Psych 380 - McCall Exam 3 (Ch. 3, 4, 9, 12, 15)

Identify the major events that are involved in the study of operant conditioning:

- Antecedents - Behaviors - Consequences

Identify the basic needs of satisfaction required for engaging in sport in the context of research conducted by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan

- Connectedness - Autonomy - Competency

Identify the instructional benefits of objective performance feedback. (All that apply)

- Provides information about specific behaviors that should be performed - It informs an athlete about the required level of proficiency for a particular skill - It lets an athlete know about his or her current level of proficiency

Which of the following are considered to be particularly helpful when lack of trust and confidence in one's team members interfere with optimal performance? (Check all that apply)

- a positive team leader - strong team chemistry

Identify the components of successful performance. (Check all that apply)

- avoiding self-judgement - avoiding blaming others

Ego-Oriented Motivational Climate:

- coaches make reinforcement contingent on outperforming others and winning, punishes unsuccessful performances, which fails to take into account effort or developing personal goals to improvement - Michael tells his athletes to focus on winning and favors the high-expectancy players

Continuous Schedules:

- every correct response is reinforced - used during the initial stages of learning - behavior needs to be reinforced regularly, otherwise it won't last long

Identify the concerns expressed by international athletes. (Check all that apply)

- finances - team atmosphere - accommodation - coaching styles

Which of the following are linked to an ego-avoidance perspective on sport achievement? (Check all that apply)

- greater fear of failure - stronger beliefs that sport ability is fixed

Identify accurate characteristics of an individual having a task-approach goal orientation. (Check all that apply)

- high level of perceived competence - high amount of self-esteem - high degree of life satisfaction

Which of the following are techniques of restructuring approaches? (Check all that apply)

- imagery to recreate anxious thoughts and feelings - imagery to emphasize control over emotions and depict successful performance - goal setting to provide control over the given situation - self-talk to rationalize and restructure symptoms

Identify accurate features of the ego-avoidance orientation. (Check all that apply)

- it involves perceptions of an ego-involving climate - it features greater levels of amotivation - it involves a lower level of intrinsic motivation

Identify the accurate steps that athletes can take to facilitate the process of problem-solving. (Check all that apply)

- list all the possible solutions - explore the consequences of each solution - identify the problem - set the course of the solution

Identify the momentary muscle relaxation exercises that seek to reduce physiological arousal and the intensity of competition anxiety symptoms. (Check all that apply)

- neck and shoulder check - sport muscle check - quick body scan

Identify the symptoms of competitive anxiety response. (Check all that apply)

- perspiration - worry - negative expectations

Identify the roles played by the family of athletes that can influence peak performance. (Check all that apply)

- providing emotional support - guiding athletes through good and bad experiences - promoting autonomy

Identify the accurate instructions that one should follow while using Herbert Benson's technique of relaxation response. (Check all that apply)

- sit in a comfortable position in a quiet place and close your eyes - deeply relax all your muscles, beginning at the top of your head (or from your feet) - concentrate on breathing, while breathing naturally an easily through your nose

Partial Schedules:

- some portion of the correct responses are reinforced while some are not - used when the behavior has been learned - behavior lasts much longer in the absence of reinforcement

Identify the features of the momentary relaxation skills. (Check all that apply)

- these allow an athlete to return to a point of controlled balance - these facilitate concentration and imagery practice - these can be used just before or during warm-up

Identify the reasons as to why some abusive coaches enjoy success through the method of aversive control. (All that apply)

- they are also able to communicate a sense of caring for their athletes - they have very talented athletes - they are highly skilled teachers and strategists

Identify coach attributes that hinder team success. (Check all that apply)

- unrealistic expectations from team members - inability to keep it simple - inability to deal with crises

Athletes who have no sense of personal control with respect to their sport engagement, and have no extrinsic (or intrinsic) reasons for doing the activity are said to be characterized by ______________.

Amotivation

Energizing Imagery:

Annie visualizes a sprinting cheetah in his final seconds of a 400m sprint

Ego Involved:

Athletes are preoccupied with the adequacy of their ability and the demonstration of superior competence compared to others.

A fundamental tenet of self-determination theory is that ________________ is quality motivation.

Autonomous Motivation

By creating changes in what is going on either physiologically or attentionally, athletes can break the downward spiral associated with _____________.

Choking

In the context of research conducted by Deci and Ryan, the term ________________ refers to viewing relationships with important individuals as being supportive and respectful.

Connected

Positive Approach:

Designed to strengthen desired behaviors by motivating players to perform them and by reinforcing the behaviors when they occur

____________ ___________ is based on the concept that ease in skillful competitive performance is unconsciously conditioned by the external and internal stimuli that surround athletes during practice.

Dress Rehearsal

True or False: Achievement goal frameworks are independent of goal perspectives.

False

True or False: With reference to peak performance, some athletes claim that they had more successful performances even though they faced interpersonal or financial difficulties.

False

According to research, identify an accurate statement about goals for athletes.

Goals should always be set in a realistic manner

Differential Relaxation:

In the context of bracing, athletes can learn the right amount of contraction, that is, to expend only those energies necessary to execute a skill

Controlling Coach:

Intimidate their athletes, run their team in autocratic fashion, and use extrinsic rewards to control the behavior of the players on their team

Identify a true statement about electroencephalography (EEG).

It can identify athletes with superior brain efficiency

Identify a feature of centering.

It shifts focus toward relevant performance cues

Identified Regulation:

June is a gym coach out of free will because the job pays well

Dissociation from Fatigue:

Lorenzo thinks about taking a walk on the beach in his hometown in the middle of a grueling marathon

Which of the following expanding awareness exercises enables athletes to see the primary focus while also clearly picking up the broader field?

Narrow-to-Broad external drills

________________ by coaches is considered a hindrance as too much of it can cause ambiguity as to the basic goals or rules that the team needs to follow.

Overcoaching

Positive reinforcement

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Task Orientation:

Rafael is a basketball player who believes that an ample amount of effort can always lead to success

Negative reinforcement

Removal or avoidance of aversive stimuli

External Regulation:

Rohan plays cricket to satisfy an external need or demand

Task-Oriented Motivational Climate:

Rupert focuses on his athletes' learning the skills and enjoying themselves

Energizing Verbal Cues:

Rupert's coach tells him to "charge up" and "power up" just minutes before the end of a basketball game

A characteristic of the ____________________ is that it examines how various types of motivation lead to different outcomes.

Self-Determination Theory

Ego Orientation:

Steven is a tennis player who is mainly concerned with proving his superiority over the other players

Identify an accurate statement about high-ego orientation.

When coupled with low task orientation, it will put an athlete at a great risk of feeling incompetent

Identify a true statement about concentration.

When the mind drifts into the past or future, then present performance can suffer.

When are extrinsic rewards most detrimental to intrinsic motivation?

When they take away an athlete's sense of self-determination

Studies have indicated that mental toughness should initially concentrate on skill mastery, enjoyment, competitiveness, a disciplined and structured training regimen, and finally building ______________.

a belief of superiority

Centering:

a conscious process used to adjust about one's center of mass so one feels centered and in control

Trait Anxiety:

a general predisposition to respond across many situations with high levels of anxiety because of typically appraising situations as threatening

A psychological characteristic associated with peak performance is ______________.

a high-self confidence

An accurate statement about an ego-oriented motivational climate is that ______________.

a lot of athletes tend to have a fear of failure

Abbreviated Active Progressive Relaxation:

a shorter procedure, consists of tensing muscle groups for 5-10 seconds and then relaxing for 30-40 seconds

Mastery (Task)-Oriented Motivational Climate:

a situation in which athletes will feel successful and competent when they have learned something new, experienced skill improvement, mastered the task at hand, or given their best effort

A task (or mastery) ______________ goal centers on the avoidance of demonstrating self-referenced incompetence.

avoidance

A feature of dress rehearsal is that it ______________.

can be reversed and used when an athlete is in a slump

In contrast to multidimensional anxiety theory, the cusp catastrophe model suggests that elevations in cognitive anxiety ________________.

can have positive performance consequences dependent upon the levels of physiological arousal

In the context of the attentional control theory, anxiety impairs the efficiency of attention because it _________________.

causes a shift in attention to threat-related stimuli

One's ______________ _______ _____________ is the intersection of an imaginary vertical line from one's head to toes, dividing one's body into two equal parts, and a horizontal line with half of one's weight above and below it.

center of mass

An athlete becomes focused on the increasing pressure and physiological arousal gets too high in all cases of ______________.

choking

The most popular cognitive approach used in sports psychology is Lazarus' (1991) __________________.

cognitive motivational relational theory

In the context of strategies to stay focused, a coach or sport psychologist must help train an athlete's mind to exert control over because _______________.

concentration inhibits distraction

Differential Progressive Relaxation:

consists of studying and releasing tension of ever-decreasing intensity

Passive Progressive Relaxation:

consists of the athlete merely letting go whatever level of muscular tension is in the muscle group without tensing any muscles

In addition to mental preparedness and precompetitive routines, it is very important that an athlete also practices ______________ to be successful.

coping strategies

If punishment is the predominant motive for athletic performance, it ______________.

decreases the enjoyment of the activity

Henry, a sprinter, must focus his attention externally to hear the sound of the starting gun. In this scenario, Henry needs to control the ______________ of his attention.

direction

Antecedents that signal the likely consequences of particular behaviors in given situations are known as ________________.

discriminative stimuli

In rehearsal of simulated competition experiences, athletes are trained to concentrate and dissociate from the _________________ stimuli.

disruptive

According to ______________ _____________, increases in arousal are associated with linear increases in performance providing that the task is well learned, that is, the dominant response of the athlete is the correct one

drive theory

In a(n) ________________ orientation, an athlete would be most concerned about not revealing his or her inferiority.

ego-avoidance

A(n) __________________ function is used by sports psychologists to enhance athletes' performance when they possess an insufficient activation state in relation to their sporting activity due to stress.

energizing

Perceptions of a task-involving coach-involved environment usually corresponds to greater ___________.

enjoyment

Self-Handicapping Behavior:

evident when athletes who might be concerned about not performing well "set the stage" to provide an excuse or scapegoat to explain their poor performance

According to Csikszentmihalyi, creativity in athletes is associated with _________________.

flow experiences

When an athlete experiences a peak performance, he or she appears to be in a _________ ___________.

flow state

If an athlete is training or performing in an ego-involved motivational climate, the athletes will usually have _________________ when compared to an athlete in a task-involved motivational climate.

greater performance-related worry

An accurate statement about punishment is that it _____________.

has certain undesirable effects

A difference between response cost and adversive punishment is that response cost:

has less opportunity for learning aggression through imitation

In a mastery (task)-oriented motivational climate, since there is decreased emphasis on winning, athletes tend to _____________.

have less performance anxiety

Individuals who possess a high-task and high-ego orientation _________________.

have the flexibility of focusing on either task or ego goals at separate times

In order to remain successful, what should an athlete do which helps him or her to prioritize their goals in sports over other life goals?

he or she should practice remaining focused

Elite athletes have a _____________ ___________ of facilitating positive emotions than less elite athletes.

higher intensity

Psychological processes that affect one's effort and attention and consequently one's performance and physiological responses are known as ________________.

intentions

A coach who uses the method of punishment to coach his or her athletes ________________.

is more likely to be consciously or subconciously sabotaged by his or her athletes

A limitation of the inverted-U hypothesis is:

it fails to consider the cognitive anxiety and its interaction with arousal

Aversive punishment:

it involves the presentation of unpleasant stimuli.

Response cost:

it involves the removal of something positive.

Positive Control

it involves the use of a favorable reinforcement

Aversive Control

it involves the use of a punishment

Identify a true statement about effective reinforcers in sports.

it is good to use a wide variety of reinforcers.

An accurate statement about intrinsic motivation is that ______________.

it is the quintessential state of self determination

The effective use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior requires that a coach ________________.

makes sure that the athlete understands why reinforcement is being given.

In order to be successful at a sport, it is important that an athlete should adhere to his or her precompetition routines and ______________.

mental preparation plans

In order to create the high stress and external distractions that often occur in competition and then image effectively performing and concentrating under those conditions, one should use _____________.

mental rehearsal

In the ____________________, an athlete develops a personally meaningful image that allows him or her to understand something of the unknown.

metaphor self-generation method

An environment that can make it more or less likely that a particular goal state is manifested in training or competition is known as ________________ ________________.

motivational climate

The cusp catastrophe model overcomes some of the existing limitations of the ________________.

multidimensional anxiety theory

A football quarterback:

needs a broad external focus of attention

A football guard:

needs a narrow type of external attention

Amotivation:

no extrinsic or intrinsic motivation for participation in the sport

In the context of playing to one's attentional strength, performance may suffer if ________________.

one is not intentionally suited to a task

When do problem-focused strategies of stress management work?

only when the athlete is able to exert some control over eradicating the stressor

One of the factors that help facilitate the likelihood of achieving flow is _____________.

optimal motivation

Privette defined ____________ ____________ as an episode of superior functioning.

peak performance

In the context of sports, an accurate statement about intrinsic motivation is that athletes who are intrinsically motivated, ________________.

play the sport for the continuous learning it offers

When considering their best performances, athletes' metaphors symbolized ________________.

power

Cognitive Anxiety:

predicted to display a negative linear relationship with performance

Somatic Anxiety:

predicted to display an inverted-U relationship with performance

In the context of the effects of punishment, the use of punishment _______________.

promotes the development of fear of failure

The quickest and most effective way to develop a fear of failure is by:

punishing people when they fail

The negative approach to influencing behavior involves attempts to eliminate unwanted behaviors through _______________.

punishment and criticism

The method of shaping can be used effectively by providing reinforcement when an athlete _______________ in a particular sport.

reaches an acceptable skillful level of performance

A good characteristic of a successful elite athlete is an ability to ________________.

rebound from mistakes

The processing efficiency theory suggests that when a person is anxious, a proportion of their attentional capacity for the task is filled by task-irrelevant cognitive worry, effectively _______________.

reducing their working memory capacity

When elevated arousal and competitive anxiety has a detrimental effect on athletes' performance, a(n) _________________ approach is required to reduce the symptoms associated with stress.

reduction

Action-taking Behavior:

refers to taking action in the present to cope with a problem

Proactive Behavior:

refers to taking action to prevent future negative outcomes

In the context of motivational benefits of objective performance feedback, ____________________.

reinforcement from other team members can lead to improved performance.

The positive approach to influencing behavior is designed to strengthen desired behaviors by motivating players to perform them and by _____________.

reinforcing the behaviors when they occur

Privette and Bundrick's concept of peak performance dyad involves focusing on the ____________________.

relevant task of the game and being acutely aware of self as the doer

In the _______________ approach to stress management, athletes are taught to restructure interpretations of symptoms from a negative to a positive viewpoint (ex: debilitative viewpoint to facilitative viewpoint).

restructuring

In the context of the effects of performance based on an athlete's perception of competency, an athlete's expectation of looking incompetent can ____________.

result in a lack of trying when failure is imminent

Carter Maverick, a basketball coach, engages his players through mental development exercises in addition to physical training. In this scenario, Carter is practicing the _____________ component of mental toughness.

retaining psychological control

When the motivational focus is on the quality of motivation, it has been found that having a high-task or high-ego orientation is ________________.

similar to having a low-task or high-ego orientation

Experiences that enable performers to become so familiar with competition, or some performance situation, that they are no longer distracted is known as ________________.

simulated competition exercises

Autonomy Supportive Coach:

solicit their athletes' input, provide a rationale for their requests, and downplay the potential motivating impact of extrinsic rewards

Reinforcement of a particular behavior is always the strongest when it occurs _______________.

soon after the behavior occurs

A specific predisposition that varies from moment-to-moment and fluctuates proportionately to the perceived threat of a situation is referred to as _______________.

state anxiety

When antecedents are influential in governing a behavior, that behavior is said to be under _________________.

stimulus control

In addition to coaches, interventions designed to enhance motivation of youth players should _________________.

target the attitudes and behaviors of the parents

Focus Training:

teaches performers to gently hold their attention on a predetermined task, and if the attention wanders, to gently bring the attention back

In the context of individual differences, individuals can control the width and direction of attention enough to be effective because _______________.

the actual attentional demands of most tasks are not so extreme that the average person cannot meet them

Which of the following is true of internal factors that affect concentration?

the effect of internal factors becomes more pronounced in high-pressure situations

Stressors:

the intense physical and psychological demands athletes face when competing in sport that come from a range of sources relating to competition, organization, and personal factors that exist within their environment

Mindfulness:

the nonjudgemental focus of one's attention on the experience that occurs in the present moment

Extinction:

the removal of a positive stimulus that has in the past followed the behavior reduces the likelihood of it continuing

Progressive Relaxation:

the stress reduction method that consists of a series of exercises that involve contradicting a specific muscle group, holding the contradiction for 5-7 seconds, and then relaxing

Self-Determination Theory:

the theory that distinguishes between behaviors that individuals perform freely or autonomously and those that they pursue for more or less extrinsic or controlled reasons

Muscle-to-Mind Approaches:

they focus on bodily aspects and include breathing exercises and progressive relaxation

Mind-to-Muscle Approaches:

they focus on efferent nerve control and include meditation, visualization, and autogenic training

Individuals who appear to be more sensitive to environmental information:

they have an ability to deal with tons of information and not become overloaded or confused

Individuals who are capable of developing a narrow, nondistractible type of attention:

they have an ability to focus narrowly that makes it easier to follow through on a task, and also be as selfish as they must be to make it to the top

In the context of selecting and reinforcing target behaviors, the most effective use of "reward power" is ______________________.

to strengthen skills an athlete is just beginning to master

An athlete's resilient confidence shows that he has a ________________ which acts as fuel that helps mental toughness function efficiently.

tough attitude

The mindfulness approach encourages the acceptance of ________________.

unwanted thoughts

Autogenic training consists of a series of exercises designed to produce two physical sensations typically associated with relaxation, ____________ and _______________.

warmth and heaviness

Intrinsic Motivation

when a person is motivated by his or her own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

when a person performs an activity only to obtain an external reward

Positive internal self-evaluations, which are based on extrinsic reinforcement for achieving a specific standard of excellence, _____________.

will strengthen a particular behavior.

In the context of sport, it is important to have the belief that one's level of physical ability is changeable because athletes __________________.

would not be committed to long-term training if they believed otherwise

In the context of stress management skills and strategies, an athlete is said to be completely relaxed when he or she is at the _______________-_____________ level.

zero-activation

Introjected Regulation:

Vladimir plays hockey because he feels that he is compelled to do so

When is an energizing approach to stress management normally required for an athlete?

When an athlete is fatigued, discouraged, and approaching burnout

Identify an accurate statement about motivation.

The quality of motivation is as important as the quantity of motivation

Identify an accurate statement about preset behavior protocols.

They should be established for warm-ups, practice, and specific times during actual competition

True or False: Activation is used synonymously with the term arousal.

True

True or False: In the information gathering method of stress management, athletes actively seek information regarding a stressor they are faced with in order to empower themselves with the knowledge to determine how best to cope.

True

Replacing:

an athlete changes any irrational appraisal, that they had initially, with a rationalized or restructured thought

Secondary Appraisal:

an athlete determines if he or she has the necessary physical and mental resources to deal with the stressful situation

Identifying:

an athlete discovers the symptoms that are irrational and will have negative effect upon performance

Primary Appraisal:

an athlete evaluates a situation determine if the situation is stressful

Disputing:

an athlete is asked to challenge his or her initial appraisal of the situation

The motivational force at work in the positive approach to coaching is __________________.

an enthusiastic desire to achieve

Motivational Climate:

an environment that can make it more or less likely that a particular goal state is manifested in training or competition

Shaping:

an operant conditioning, gradual but dramatic performance improvements can be accomplished as the desired behaviors are reinforced under stringent requirements

A characteristic of individuals possessing high levels of ego goal orientation is that they ________________.

are more likely to be anxious in nature

A generalized physiological and psychological activation of a person with neutral excitation varying from deep sleep to extreme excitement is referenced to as _____________.

arousal

Task Involved:

athletes main purposes are to gain skill or knowledge, to exhibit effort, to perform at ones best, and to experience personal improvement

Visual, verbal, and kinesthetic cues help athletes center their attention on the most appropriate focus within the task at hand and help them to ___________.

avoid distracting thoughts and feelings

Athletes who are mentally tough are self-motivated and are able to ___________ competitive demands, which is a crucial aspect to retain success in a sport.

balance

Attention Control Training (ACT):

based on a theory of attentional and interpersonal style

Based on the studies by Jones, Connaughton, and Hanton, mental toughness contains two components: focus and _____________.

belief

Mental toughness is practiced well when an athlete has an unshakable _______________ despite the setbacks he or she faces.

belief

In a _________________ drill, one should look straight ahead and see as much of a room as one's peripheral vision will allow.

broad-external