Psych 9C chapter 14

Which of the following phenomena do contemporary psychodynamic therapists explore with their clients?

-recurring themes and patterns in thoughts and feelings-unresolved unconscious conflicts-interpersonal relations and childhood experiences and attachments

when d we tend to see the first evidence of shy temperament in children?

6 weeks

Denise is a customer service who spends her days answering calls and dealing with unhappy customers. Although she is usually able to resolve their problems, most of her job involves dealing with difficult people. Denise's job is considered:

A major life stressor

Many psychologists have proposed that specific phobias develop _____.1 point A. As a result of classical/Pavlovian conditioning B. Because the feared object is symbolic of some repressed event C. As a reasonable response to truly dangerous situations D. All of the above

A. As a result of classical/Pavlovian conditioning

When Van goes to college, he resolves to be a good student even though being on the college football team will absorb a lot of his time and is important to him. When he thinks about what has happened at the end of his day, he usually winds up thinking about football. He has to make an effort to shift his thoughts to what happened in his classes. You could predict that Van will find it much easier to fulfill his football obligations than his academic obligations, because of:1 point A. Attitude accessibility B. Cognitive dissonance C. Mere exposure D. Bystander apathy

A. Attitude accessibility (they come to his mind easily, they are very accessible to him. We know there is consistency and our accessible attitudes and our behaviors. We have attitude behavior match when the attitudes are accessible.)

A program that provided _____ to children resulted in a reduced likelihood of _____ disorder in the kids when they were tested 20 years later.1 point A. Better nutrition; anti-social personality B. Better nutrition; bipolar C. Educational opportunities; anti-social personality D. Educational opportunities; bipolar

A. Better nutrition; anti-social personality poor nutrition is risk factor for developing APD

ADHD is thought to be caused by:1 point A. Biological factors B. A virus C. Prenatal trauma D. Bad parenting

A. Biological factors

Which of the following statements is true?1 point A. Phobias are best treated using behavior therapies B. Cognitive therapy is more effective than behavioral therapy for panic disorder C. Psychotherapy is of no use and possibly harmful for bipolar disorder D. All of these are true

A. Phobias are best treated using behavior therapies

Charles tries to watch a debate on television, but he is distracted by constantly having to chase his toddler around the room. Given that Charles was distracted while watching the debate, which aspects of the debate are LEAST likely to affect his attitude toward the debate topic?1 point A. The logic of the arguments offered B. The length of the arguments offered C. The expertise of the debaters D. The appearance of the debaters

A. The logic of the arguments offered (in order to have logic effect, you need to use central route) (central route takes effort and attention, however, he was running around and chasing his todler) (expertise: the title or degree of debator)

One variant of the Asch line-length experiment required that the participate write down her guesses in private. What was this change in procedure intended to explore?1 point A. The role of embarrassment in conformity B. The rapidity of decision making in private vs. public conditions C. The role of cheating in the original experiment setup D. Whether or not participants would conform when there was a consistent minority

A. The role of embarrassment in conformity (are you more comfortable when alone) (much more likely to go against group when they were private)

What would the concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins be if schizophrenia did NOT have a genetic basis?1 point A. Very low B. About 12% C. About 25% D. About 50%

A. Very low

In Milgram's 1963 experiment on obedience,

About 50-65% of the research participants used the maximum shock intensity

Ralph is from an impoverished area of the inner city and has been poor all of his life. Chad has grown up in a wealthy, educated environment his whole life. Research indicates that Ralph will be how many times more likely than Chad to develop schizophrenia?1 point A. 16 B. 9 C. 4 D. 20

B. 9

Which of the following clearly illustrates or involves pluralistic ignorance (a type of misunderstanding that occurs when members of a group don't realize that the other members share their perception - often, their uncertainty about how to react in a situation - which results in each member wrongly interpreting the others' inaction as reflecting their better understanding of the situation)?1 point A. A bystander decides not to help a car accident victim because others are present who will undoubtedly do so B. A passerby decides a man lying on the sidewalk is not in trouble because nobody else in the vicinity is stopping to assist him C. A bystander does not help a heart attack victim because he is not sure how to administer CPR D. All of the above are correct

B. A passerby decides a man lying on the sidewalk is not in trouble because nobody else in the vicinity is stopping to assist him (we look to others to do, but the others are looking to us. I look at them and they aren't doing anything, they look to me, but I'm not doing anything. Everyone is going on everyone else's inaction assuming they know better) A: is an example of diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following is NOT an obsession commonly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder?1 point A. Fear of contamination by germs B. Fear of performing poorly in school C. Fear of acting aggressively D. Fear of accidents

B. Fear of performing poorly in school

Lamont, a 10-year-old, has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which of the following outcomes would you expect to see as Lamont gets older?1 point A. He will outgrow this disorder by young adulthood, regardless of whether it is treated B. He is likely to maintain this disorder into young adulthood C. His prognosis is very good, but only if he receives early drug treatment D. His prognosis is very good, but only if he receives humanistic therapy

B. He is likely to maintain this disorder into young adulthood (some people grow out of it, but mos continue to have the symptoms ADHD)

Given the prevalence rates, you know that adolescent girls are _____ likely to suffer from bulimia nervosa as compared to anorexia.1 point A. Just as B. More C. A little less D. A lot less

B. More annorexia is less common than bulimia

One explanation offered in your textbook for the recent rapid increase in the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is that:1 point A. Childhood physical abuse, the primary antecedent of the disorder, has increased B. More therapists believe the disorder is real and elicit reports from their patients that support the diagnosis C. More criminals are receiving psychiatric screening, and dissociative disorders are particularly present in this group D. This disorder is caused by environmental toxins that are now more widespread

B. More therapists believe the disorder is real and elicit reports from their patients that support the diagnosis

The section on personality disorders has been altered in the most recent version of the DSM (the DSM-5) to reflect the:1 point A. Biological nature of personality disorders B. Notion that personality disorders represent extreme personality traits C. Developmental trajectory of personality disorders D. Low degree of overlap between different personality disorders

B. Notion that personality disorders represent extreme personality traits

According to your textbook, scoring low on the trait of _____ is associated with relatively high consistency in your behavior across situations.1 point A. Neuroticism B. Self-monitoring C. Agreeableness D. Subjective well-being

B. Self-monitoring

Alex is a brand-new researcher fresh out of graduate school. He has decided that he is going to devote his career to positive psychology. We can assume that his research would focus on all of the following topics EXCEPT:1 point A. Positive social institutions B. The flow of positive energy within the body C. Positive subjective experiences D. Positive individual traits

B. The flow of positive energy within the body a positive psychologist doesn't study that, maybe a health psychologist

When is informational influence most likely to result in conformity?1 point A. When men are conforming in the presence of women B. When one is confused about what the correct answer to a question might be C. When one is worried about appearing foolish in front of others D. When one is surrounded by people who are regarded as inferior in status

B. When one is confused about what the correct answer to a question might be (you do what other people are doing becuase you think they know better) ( you're confused, so you look to others)

Research on the relationship between marital status and well-being, generally shows that:

Being married has a positive effect on health and well-being

Jason has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Jason's treatment will probably involve one or both of the two major classes of treatment, which are:

Biological treatment and Psychotherapy

Exercise may be a superior form of treatment for mild forms of depression, because in addition to enhance mood, it can also help to:

Build self-confidence

By age _____, children can judge faces for their level of trustworthiness as well as adults can.1 point A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 10

C. 7

Which of these is a behavior therapy technique?1 point A. Client-centered therapy B. Psychoanalysis C. Contingency management D. Rational-emotive therapy

C. Contingency management (reward good behavior, punish bad behavior) (bad behavior: less common, and good behavior becomes more common Client-centered: humanistic Psychoanalysys: psychoanalytic Rational emotive: C

Psychologists would label a tendency to act in a certain way over time and various situations as a:1 point A. Sociability trait B. Humanistic approach C. Disposition D. Defense mechanism

C. Disposition (disposition is like your personality)

Miko is from Japan and is doing an exercise in a self-help book. One activity asks her to list all the things she is proud of and all the things she is ashamed of. Relative to most Americans, Miko is likely to list _____ things she is proud of and _____ things she is ashamed of, given that the self-serving bias may be more common in Western cultures than in Eastern cultures.1 point A. About the same number of; about the same number of B. More; fewer C. Fewer; more D. More; more

C. Fewer; more (w)

The role of hereditary factors in autism spectrum disorders:1 point A. Has been based on large-scale studies of affected children and their parents (but has not included any twin studies) B. Was emphasized more when the disorder was first defined, several decades ago C. Has recently been confirmed by twin studies D. Is about equal in size to that of environmental factors, such as parenting

C. Has recently been confirmed by twin studies

Phillipe Pinel, a French physician, is often credited with:1 point A. The invention of the straightjacket B. The discovery of the cause of general paresis C. Major reforms in mental hospital practices D. Introducing tax laws for public support of asylums

C. Major reforms in mental hospital practices

The effectiveness of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion suggests that:1 point (w) A. Actions always reflect prior beliefs about the self B. We are more prone to do favors for people we like C. Our beliefs can change as a result of our own actions D. We tend to like those who do favors for us

C. Our beliefs can change as a result of our own actions (you put a drive well on your window, you convince yourself that you care about this issue. You then agreed to put the ugly sign next to your house. You actions can change your beliefs.)

Lily has stopped washing her hair, going to the grocery store, going to work, and talking to people. Several of her friends and family members are concerned about these changes. Based on this information alone, which criterion for a psychological disorder does Lily FAIL to meet?1 point A. Maladaptivity B. Deviation from social norms C. Personal distress D. Impairment of social relationships

C. Personal distress (Maladaptive: you stop going to work Social norms: stop washing your hair and stop Impairment of social relationships: her friends and family are concerned Distressed: she's upset with the behaviors, "she might be perfectly happy for not going to work or doing anything . It doesn't say she doesn't like what is going on.

A woman has recently began chemotherapy to treat her breast cancer, a diagnosis that produced significant stress for her. According to Selye, the woman is in the _____ stage of his model.1 point A. Exhaustion B. Alarm and mobilization C. Resistance D. Deferred optimism

C. Resistance Alarm and mobilization: when she first learned she has cancer Resistance: I'm in it for the long haul. Ok, now I'm starting to cope with the stressor. Exhaustion: after a year or two years, body and immune system start to break down

Three students are paid different amounts of money to give a speech in support of more difficult final exams, a position that is contrary to each of their attitudes. Sarah is paid $1, Lynn is paid $5, and Kelly $20. According to dissonance theory, which student is most likely to support difficult exams after giving the speech?1 point A. Kelly B. Lynn C. Sarah D. Each student will support difficult exams equally

C. Sarah (the person who is paid the least has insufficient justification for giving a speech to make finals more difficult) (people paid more money able to resolve their dissonance) (Sarah reduces her dissonance by convincing herself that something is true because she wasn't paid enough)

When teachers were informed that some children in their classes had been identified as "bloomers," the students were later found to have significantly improved their test scores over the following year. In fact, the students were randomly selected and had no greater intellectual abilities than their classmates. This study illustrates the phenomenon of:1 point A. Dispositional attribution B. Situational attribution C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Stereotype threat

C. Self-fulfilling prophecy (when you expect something from someone, you elicit the behaviors)

Treatments for ADHD (ideally) aim to increase positive behaviors (e.g., positive peer interactions) while also reducing negative behaviors (e.g., interrupting others). When the medication Ritalin is given to children who have ADHD, if:1 point A. Dramatically increases positive behaviors while slightly reducing negative ones B. Increases positive behaviors while leaving negative ones relatively unaffected C. Slightly increases positive behaviors while dramatically reducing negative ones D. Reduces both positive behaviors and negative behaviors

C. Slightly increases positive behaviors while dramatically reducing negative ones

According to your textbook, which of the following is FALSE with respect to autism spectrum disorder?1 point A. The concordance rate for the disorder is 70 to 90% for identical twins B. Children with the diagnosis are more likely to have rare gene abnormalities than other children C. Some children with the diagnosis have abnormal amounts of antibodies in their blood D. The brains of children with the diagnosis do not appear to develop normally during adolescence

C. Some children with the diagnosis have abnormal amounts of antibodies in their blood (when a woman is pregnant, if the woman is exposed to antibodies when she's pregnant, the child could have autism. However, the antibodies do not show in the child) (When mom is pregnant, if mom is exposed, those antibodies affect baby's brain development)

Counterconditioning to a phobic stimulus a new response that is incompatible with the fear attached to that stimulus in order to displace it is called:1 point A. Extinction B. Operant conditioning C. Systematic desensitization D. None of these

C. Systematic desensitization (exposure therapy) You countercondition between the object and fear. The new association is between the object and relaxation.

Replacing dysfunctional or faulty thought patterns with more realistic, positive ones is the essence of:

Cognitive Restructuring

Replacing dysfunctional or faulty thought patterns with more realistic, positive ones is the essence of:

Cognitive restructuring

In addition to treating depression, cognitive (or cognitive behavioral) therapy has been successfully applied to disorders/conditions in which the role of maladaptive beliefs may be less prominent, including:1 point A. Bipolar disorder B. A range of anxiety disorders C. Obesity D. All of these

D. All of these

The dimensional approach to diagnosing psychopathology is most evidence in the DSM-5 revised criteria for which disorder?1 point A. Borderline personality B. Persistent depressive C. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity D. Autism spectrum

D. Autism spectrum

Jayda and LeMario had a disagreement and began to attack each other's character. Jayda told LeMario that he is "assertive." LeMario told Jayda that she is "neurotic." If Jayda is a "typical" female and LeMario is a "typical" male, which one has made an accurate personality assessment?1 point A. Jayda B. LeMario C. Neither D. Both

D. Both

One exciting new treatment has shown stunning results in people suffering from severe depression. Four out of six patients in one study felt relief from their depressive symptoms almost immediately after the treatment was implemented. This treatment is:1 point A. Electroconvulsive therapy B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation C. Targeted prefrontal psychosurgery D. Deep brain stimulation

D. Deep brain stimulation (still in clinical trials)

Amnesia, fugue, or multiple identities may be symptoms of:1 point A. Obsessive-compulsive disorders B. Psychoses C. Conversion disorders D. Dissociative disorders

D. Dissociative disorders

There is evidence that - at least in some cases - a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder may be invalid. As discussed in your textbook, which of the following statements is NOT a piece of evidence supporting this claim?1 point A. The frequency of this diagnosis has increased dramatically since it first came to psychologists' attention B. The diagnosis frequently occurs after someone has committed a crime C. Some clients fail to report some of the lesser known symptoms of the disorder D. Many therapists have claimed responsibility for causing dissociative identity disorder

D. Many therapists have claimed responsibility for causing dissociative identity disorder

Jaime is talking to spirits that no one else can see. She sometimes channels the spirits so they can talk with living people. Jaime:1 point A. Is suffering from dissociate identity disorder B. Is most likely a paranoid schizophrenic C. Is showing behavior that is both personally distressing and maladaptive D. May be doing something normal, depending on her cultural background and beliefs

D. May be doing something normal, depending on her cultural background and beliefs (To make a diagnosis: you have to take into account the context, the culture, and ask, "is this behavior out of the norm for the situation and the culture?")

A therapist, Dr. Johannson, is writing a diagnosis for her patient, Sarah, who suffers from anxiety. If Dr. Johannson believes in the dimensional nature of psychopathology, she would be most likely to write that: A. Sarah is experiencing the symptoms of an anxiety disorder B. Sarah's anxiety is normal and thus does not warrant a diagnosis C. Sarah's anxiety passes the threshold and should be considered a disorder D. Sarah is at the extreme end of the anxiety spectrum

D. Sarah is at the extreme end of the anxiety spectrum

Melinda just got a new job as a receptionist, and she does not expect it to be very stressful. However, she is nervous about learning how to perform well in the job when she first starts working. This kind of stress is _____ and may result in _____.1 point A. Long term; worse immune functioning B. Long term; better immune functioning C. Short term; worse immune functioning D. Short term; better immune functioning

D. Short term; better immune functioning (a little bit of short term stress, immune system gets better) (only prolonged stress decreases the effect of the immune system)

Which of the following two anxiety disorders are the most similar?1 point A. Specific phobia and generalized anxiety disorder B. Generalized anxiety disorder and agoraphobia C. Obsessive compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder D. Social anxiety disorder and specific phobia

D. Social anxiety disorder and specific phobia because both involve fear. social anxiety disorder can be a form of a specific phobia

When you punish yourself for your various shortcomings and assorted moral failings, the agency responsible for the guilt feelings that result is what Freud called the _____.1 point A. id B. Death instinct C. Ego D. Superego

D. Superego (it's that angel, you should be good, if you dont do good things, you should feel bad)

Job analysis is the process of generating a description of what a job involves, including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the job's functions. Which of these is NOT informed by job analysis?1 point A. Job seekers looking to match jobs to their skills and interests B. Personnel decisions such as hiring and performance evaluations C. Legal concerns such as fairness in job requirements and hiring D. The determination of market wages and pay rates for occupations

D. The determination of market wages and pay rates for occupations (this is part of job evaluation)

According to the diathesis-stress model of mental disorders: A. Stress is the primary cause of mental disorders B. Trauma is the primary cause of mental disorders C. Factors that impair our ability to cope with stress are the primary cause of mental disorders D. We can have a predisposition to a mental disorder without ever developing it

D. We can have a predisposition to a mental disorder without ever developing it

Most therapists agree that personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder:

Difficult to treat

Based on what you read in Ch.11, (health and wellness), when are we, as college students, more likely to get sick?

During midterm and Finals

Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide multiple times. Many of the "first-line" or typical treatments for depression have not been effective for Adelle, including cognitive therapy and drug therapy. Another option for treatment that tis fairly quick, relatively non-invasive, and likely to be effective is:

Electroconvuslive therapy

Which form of therapy is most likely to focus on the importance of examining a person's role within a social system?

Family Therapy

Research on the fight-or-flight response has been criticized by Taylor and others for

Focusing too exclusively on the responses of males

After his patient became angry at him for constantly interrupting her, Freud developed a psychoanalytic technique in which a patient reported everything that came to mind, without censorship. This is referred to as:

Free association

Josie has anxiety symptoms and has been prescribed an anti-anxiety medication. She should experience an increase in ____ neurotransmitter activity, and may experience ____ as a side effect

GABA; drowsiness

The reciprocity principal can work in your favor one bargaining. In order to do this, you must__________.

Give a small concession to create a feeling of obligation in the other member of the transaction

Suppose that the Phi Delta Theta fraternity was participating hazing of new memebers. The party was moved to a room filled with mirrors. What would happen?

It would decrease hazing by making the members more self-aware

Which of the following would illustrate the influence of self fulfilling prophecy

James believes that His Hispanic neighbor is dangerous, and after scowling at him in the number of encounters, he sees that the neighbor in fact behaves in a hostile manner toward him.

Jimmy a 14-year-old boy plays fairly aggressively with his classmate, Matthew, to the point of calling Matthew cruel names and even punching Matthew painfully. One psychoanalytic interpretation of this behavior would be that

Jimmy is unconsciously sexually attracted to Matthew but the friends against awareness of tis same-sex attraction

When members of a human resources department at a company conduct hiring interviews, they listen to applicants' explanations for their performance at previous positions. They make inferences about the reasons applicants did what they did; in other words, the human resources officers are:

Making casual attributions

In contrast to the ____________ model, the biopsychosocial model focuses on multiple aspects of health and well-being.

Medical

Melissa suffers from hallucinations and falsely believes that her teachers are trying to kill her. What medication should she receive?

Mood Stabilizers

If a collectivist culture Become more individual list, people in those collectivistic-turned-individualistic cultures will be:

More likely to use the self-serving bias

According to research looking at the past 100 years,

There has been an increasing number of mortalities associated with lifestyle choices

Evolutionary theories of attraction Predict age discrepancies in dating partners, because women generally are at their peak level of attractiveness when __________, Whereas men are at their peak level of attractiveness when __________.

They are younger, they are older

Research suggests that one of the most important components of making a romantic relationship work is to:

Validate each other's needs and feelings

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by:

allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse

Deciding how to deal with a stressor before it arises is the definition of:

anticipatory coping

Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of ____ medications that work by occupying ____ receptor sites

antipsychotic; dopamine

Major depression and bipolar disorder:

are fundamentally different and require different treatment approaches

Behavioral therapies are based on the idea that:

behavior is learned, and can be unlearned

Matt is low in psychoticism. In Eysenck's theory, psychoticism means:

being impulsive and self-centered

Jason has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Jason's treatment will probably involve one or both of the two major classes of treatment, which are:

biological treatment and psychotherapy

he assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions is most clearly central to ____ therapy.

cognitive

sometimes drugs from one category are used to treat a disorder from another category (using an anti-anxiety drug to treat depression)

comorbidity. there is insufficient evidence about why a particular drug is effective in reducing symptoms of a psychological disorder

In psychoanalysis, as Freud practiced it, the goal of therapy was to:

develop insight into the patient's problems, particularly those related to unconscious feelings and motives

Engaging in primary appraisal allows us to

enact coping behaviors only for stimuli that are relevant.

Mariam has a snake phobia. She has always avoided situations in which she may encounter a snake, and she will even avoid viewing pictures of them. From a behavioral perspective, the most important aspect of treatment will be:

exposure

Group therapy is typically more effective than individual therapy for

helping people to discover that others share similar problems

Mukul grew up in India, which is a very collectivist society, whereas Mary grew up in the United States, which is very individualist. We can assume that, compared to Mary, Mukul will demonstrate much more_____

interdependence

Edith, a 45-year-old journalist, alternates between episodes of extreme sadness and episodes of severe mania and overactivity. The medication most likely to prove beneficial to her is:

lithium

Jamie has an older brother who smokes. Jamie is

more likely to start smoking than other kids.

In a newer adaption of humanistic therapy, therapists attempt to guide a patient towards changing problematic behaviors but remain warm and empathic. This brief treatment approach, ____ has been successful in treating drug and alcohol problems.

motivational interviewing

Which of the following therapies represents the best treatment for schizophrenia?

newer (atypical) antipsychotics combined with social skills training and family therapy

John has been hearing voices and is delusional, and needs medication to control his symptoms. Talisa is a college student and is seeking mental health services on her campus for stress. John will most likely be seen by a ____ for medication, while Talisa will most likely see a ____ on her campus.

psychiatrist; counseling psychologist

Henry's past relationship with his mother, wife, children, and employer gave verb characterized as passivity and helplessness on his part. What approach should be used to explore these patterns?

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Based on meta-analyses of psychotherapy outcome studies, what can we say about the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

psychotherapy has been shown to be effective for a wide range of problems, and effect sizes are generally large

What type of studies are necessary to measure psychotherapy outcomes? In other words, what type of research do we need to help us evaluate whether psychotherapy is causing any improvement in patients behaviors and symptoms?

randomized, controlled trials or studies

Gloria is meeting with her therapist who seems warm and supportive. He restated and paraphrases to Gloria what she is saying to clarify her feelings. This therapeutic technique is ____ and was developed by ____.

reflective listening; Rogers

Psychosurgery involves:

removing or destroying the brain tissue

What do the alternative biological (nondrug) treatments for psychological disorders primarily have in common?

they all attempt to directly alter brain functioning

The three major types of antidepressants prescribed over the past 30 years have been monoamine oxidase inhibitors, ____, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

tricyclic antidepressants

In deciding how to deal with any conflict,

your safety should always be your first concern