Psych 4 Exam

Rachel's mother takes her to the pediatrician for her 1-year checkup. Rachel is very friendly towards everyone she meets in the waiting room; she didn't show any reaction when her mother left her in the room nor upon her mother's return. According to Ainsworth, these are indicators that Rachel is

......

Tommy's mother works two jobs and experiences high levels of stress. Therefore, she often responds inconsistently to Tommy's needs making it difficult for Tommy to know whether or not she will respond when he needs something. It is likely that Tommy will develop which of the following styles of attachment:

Insecure ambivalent

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) concluded what about cultural ideas involving emotions and affective states?

Institutions, practices, and products are continuing to reinforce cultural ideas of affective states.

Children's _______________ in pre-K and Kindergarten is the strongest predictor of reading ability in third and fourth grade.

Phonemic awareness

Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age

fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady

Yvonne is taking calculus and physics: she enjoys classes that require systematic problem-solving and abstract thought

formal operations

Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept?

gender schemas

The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______.

genetics to environment

Alex responds well to novelty, such as starting at a new school and is willing to join two new clubs that focus on activities that she has never tried before. Alex would likely score high on which of the following Big Five personality traits?

openness

Ginny's mom is baking cookie. One of the cookies is twice as large as the others. Max, her older brother, gives Ginny the big cookie as he takes two smaller ones. Ginny becomes upset because she gets only one cookie and her brother gets two.

preoperational

Using standardized intelligence tests and validated measures to assess cognitive ability and intelligence is known as the _____________ approach

pyschometric

All of the following are functions of emotions EXCEPT

rationalizing past behavior

Which of the following is true of the impact of divorce on children?

Although divorce is associated with adjustment problems for children, it is not associated with long-term adjustment

The biological changes of puberty and the cognitive changes that occur during adolescence

Are universal, occurring in all adolescents

Depression in European Americans is associated with which of the following?

Dampened levels of emotional responses

Which of the following is being tested in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?

Child's response when parent returns

The idea that on the object permanence task, infants perform better when the waiting period is shorter at just six months of age supports which of the following problems with Piaget's theory?

Cognitive development is more continuous than Piaget thought

If a boy believed that the only variable that affected the distance a ball traveled when thrown was the force with which it was thrown and then conducted a biased "experiment" that proved his assumption which developmental phenomenon according to Piaget is involved?

Concrete operations

Which of the following statements best describes brain changes during adolescence and may be related to risky behavior?

Differential susceptibility model

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the ________ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show.

Display

Global subjective well-being is highest during ______ and lowest in ______

Early and later adulthood; middle adulthood

Which of the following is true regarding current research on cultural differences in physiological arousal?

European Americans and Hmong Americans show similar levels of physiological arousal

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?

Formal operational

Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following:

Goodness of fit

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion?

Guilt

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by

How children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons?

Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.

Lilly is trying different sports throughout the summer to determine which team she would like to try out for in high school. Lilly would likely fall in which of Marcia's identity statuses?

Moratorium

Playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. Understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what?

Numerical magnitudes

According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older adults and their social support?

Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends

______________ of emotions is common among North Americans, while _____________ of emotions is more common among East Asians.

Openness; restraint

Which of the following is true of the parent-child relationship during adolescence?

Parents' distal supervision becomes more important, as adolescents spend more time away from home

Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with peer relationships during childhood?

Poor conflict management

Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?

Preoperational

When Rachel, a toddler, visits a neighbor's home with her mother, she explores the room where the adults are sitting, but she will not leave the room. When her mother leaves to inspect the garden, she gets agitated and later rushes to her immediately when mother returns. Rachel's behavior demonstrates _____ attachment

Secure

Meika explores her environment by crawling to a new toy and putting it in her mouth. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development model is she demonstrating?

Sensorimotor

Kim, a girl from an individualistic culture that focuses on the independent self, just won the spelling bee at her school. Due to the upbringing in her culture, how is Kim most likely going to react to her accomplishment?

She will boast about her win and talk about her efforts.

Dr. Koothrappali is interested in studying the emotions of people across cultures. He believes that even though people show similar physiological responses, they can experience emotions very differently depending on how they were raised and where they grew up. What approach to emotions is Dr. Koothrappali demonstrating?

Social constructivist

__________________ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children's development.

Sociocultural theory

Due to the chronic conflict and anger in their relationship Bernadette's parents decided to get a divorce. However, they are now having trouble paying Bernadette's school fees to allow her to continue attending class at Spoke's Elementary School. Which of the following models is designed to describe the potential negative effects caused by these circumstances?

Socioeconomic State Model

The physiological reaction we feel when we experience fear is due to the activity of the ____ nervous system.

Sympathetic

What did Ekman find from his work with the Facial Action Coding System

The majority of culturally-diverse participants matched the expression with the emotion.

What did Ekman find from his work with the Facial Action Coding System?

The majority of culturally-diverse participants matched the expression with the emotion.

A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that:

The poured volume increases or decreased depending on the appearance of the container

Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as?

authoritarian

What aspect did the e-module discuss as potentially also affecting cultural differences in emotion?

biological predispositions, or temperaments

One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is

biologically based

Andres is working on a project for his science class. He is making a poster that shows which dinosaurs belong to different time periods.

concrete operational

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

conservation

Memory recall, processing speed, and inhibitory functioning are all cognitive abilities that ____ in older adulthood.

decreases than increases

Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. This ability is also known as what term?

depth perception

What do information processing theories focus on?

describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what?

effortful control

North American contexts support a(n) _____ self; East Asian contexts support a(n) _____ self.

independent; interdependent

Chris just graduated from college, but doesn't want to show much excitement, but rather remains calm and peaceful. Which affective state does this represent?

low arousal positive

Although older adults experience cognitive decline, they perform just as well as younger adults on tasks that require expert knowledge because:

memory does not decline with age

Compared to their North American counterparts, East Asian people are more likely to have ____ feelings following a positive event.

mixed

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimizatio

self-esteem

ichael is 70 years old and reflects on his accomplishments throughout life. He sees purpose in how he achieved his educational goals, reached his professional accomplishments in his profession, and raised his children. Michael has a positive

self-perception of aging

Cory is sitting next to the sofa playing with a ball. It rolls under the sofa. He looks at the sofa, then after a few seconds begins to play with another toy.

sensorimotor

The relationships that provide a child with security, guidance, and knowledge are an example of which of the following perspectives that shape development in childhood?

social context

____, predicted by parental engagement with adolescents, intrinsic motivation, and school quality, is a marker of positive adjustment during adolescence

social development

Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________ during adolescence

suicide