normal reactions to stress will situations and loss -NOT SAME KIND OF DEPRESSION

What forms of new cognitive development appear in later life for older adults?

-New interests -New patterns of thoughts -Deeper wisdom

What happens to the brain when it slows with Age?

-Reduction In neurotransmitters -Cerebral blood flow declines -slower activation

What are the three things to financially dependent on during retirement?

-Social Security -Pensions -Assets

what is the of a function of baseline capacity?

-Standardized conditions, not training -Exercise; everyday use

Why is the rate lower for older adults thing younger adults and alcoholism?

-Under reporting of alcoholism and older adults -Many alcoholics die before reaching old age -Cohort effect

What are gender differences in retirement?

-Women are less likely to plan for retirement -Women retire for different reasons -For women, retirement may not be one of the longest.

Viewing of age amongst age differences; young adults, middle-aged adults, older adults?

-Young adults - See big strides, have high hopes and unleashed expectations -Middle-aged adults - for see continued progress on most aspects -Older adults - holding steady

Traditional intelligence

Aspects of intelligence that are important for school performance

Dementia

Cognitive and behavioral deficits involving permanent damage to the brain with impairment of memory and other cognitive domains

What is the active theory by Maddox, 1963

Decline is not a natural aspect of aging; reflect societal rejection of the elderly