psych 364 Infancy Part 2

According to Erikson, the foundation for attachment in infancy is Multiple choice question.

trust.

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar. Multiple choice question. comfort with inhibition to acceptance of disassociation with

inhibition to

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure , baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

Ainsworth created the Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

Ainsworth created the Unavailable Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role.

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as

attachment

An important form of reciprocal socialization is , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion? Multiple choice question. biological foundations culture cognitive processes social relationships

cognitive processes

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions? Multiple choice question. experiences environmental quality cognitive processes biological foundations

environmental quality

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

low intensity of mood somewhat negative affect low activity level

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood. Multiple choice question. low; positive; high low; negative; low low; negative; high high; positive; low

low; negative; low

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality traits

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as emotions.

positive

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. Multiple choice question. functions personalities qualities subsystems

subsystems

In 1992, the European Union mandated a Multiple choice question. 14-week unpaid maternity leave. 6-month unpaid paternity leave. 14-week paid maternity leave. 6-month paid paternity leave.

14-week paid maternity leave.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? Multiple choice question. Freud Rothbart and Bates Kagan Chess and Thomas

Chess and Thomas

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) child.

difficult

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through Multiple choice question. emotions. cognitions. instincts. reactions.

emotions.

Insecure avoidant babies seem dazed, confused, and fearful. engage in little interaction with the caregiver. cling to and then resist the caregiver. use the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term Multiple choice question. lack of fit. parenting challenge. adjustment parenting. goodness of fit.

goodness of fit.

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members. Multiple choice question. positive; negative open; closed passive; active direct; indirect

direct; indirect

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers. Multiple choice question.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following? Multiple select question. beneficial genetics limited subsystems effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents

effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important. cognition; biology biology; cognition contact comfort; feeding feeding; contact comfort

feeding; contact comfort

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important. Multiple choice question.

feeding; contact comfort

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. Multiple choice question. imitative and face-to-face imaginative imitative and reciprocal reciprocal and face-to-face

imitative and reciprocal

Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson? Multiple choice question. goal-directed behavior social sophistication emotional expressiveness physical comfort

physical comfort

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment? Multiple choice question. secure personality insecurely attached securely attached exploratory personality

securely attached

Behavioral inhibition is characterized by Multiple choice question. shyness with strangers. socialibility. extraversion. bold actions.

shyness with strangers.

Which of the following is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood? Multiple choice question. easy behaviorally inhibited slow-to-warm-up difficult

slow-to-warm-up

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up difficult easy

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences? Multiple choice question. biological endowments social relationships physiological health cognitive processes

social relationships

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates Multiple choice question.

the concept of goodness of fit.

A securely attached baby uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore. avoids the caregiver and doesn't interact. clings to the caregiver and then resists the caregiver. frequently change their responses to the caregiver.

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Harlow. Ainsworth. Erikson. Bowlby.

Ainsworth.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by Multiple choice question. Erikson. Bowlby. Harlow. Ainsworth.

Ainsworth.

Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys? Multiple select question.

Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Multiple choice question. Men paid more attention to personal growth after a baby was born. One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born. Women focused less on managing family tasks after a baby was born. Couples enjoyed less positive marital relations before the baby was born.

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Multiple choice question. Women focused less on managing family tasks after a baby was born. Men paid more attention to personal growth after a baby was born. One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born. Couples enjoyed less positive marital relations before the baby was born.

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results? Multiple choice question. Neither group showed clear evidence of cooperation. The actions of both the 1-year-olds and the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation. The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence. The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation.

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true? He is an insecure resistant baby. He is a securely attached baby. He is an insecure disorganized baby. He is an insecure avoidant baby.

He is an insecure resistant baby.

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting? Multiple select question.

Women improved family task management. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity.