Psych 385
Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
Tolman
Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? -MacKay's dictionary unit -Treisman's filter -Treisman's attenuator -Broadbent's detector
Treisman's attenuator
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn?
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?
1976
Verbal Behavior was written by
B.F. Skinner
Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?
Because he used behavior to infer mental processes
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed.
Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
Functioning and survival
Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts? -Hierarchical processing -Localization of function -Distributed representation -Specificity coding
Hierarchical processing
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? -IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. -IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition. -IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes. -IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.
IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.
The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
John McCarthy
Which of the following statements is correct? -Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. -Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. -Central vision is everything off to the side. -Everything to the right is outside your vision.
Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.
What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?
One sends information and the other receives information.
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?
People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.
How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?
Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.
Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following? -Population coding -Localization coding -Specificity coding -Sparse coding
Specificity coding
How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"?
The mind as problem solver
Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties?-A pipe -A river -A web -A tree
a web
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
an inborn biological problem
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.
binding
Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?
brain
The key structural components of neurons are the
cell body, dendrites, and axons
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
classical conditioning
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?
classical conditioning
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cocktail party effect
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
cognitive map
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
decision making
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
default mode network
What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?
dictionary unit
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ a
high-saliency
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
inferred from the participant's behavior.
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
localization of function.
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
make a decision about the stimulus.
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning
Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior.
positive reinforcers
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.
preattentive
Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.
presentation
Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.
rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
resting potential
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
sensory memory
The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________.
specificity coding
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT -the difficulty of the tasks. -the type of processing being used. -practice. -task cueing.
task cueing
Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that-
the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
there are limits to the human ability to process information.
Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)? -It involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person's bloodstream. -It shows which areas of the human brain are activated during -cognitive activity. -It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive. -It provides a lower-resolution image than fMRI.
-It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.
The "cognitive revolution"----? -occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers. -was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades. -extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments. -was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.
-was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? -All of these are correct. -Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. -Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. -Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
all of these are correct
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
analytic introspection
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
analytic introspection
Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
analytic introspection
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements
are determined primarily by the task.
Action potentials occur in the
axon
Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
axons
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
cognition
What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?
cognitive psychology
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain? -Variable -Consistent -Responsive -Conditional
consistant
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?
dictionary unit
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed representation.
Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception?
enhancement
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
feature detectors
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
fixation
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
late selection
Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT -Short-term memory. -Procedural memory. -Episodic memory. -Semantic memory.
short term memory